Small Investment Research Articles

Sustainable Aquaculture Technologies: Adoption Readiness, Perceived Behaviour and Determinant Barriers among the Fish Farmers in Penang, Malaysia

Aquaculture has been the world's fastest-growing food production sector for the last two decades. Collectively, the local aquaculture sector produced 391,000 tonnes of cultivated organisms, with an economic value of over USD 700 million, accounted about 0.2 percent of Malaysia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (Azra et al., 2021). Penang's aquaculture production gained the highest wholesale revenue in Malaysia. Brackish water ponds and cages constitute the majority of Penang's aquaculture and reported the highest number of culturists. Fisheries from brackish water have been contributing nearly 50% of the total fish production, and about 69% of its value in Penang (Penang Institute, 2020). Of these, sea bass and snapper recorded the highest production, followed by shrimp, cockle and other brackish water cages species, such as hybrid grouper and mackerel. Technology and practice adoption research has recently gained popularity in the area of aquaculture studies (Joffre et al., 2020). A variety of factors have contributed to the low output. A lack of knowledge about recommended fish farming practices is one of the socioeconomic characteristics of fish farmers and non-adoption (Muddassir et al., 2016). Lack of livelihood asset, either physical or human assets particularly in terms of knowledge, access to information, and experience, and aspects of sustainability in terms of environmental conservation. The issue of production sustainability, employment of improved technology, concept of eco-friendly, and food safety regulations are known challenges for the aquaculture industry. Furthermore, constraints such as the education and knowledge, human greed, irresponsible, short-sighted activities, small farm size and investment, uprising cost of production and weak legislation and enforcement are generally common among the aquaculture farmers (Othman, 2010). With the aforementioned, this research is aimed to access extension and advisory services, adoption of aquaculture technology, and determine the barriers that threatened the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Keywords: Adoption; Aquaculture; Barriers; Sustainable; Technology

Current Tendencies Analysis of Coffee Industry in Ukraine

Topicality.The popularity of coffee industry is high. This business is actively developing in Ukraine. A coffee shop is an establishment where the high quality of the product, as well as the development of coffee consumption culture are always in the first place. An important component is the commercial activity on which the coffee industry is built. This is an indicator of the right culture: more often Ukrainians prefer coffee in some cafe or restaurant, or even takeaway, instead of home or office coffee. However, COVID 19 pandemic affected the decrease in visits by Ukrainians to coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and other catering establishments. The main share of coffee consumption is an imported product. Ukrainian production is formed by manufacturers who import coffee beans as a raw material, and in Ukraine they roast, receive, package, produce an article without caffeine, and sell it under their own brand. The fiercest competition is typical in low segments of coffee drinks and grains.
 The aim of the study and its methods. The purpose of this article is to analyse the current state of Ukrainian coffee industry. When conducting the research, general scientific methods have been applied: scientific and theoretical elaborations of blighty and foreign scientists, informational materials of statistical and reference publications, analysis, synthesis, generalisation, comparison.
 Results. The article analyses the current state of coffee industry in Ukraine. The greatest producers of coffee and the most popular brands of grain and ground coffee in Ukraine have been characterised. The structure of coffee consumption in Ukraine by types and in quantitative indicators has been analysed. It has been noted that Ukrainian coffee industry is represented by a large number of small operators who open their mobile coffee shops in places with high traffic. This is due to small initial investments, a short payback period, and the possibility to change the location. Since the tendencies of the world coffee market have a significant impact on coffee industry in Ukraine, the demand is also growing steadily. The amount of coffee import in Ukraine exceeded the volume of exports. In 2020, the scope of export reached 15,0 million dollars, USA, while in 2021 it increased to 15,9 million dollars, USA. The amount of import increased from 251,3 million dollars, USA in 2020 to 266,7 million dollars, USA in 2021. The import of coffee beans is aimed at meeting domestic consumers’ needs. Ukraine is completely dependent on import, due to the non-compliance with natural and climatic conditions, because growing coffee on the territory of Ukraine is impossible.
 Conclusions and discussion. So, in the course of this study, it has been established that coffee industry in Ukraine is developing more actively and even creating competition. A significant place in the restaurant industry is occupied by coffee shops, which increase competition and increase the quality of provided services. Modern coffee shops are restaurant establishments where coffee is made at a new level, with an individual approach to each guest. The current types of restaurant industry establishments are multi-format, so the creation of a national coffee shop is one of the advertising means of our country. Cafes with 3–4 seats are gaining popularity in Kyiv. On the other hand, recently, popular “to go” coffee shops are losing their market key positions. The market of coffee industry is going to grow, and become saturated after the end of the full-scale war. The infrastructure is going to be restored, and the restaurant industry has all the chances to be developed in the eastern region of Ukraine.

Webometric study of university–business–government collaboration potential at a regional scale: A case-study of the mining industry in the Almaty region in the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article studies activity and collaboration of universities, business and government in the Almaty Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research is carried out by the webometric method. Large universities show more collaboration in the field of education, and small universities are focused on the local market are more active. In addition to the direct benefits due to increased flow of innovative content from universities in favor of industrial functioning, business can gain greatly from the creation of a special academic cultural environment at housing communities of miners. There is also a potential for the gradual transformation of the most prepared single-industry towns situated at mineral deposits into science cities with the help of regional universities. Actually, this means a certain confluence of a mining company and a university. The smart use of technologies coupled with more robust assessment can make a big difference in this environment. Even without major structural shifts, small modifications can lead to efficiency gains that bring large economic improvements. Eliminating bottlenecks inherent in individual mining companies within a territorial cluster with backing provided by a regional university can produce high marginal profits with relatively small additional investments. Integrating universities to mining activities and accompanying processes can significantly change the image and role of the mining industry. The expected economic effect from the closer collaboration between universities and mining companies can be illustrated by the performance of JSC Kazatomprom. Investments in the uranium science in the amount of 1% of revenue has provided the increase in the Company’s in income by 3000% in 10 years. By assuming a rather conservative estimate of investment in university collaboration as 0.1% of the region’s income, judged from the effectiveness of science and based on the above example, we get a growth of the gross regional product at least by 3% per year, even taking into account the fact that only every 10th project is successful.

Benefit-Cost Analysis of Green Infrastructure Investments: Application to Small Urban Projects in Hinesville, GA

Small scale urban green infrastructure projects can provide local ecological services that should be accounted for in project assessment. Benefits assessment can be expensive and time consuming; benefit transfer provides an economical alternative, but the quality of the analysis depends upon available data. A best-case scenario for many applications of benefit transfer is to utilize a conforming meta-analysis. In this paper, we use the meta-analysis of Bockarjova, et al. (2020) to predict ecological benefits of small scale urban green infrastructure investments in Hinesville, GA. In doing so, we implement a censoring procedure on the benefit transfer function to permit analysis of small-scale (less than one-hectare) projects. We find evidence of substantial net economic benefits, with estimates ranging from $738,312 to over $5.5 million; positive benefit-to-cost ratios are robust to substantial cost increases (4 times the estimated costs). We provide guidance for how to apply these methods to other contexts.

An assessment of small ruminant production, marketing, and investment options in Somaliland: A system dynamics approach

A complex set of factors affect the production and sale of livestock in Somaliland, including feed supply, diseases, and demand, among others. This study constructs a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the impacts of baseline dynamics and alternative value chain interventions to address inherent constraints. Findings indicate that Somaliland incurs high economic losses due to occasional animal export bans associated with Rift valley fever (RVF) outbreaks (up to 12% of GDP) and lack of pasture during droughts, given the lack of effort by producers to balance their flock sizes with stocking capacity. Under the baseline conditions, prospects for growth of the small ruminants’ sector are poor as the stocking rate is centered and stagnated at about 2.54 million TLUs, and a decline is projected in the long run. In contrast, the adoption of optimization of animal herd sizes in order to balance feed demand with supply could (ceteris-paribus) enhance productivity, boosting exports and domestic supply of slaughter animals and also lead to improved rangeland conditions, ultimately reversing the projected long-run erosion of stocking capacity.

Wire-grid polarizer sheet with low reflectance in the visible and near-infrared regions fabricated by a nanoimprinting and electroless plating process.

In near-infrared systems for optical sensing and imaging technologies, an improved signal-to-noise ratio and more advanced object detection and analysis using polarizers are required. Such polarizers are limited, and broadband wire-grid polarizers are potential candidates. However, their high reflectivity and high cost limit their application. Herein, we fabricated a low-reflectivity wire-grid polarizer sheet that can be used in visible and near-infrared regions by a simple process using only nanoimprinting and nickel electroless plating; further, metal removal steps such as chemical mechanical polishing were not required. The results obtained by optimizing the structural shape of the mold and precisely controlling the thickness of the electroless plating confirmed that the polarizer could be used for visible and near-infrared light. Because the sheets can be manufactured using general-purpose equipment upon mold preparation, they can be employed in wide-ranging applications with small capital investment.

Digital Adoption of Start-Ups With E-Governance Systems

This study aims to encourage the adoption intention of independent digitalization with e-governance among small investment start-ups. The study also analyzed the start-ups' adoption intention for digitalization by testing the significance of benefits and sacrifices associated with the digital platforms of e-governance. The current study also analyzed the moderating effect of digital support and awareness on digital adoption. The study's findings will also help the government in drafting policies to address the factors that positively impact the perceived value of digital adoption by developing a digital support system and further scaling up digital literacy, especially for start-ups. Overall, the study's findings will help the government understand the present status of start-ups' digitalization growth in India and the success rate of the Digital India mission. So, the e-governance system can be further strengthened accordingly.

Bitcoin in a Multi-Asset Portfolio

Investors looking to integrate digital assets into a traditional, diversified multi-asset portfolio need to formulate appropriate risk and return assumptions for them. Using the case of bitcoin, we argue that due to the short duration of available returns and the extreme volatility of the asset, historical returns are an unreliable basis for directly formulating forward return expectations. We also show that bitcoin’s return characteristics require an emphasis on such portfolio construction considerations as rebalancing frequency that are often peripheral in traditional asset allocation studies. We then demonstrate an allocation approach that addresses these concerns. The main idea is to extract required return thresholds for a small bitcoin investment (1% or 5%) that need to be underwritten by the investor, rather than relying on explicit return expectations as the input. We show that these return thresholds are surprisingly low, illustrating that the broader multi-asset portfolio perspective is critical when making investment decisions regarding high-volatility assets like bitcoin.

Trust and Investment Game between Different Types of Education

This paper systematically analyzes the identity and trust among different class groups through the virtual questionnaire of the small investment game with the penalty mechanism introduced on the basis of the trust investment game. We analyze public school’s students and private international school’s students to represent two class groups in society. The basic survey results show that both groups have a tendency to choose sample of private international schools as trusted partners; this is most likely the result of the social identification with different classes. Under the same conditions of return on investment, these two groups have different trust decisions. This may be due to the different expectations of different groups for the return of others. There is little difference between groups in punishment decisions.

The Influence of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem on SMEs Industry in Malaysia

The rise of Small Medium Enterprise (SMEs) businesses leads to the dynamic and competitive environment. To excel in the market, companies have spent a substantial amount of money, time and resources by designing right strategies to sustain. However, this SMEs businesses faces few challenges such as small capital investment, short of talent, limited access to infrastructure and support mechanism. Despite the government’s several institutional and policy support for enhancing the capacity of this Small Medium scale enterprises, the results have fallen short of expectations. Given the increased demand for Small Medium Enterprise’s products, creating a viable entrepreneurial ecosystem model for SMEs in Malaysia is critical. This is because the entrepreneurial ecosystem is a system of interrelated components that influence the speed and ability with which entrepreneurs, particularly SMEs can create and scale new ventures in a sustainable manner. As a result, this study seeks (1) to analyse the demographic profile of Malaysian small and medium enterprise and (2), determine the extent at which entrepreneurial ecosystem affect the Small Medium Enterprise in Malaysia. This study is important to investors, the ministry, the government, academics and even business owners because it provides a comprehensive model for understanding the SMEs entrepreneurial processes and how ecosystems emerge, change and influence entrepreneurship activities.

The EAEU’s AI Strategy

This study is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of the policy of the EAEU states in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of global technological confrontation.Aim. To identify the key directions of the strategy of the EAEU member states in the field of AI, as well as to identify priority policy directions in this area at the union level.Tasks. To analyze the results of the development of the AI industry in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia, to consider the main economic indicators, achievements in the creation of computing infrastructure, the development of their own research and development in the field of AI, to identify the main provisions of the key official documents of the EAEU member states in the field of AI. To identify the main directions of AI policy at the Union level.Methods. Research of official documents and on the basis of information and analytical technologies, comparative analysis, content analysis, inductive method using approaches of critical geopolitics.Results. The study showed that the policy of the EAEU countries in the field of AI is characterized by a focus on external technologies and investments, the creation of hotbeds of technological growth, largely due to the efforts of large commercial organizations around which the AI ecosystem is being built, including infrastructure, education and R&D. In conditions of relatively small domestic investments, the implementation of research and development results is largely associated with participation in international outsourcing projects. Against the background of increasingly escalating global technological competition, it is of paramount importance for the EAEU to strengthen its own technological sovereignty and to develop as soon as possible a unified union policy in the field of the most advanced technologies, including in the field of AI, as a conceptual basis for the development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation formats both within the EAEU itself and with other countries.Conclusions. International cooperation in high-tech spheres is becoming particularly relevant not only in the context of the accelerating transition to a new technological order, but also against the background of escalating trends of decoupling, concentration of technologies, tightening of sanctions policy. For the EAEU, the development of a unified AI policy is of priority importance, which will contribute to the intensification of scientific and technical cooperation, strengthening integration potential and technological sovereignty.

Natural Hydrogen: A New Source of Carbon-Free and Renewable Energy That Can Compete With Hydrocarbons

Natural Hydrogen: A New Source of Carbon-Free and Renewable Energy That Can Compete With Hydrocarbons

Effect of Entrepreneurial Development on Employment Creation in Japan

Entrepreneurship development plays a considerable role in all modern economies. High cases of unemployment all over the world have necessitated entrepreneurial development. Thus, the study examined the effect of entrepreneurial development on employment creation in Japan. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The target population was 297 entrepreneurs based in Tokyo. The collection of the data was done using questionnaires. The study purposively picked the respondents. The analysis of the data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings showed that entrepreneurial development is positively and significantly related to employment creation (β=0.875, p=0.002). The study concluded that when entrepreneurial development increases by one unit, employment creation will increase by 0.875 units while holding other factors that influence employment creation constant. The entrepreneurial development efforts play an important role in employment creation. Entrepreneurship activities in Japan have created employment in areas. The growth of entrepreneurship brings about the creation of supplementary businesses that provide raw materials like power and other industrial services like product packaging, marketing, insurance, micro-finance institutions and banks, logistics and communication. Entrepreneurship brings about income empowerment in a country. The study recommended that the government try to raise the number of entrepreneurial development training centers in Japan to enroll many jobless young people. Financial policies should suit small and medium-scale investments in entrepreneurship activities with potential. Entrepreneurship education ought to be given top priority beginning with primary to the tertiary level curriculum. It is also recommended that there is a need for sustained initiatives by government and non-government institutions towards creating entrepreneurship programs to come with proper activities, achieve comprehensive development, and create employment opportunities. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Development, Employment Creation, Tokyo, Japan

The effects of the EU non-financial reporting directive on corporate social responsibility

ABSTRACT Using a large sample of EU non-financial firms over the period 2008–2018, this study examines the effect of the 2014 EU Non-Financial Reporting Directive on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and finds that the Directive has led to an increase in CSR transparency and performance. Further, it shows that the association between the Directive and CSR transparency is stronger for smaller firms, firms highly followed by analysts and firms headquartered in countries with strong legal systems. The adoption of CSR reporting after the Directive’s enactment, small firm size and investments in research and development strengthen the positive effects of the Directive on CSR performance. However, the mandating of CSR reporting assurance by some EU member states seems not to have any significant impact. Lastly, our study shows that after the Directive’s enactment, firms adopting CSR reporting experienced lower systematic risk and cost of equity. Our study contributes to the debate about whether and how non-financial disclosure should be regulated and shows the positive effects of the ‘comply or explain’ approach. It also provides insights for the EU in relation to the recently approved proposal to extend CSR reporting regulation to listed small and medium-sized enterprises and mandate CSR reporting assurance.

Refining restraint techniques for research pigs through habituation.

Pigs are common research models and are strong animals that can be difficult to restrain. Improper restraint can put pigs and research personnel at risk for injury and induce stress, which can affect research outcomes. This study aimed to refine restraint techniques for research pigs using habituation and operant conditioning. Forty-four (22 males, 22 females; 4 months old, ~8.1 kg) Göttingen minipigs were randomly assigned to a control (C: no interventions) or a treatment group (T). Pigs in the T group received 3 min training sessions 3 days/week for the first 14 d after arrival. Training sessions included human socialization and habituation to a hammock sling for blood collection. Blood collection occurred on day 13 for all pigs by novel technicians. Pigs were placed in the sling, blood was collected from the radial vein, and serum cortisol levels were determined (ug/dL). Pig behavior was recorded and scored for duration of time spent struggling (s) and vocalizing (s). Novel human approach tests occurred on day 12, before blood collection, and day 14, after blood collection. Pigs were scored on latency to touch the human (s) and duration of time spent in contact with the human (s). Pig weight was taken upon arrival and on day 15. Separate linear models were fitted for response variables struggle duration in sling, serum cortisol, latency to touch human, time spent in contact with human, and body weight. Fixed effects were treatment and sex. Prior to blood collection, there was no difference in response to a novel human (P > 0.05) but after blood collection, T pigs were quicker to approach (estimate: −5.352, SE: 1.72, P = 0.003) and spent more time in contact with the novel human (estimate: 3.091, SE: 1.448, P = 0.039). T pigs also had lower cortisol levels during blood collection (estimate: −2.36, SE: 0.657, P = 0.001). There was no difference in behavior while in the sling (P > 0.05). The results of the study suggest that even small investments in habituation and training pigs to study procedures is beneficial in reducing stress and improving human-animal relationships, but more time would be beneficial to promote calmer behavior in the sling.

A simplified model to enhance SMEs’ investment in renewable energy sources in Ghana

Although the Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act, 832) was enacted to facilitate development and investment in the Renewable Energy sources in Ghana as part of the efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7, the actual impacts of the policy are yet to be felt as manifested in the amendment Act 2020 (Act, 1045). There is a need to develop an alternative model to enhance investment in the renewable energy sector. Drawing from the Resources Based View (RBV) and Porter’s Five Forces this paper is aimed to develop a simplified model to explain Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)investment determinants in the renewable energy sources in Ghana. We argued that the simplified integrated model provides robust predictability and wider generalization. Our paper is anchored on the positivists’ epistemology and quantitative methodology. Our hypotheses have been tested using cross-sectional data from the Ghanaian SMEs. Variance Based Partial Least Squares (PLS) method has been used to analyze the survey data. Our results indicate that entrepreneurial competency, financial resource, marketing capability, and technological usage significantly relate to investment in renewable energy. Moreover, the results have shown that competitive rivalry, the threat of entry, and bargaining power of customers significantly relate to investment in renewable energy. These results substantiate the well-known argument that industry forces and resource competitive strategies are significant determinants of a firm’s competitiveness and behavioral intentions. Overall, these results have theoretical and practical implications to facilitate the capacity of SMEs and create enabling renewable energy local content policy to enhance SMEs ’ participation in the sector. 
 
 
 
 

Theoretical assessment of the available power from the marine energy sources in Mexico

While the need to use clean, renewable energies in electricity generation is universally understood, Mexico is lagging behind other countries regarding the contribution these sources have to the production of energy nationally. The first hurdle to overcome is providing accurate information for decision-makers and potential investors. In the case of renewable marine energy, this means generating data on the possible installed electrical capacities of the various sources at sites across the country. From this, it is possible to estimate the economic viability of implementing renewable energy projects at specific locations. This work, therefore, aims to characterize the available power from diverse energy sources around the coasts of Mexico and to make recommendations of sites where the energy potential warrants further analysis. A literature review of the power available from marine currents, waves, and thermal and saline gradient sources was performed for the Mexican Caribbean. Several sites were found to be geographically viable; there is sufficient potential energy available to meet at least part of the energy demands of the Yucatan Peninsula and Cozumel Island. Key sites are to the south of Cozumel Island and in the Cozumel Channel for energy harvested from ocean currents. In the northern part of Quintana Roo, sites offer great potential for wave energy, while the central part of the state could be suitable for energy generation from thermal gradients. In Chetumal Bay, there is potential for saline gradient electricity. Wave energy potential was evaluated for the entire Mexican coast, and seven locations are recommended for further investigation. A conservative gross estimation has shown that wave energy could contribute up to 0.2 % of the national demand in the short or mid-term, with a relatively small investment and a low environmental impact.

Energy efficiency at what cost? Unjust burden-sharing of rent increases in extensive energy retrofitting projects in Sweden

Although renovation costs can lead to rent increases in energy retrofitting, it is often assumed that reductions in energy costs will counterbalance the rent increase. In Swedish multifamily housing, energy costs for heating are however generally included as a fixed component in the monthly rent, meaning that the rent increase after energy retrofitting corresponds to the net change in rent level as well as energy costs for heating. This makes Sweden a methodologically advantageous setting for studying tenants' cost burden of energy retrofitting. The aim of this study was thus to investigate how energy performance improvement has affected rent increases in Swedish renovation projects between 2013 and 2019. Utilising a national database of multifamily housing, it was found that energy retrofitting entailed a cost relief for tenants in renovation projects with smaller investments. However, in renovation projects with larger investments, energy retrofitting entailed a cost burden for tenants. Moreover, public housing companies had conducted a high share of the extensive energy retrofits, leading to low-income tenant groups being disproportionately subjected to cost burdens of energy retrofitting. On the contrary, light energy retrofits with a cost relief for energy efficiency had been rather evenly distributed across income groups. These results indicate ongoing conflicts with the ability-to-pay principle in the energy transition of Swedish multifamily housing, and suggest that if low-investment energy retrofits are not sufficient for upcoming objectives and requirements, subsidies could be needed to compensate low-income tenants for the cost burden of extensive energy retrofitting.

Çift Yüzlü Fotovoltaik Panellerin Farklı Zemin Koşullarında Performansının İncelenmesi

Photovoltaic (PV) panels are generally used for monofacial applications due to the back surface coating materials. When the coating material is transparent, it is defined as bi-facial PV. In this study, the variable albedo effects on bi-facial PVs in different ground conditions were examined. The results were compared with monofacial PV panels in the same conditions for the Konya region. Bifacial PV panels were analyzed under white, sand, and asphalt ground conditions. Simulations were made by the PVsyst program, and the results were compared by global radiation value, the performance ratio (PR), and the produced energy results. An installed capacity of 54,6 kWp bifacial and monofacial PV panels with a horizontal angle of 35°, azimuth angle of 0°, and 6m intervals for roof installation is considered. It has been observed that the yearly total solar radiation value of 1969 kWh/m² occurs on the monofacial PV, which is higher as 6,4% for the white ground, 2,4% for the sand ground, and 0,8% for the asphalt ground conditions. The annual energy generated in the Konya region is calculated as 91,197 MWh, 94,404 MWh, and 97,730 MWh for asphalt, sand, and white ground conditions. It was only 105,690 MWh for monofacial PV panels. It has been determined that the performance ratio of the system in June, which is one of the months of the highest radiation occurred, 7,0% higher than the sand ground conditions, 10,4% compared to the asphalt ground, and 14,5% higher than the monofacial photovoltaic system. It was evaluated that the ground conditions of the bi-facial panels contributed significantly to the panel efficiency and performance ratio and could be applied with a small investment cost compared to the project's total cost.

메타버스 공공지원의 방향성에 대한 소고

In a situation where metaverse is regarded as a new benchmark of platform economies and vast investment on metaverse is needed in and out of country, this paper proposes the direction of public support for metaverse-related technologies based on the support direction of national R&D budget projects and the understanding of metaverse technology and market environments.
 We investigate the current situation of R&D supports in the national level and admit the necessity of increasing CT(culture technology) investment. Furthermore, we find the R&D support principle that the direction of public supports in R&D investment be more desirable in indirect and ex post tax supports than in direct and ex ante fiscal supports, even in metaverse technology and market cases.
 It is needed, firstly to increase tax supports for metaverse-related technologies by adding those to immersive contents or culture contents technologies in new-growth engine and proprietary technologies, and secondly to focus on global standardization for mega investment in the infrastructure area of metaverse value chains, and thirdly to promote small investment on creative and immersive innovations in the service area of metaverse value chains through deregulation and public private partnership. Therefore, in the short-run viewpoint and for the long-run performance of metaverse tech and market environments, the evaluation framework and tax expenditure evaluation is timely for the addition of metaverse-related technologies into new-growth engine and proprietary technologies in tax supports.