Intensive silvicultural practices such as pre-commercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization have the potential to provide a diversity of forest habitats and wildlife to meet biodiversity conservation goals while maintaining wood production. Silvopasture combines livestock with trees in some managed forests, but the impact of grazing on biodiversity is unclear. Forest-floor small mammal communities may serve as ecological indicators of changes in forest structure and function, and hence biodiversity. This study was designed to test the hypotheses (H) that in young (13–23years) even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands, (i) abundance of understory herbaceous vegetation and (ii) abundance and diversity of forest-floor small mammals would be: (H1) enhanced in fertilized stands, and (H2) reduced in stands with cattle grazing. Study areas were located near Kelowna (lightly grazed) and Summerland (heavily grazed) in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had four pairs of PCT stands thinned to a range of densities with one stand of each pair fertilized four times at 2-year intervals. Herbaceous vegetation and forest-floor small mammal communities were sampled from 1993 to 2002.Mean abundance of total herbs, total grasses, and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) all increased dramatically with fertilization in the lightly grazed stands, and hence part (i) of H1 seemed to be supported. Mean total abundance of small mammals was higher in fertilized than unfertilized stands in two years but not overall. Species richness and diversity of small mammals were similar between unfertilized and fertilized stands, and hence part (ii) of H1 was partially supported for abundance, but not for richness or diversity. Lightly grazed fertilized stands had low abundance of Peromyscus maniculatus and Tamias amoenus, but high abundance of Microtus pennsylvanicus, Sorex monticolus, and Sorex cinereus. Phenacomys intermedius and Myodes gapperi also seemed to decline in fertilized stands. Mustela erminea, a principal predator of microtines, was captured more frequently in the lightly grazed fertilized than unfertilized stands.Cattle grazing reduced the abundance of herbaceous vegetation, at least in the fertilized stands at Summerland where they consumed a significant proportion of the biomass, and hence part (i) of H2 was supported. However, this premise did not hold for the unfertilized stands where grazing had little effect on the three plant groups. Part (ii) of H2 was not supported as cattle grazing did not reduce total abundance and species diversity of forest-floor small mammals. Grazing in fertilized stands did limit population fluctuations and dynamics of M. pennsylvanicus and abundance of the two insectivores during certain years. Forest-floor small mammal communities and their myriad ecological functions should be maintained, at least in some years, in those stands intensively managed for wood, biomass, and livestock production.