Small Intestinal Histology Research Articles

Impact of Germinated off Season Sorghum Dietary on Apparent Digestibility and Small Intestinal Histology of Broilers in Maroua Far North Cameroon

In order to find a solution to maize in the composition of poultry feed, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the substitution of maize by germinated off-season sorghum as an alternative energy source on nutrients digestibility and histological of small intestinal of broilers. To achieve this, 180 of the 1-day-old chicks of the "Cobb 500" strain with a live weight of 34g ± 3.26, were randomly divided into 9 batches corresponding to 3 treatments with 3 replicates of 20 subjects. The batches were subjected to one of 3 diets: 100% maize (R0), 50% maize and 50% germinated off-season sorghum (R1) and 100% germinated off-season sorghum (R2). To achieve these objectives at 18 and then at 35 days of age, a total of 36 broilers were used, i.e. 18 in the start-up phase at a rate of 6 subjects per treatment and 18 in the growth/finishing phase at a rate of 6 subjects per treatment and the droppings and feed from digestibility trials; measured apparent digestibility (Ad) for energy, protein, fiber, mineral matter and organic matter; histological studies of the small intestine were performed. Energy, organic matter, mineral matter, proteins and fibres were not significantly influenced by the experimental diets used at the 0.05% threshold for digestibility and the histological sections did not show any structural and morphological alterations. We can therefore conclude that maize can be substituted at 50% and 100% by germinated off-season sorghum without negatively impacting digestibility in broilers at the start, as well as in growth/finishing.

Evolution in coeliac disease diagnosis and management.

The traditional gut-centric view of coeliac disease is evolving as immune and genetic insights underscore the central importance of a systemic, T cell immune response to gluten in disease pathogenesis. As the field increasingly recognize the limitations of small intestinal histology as the diagnostic standard, data supporting the accuracy of an immune (serologic) diagnosis of coeliac disease - well demonstrated in children - are growing for adults. Novel biomarkers such as interleukin-2 that identify the gluten-specific T cell demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity for coeliac disease and offer the potential for a diagnostic approach that avoids the need for gluten challenge. Asymptomatic disease and manifestations outside the gut pose considerable challenges for diagnosis using a case-finding strategy and enthusiasm for population screening is growing. The gluten-free diet remains a highly restrictive treatment and there is a paucity of controlled data to inform a safe gluten intake threshold. Ongoing symptoms and enteropathy are common and require systematic evaluation. Slowly-responsive disease is prevalent in the older patient diagnosed with coeliac disease, and super-sensitivity to gluten is an emerging concept that may explain many cases of nonresponsive disease. While there is great interest in developing novel therapies for coeliac disease, no drug has yet been registered. Efficacy studies are generally assessing drugs in patients with treated coeliac disease who undergo gluten challenge or in patients with nonresponsive disease; however, substantial questions remain around specific endpoints relevant for patients, clinicians and regulatory agencies and optimal trial design. Novel immune tools are providing informative readouts for clinical trials and are now shaping their design.

Encapsulated Butyric Acid and Zinc as a Feed Additive for Lambs Abruptly Transitioned to a Grain-Based Diet.

Butyric acid is attributed to gastrointestinal epithelial development and health and two studies were conducted to determine if supplementing encapsulated butyric acid and zinc (BZ) in lambs abruptly transitioned to a finishing diet has effects on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, rumen morphometrics, small intestinal histology, and carcass traits. Polypay wethers (n = 84; initial shrunk body weight = 38.8 kg ± 4.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design study. Wethers were abruptly transitioned from a high roughage-based diet to a 100% concentrate-based diet and dietary treatments were 0 or 2 g BZ/kg of diet dry matter. Study 1 evaluated growth performance and carcass traits of lambs over a 59.5 d feeding period, and Study 2 evaluated changes in rumen morphometrics and small intestine histology in serial harvested lambs. Wethers supplemented with BZ had increased body wall thickness, decreased calculated boneless closely trimmed retail cuts, and decreased red meat yield (p ≤ 0.03) compared to non-supplemented wethers. Linear effects (p ≤ 0.01) for harvest date were observed for most rumen and small intestine measurements. Supplementing wethers with BZ did not improve growth performance, carcass traits, or rumen and small intestine measurements. The effects of BZ supplementation on fat deposition in ruminants should be further investigated.

Dose effects of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc on beef feedlot steer growth performance, dietary net energy utilization, rumen morphometrics, small intestine histology, and carcass characteristics.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects that increasing doses of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc (BZ) have on feedlot steer growth performance, rumen morphometrics and small intestine histology (data not statistically analyzed), dietary net energy utilization, and carcass characteristics. Steers [n = 272; shrunk body weight (BW) = 360 kg ± 74 kg] were assigned to dietary treatments [0 (CON), 1, 2, or 3g BZ/kg diet dry matter] in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with pen (n = 32 total; n = 8 per treatment) as experimental unit. Pens were blocked by cattle source and location within the feedyard. Cattle were fed until visually assessed to have 1.27cm rib-fat and were shipped for harvest at a commercial beef abattoir. Carcass and liver health data were recorded. A subset of steers (n = 8 total; n = 2 per treatment) was harvested at the SDSU Meat Laboratory to collect empty body measurements, rumen samples for morphometric analysis, and duodenal and ileal samples for histological analysis to provide context to feeding trial outcomes. Feedlot growth performance data was calculated on a carcass-adjusted basis: hot carcass weight (HCW)/0.625. Data were analyzed as a RCBD with fixed effects of BZ inclusion level and block was considered a random effect; pre-planned contrasts for CON vs. BZ, plus linear, and quadratic responses were tested. No differences (P ≥ 0.11) were observed for final BW, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion efficiency (G:F), performance calculated dietary net energy, HCW, ribeye area, rib-fat thickness, marbling score, estimated empty body fat, or distribution of USDA yield grade (YG) 1, 3, 4, 5, and USDA quality grade among treatments. A tendency (P = 0.10) was observed for CON vs. BZ for calculated YG. Tendencies were detected for USDA YG 2 carcass distribution (linear; P = 0.07) and for normal and abscessed liver prevalence (quadratic; P = 0.08). Dressed yield tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for BZ vs. CON and increased with dose (linear; P = 0.05). Receiving period shrunk BW, ADG, and G:F was improved (P ≤ 0.02) for BZ-supplemented steers compared to CON. Data from this study suggests that the addition of BZ to feedlot finishing diets to improve receiving period growth performance and decreasing the prevalence of abscessed livers should be further investigated.

Effects of early postnatal gastric and colonic microbiota transplantation on piglet gut health

BackgroundDiarrhea is a major cause of reduced growth and mortality in piglets during the suckling and weaning periods and poses a major threat to the global pig industry. Diarrhea and gut dysbiosis may in part be prevented via improved early postnatal microbial colonization of the gut. To secure better postnatal gut colonization, we hypothesized that transplantation of colonic or gastric content from healthy donors to newborn recipients would prevent diarrhea in the recipients in the post-weaning period. Our objective was to examine the impact of transplanting colonic or gastric content on health and growth parameters and paraclinical parameters in recipient single-housed piglets exposed to a weaning transition and challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).MethodsSeventy-two 1-day-old piglets were randomized to four groups: colonic microbiota transplantation (CMT, n = 18), colonic content filtrate transplantation (CcFT, n = 18), gastric microbiota transplantation (GMT, n = 18), or saline (CON, n = 18). Inoculations were given on d 2 and 3 of life, and all piglets were milk-fed until weaning (d 20) and shortly after challenged with ETEC (d 24). We assessed growth, diarrhea prevalence, ETEC concentration, organ weight, blood parameters, small intestinal morphology and histology, gut mucosal function, and microbiota composition and diversity.ResultsEpisodes of diarrhea were seen in all groups during both the milk- and the solid-feeding phase, possibly due to stress associated with single housing. However, CcFT showed lower diarrhea prevalence on d 27, 28, and 29 compared to CON (all P < 0.05). CcFT also showed a lower ETEC prevalence on d 27 (P < 0.05). CMT showed a higher alpha diversity and a difference in beta diversity compared to CON (P < 0.05). Growth and other paraclinical endpoints were similar across groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, only CcFT reduced ETEC-related post-weaning diarrhea. However, the protective effect was marginal, suggesting that higher doses, more effective modalities of administration, longer treatment periods, and better donor quality should be explored by future research to optimize the protective effects of transplantation.

The Effect of Fermented Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Addition in Feed on Performance and Digestive Tract Characteristics of Native Chicken

Enhancement amount population and level production native chicken superior need offset with enhancement availability feed For rapid growth and productivity tall needed enough feed contain substance food needed, good in a manner quality nor quantity. Black soldier fly (BSF) maggot flour is one of the feed ingredients that is quite good as a potential raw material for poultry feed, because it contains quite high maggot protein, namely 40-50%. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments applied were P0 (100% commercial feed); P1 (100% basal feed); P2 (85% basal feed + 15% BSF fermented); P3 (80% basal feed + 20% BSF fermented), and P4 (75% basal feed + 25% BSF fermented). The Research results show that treatment combination of basal feed with the addition of BSF fermentation influential real (P&lt;0.05) to percentage combination treatment of basal feed with the addition of BSF fermentation, increase body weight, conversion feed and no influential real to drinking water consumption, small intestine morphometric and small intestine histology native chicken. This study concludes that the addition of BSF fermented in the feed up to 20% level able to improve the performance of native chickens in the starter phase.

The effect of thyme herb in diets for fattening pigs on their growth performance and health.

To enrich pork with valuable n-3 PUFA, it is common practice to include flaxseeds in the swine diet. However, due to the high susceptibility of these acids to oxidation, this treatment requires an additional supply of antioxidants. Thyme herb can be used for this purpose, which in addition to high antioxidant activity is characterized by numerous health-promoting properties. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of the inclusion of 1% and 3% of thyme herb in mixtures with 4% of extruded flaxseeds as a source of n-3 PUFA on the performance results and health status of fatteners. The experiment was carried out on 120 weaners with an initial body weight of about 30 kg and kept until the end of fattening. They were divided into three experimental groups of 40 animals each (5 pens with 8 pigs in each). The control group (C) consisted of pigs receiving a base mixture with 4% of extruded flaxseeds. In the experimental groups, an additional 1% (T1) or 3% (T3) of thyme herb was added to the mixture. By supplementing the diet with 3% of thyme, an increase in average daily weight gain (P = 0.001) and a better feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001) were obtained. This could be the result of an improvement in the small intestine histology (greater villus height-P < 0.001) and better digestibility of basic nutrients (especially crude protein-P < 0.05) found in experimental animals. In addition to these effects, thyme herb supplementation contributed to the stimulation of immune mechanisms (increase in the number of WBC-P ≤ 0.05; plasma IgA - P < 0.05 and IgG-P < 0.005, and the level of lysozyme-P < 0.05). The obtained results indicate the advisability of the use of thyme as a feed additive beneficially influencing the health and performance results in pigs. The obtained results indicate the advisability of the use of thyme as a feed additive beneficially influencing the health and performance results in pigs.

Fortifikasi besi dan prebiotik pada kukis terhadap histologi usus tikus anemia

Iron dan prebiotic fortification in cookies towards intestine histology anemia ratsBackground: Anemia can also cause damage to small intestinal villous cells. Iron fortification can be an alternative prevention of anemia. Prebiotic additives can reduce the effects of fortification and improve intestinal villous.Objective: The study aims to determine the effect of breadfruit and soybean-based cookies with prebiotic and iron fortification on the small intestine's histology, especially the intestinal villous's height and width.Methods: Experimental study with posttest control group design with a total sample of 48 rats. Rats were divided into eight groups, given breadfruit and soybean-based cookies with the addition of FOS and NaFeEDTA (K1), FOS and FeSO4 (K2), FOS (K3), FeSO4 (K4), NaFeEDTA (K5), without fortification (K6). In addition, K- is a healthy mouse with standard feed, and K + is an anemia mouse. Anemia induction is for two weeks, and intervention is for 28 days. Intestinal histology was observed using an optilab microscope and measured using ImageRaster 4.0.5.Results: There were no significant differences in duodenum villous height, jejunum villous height, and ileum villous width (p&gt;0.05). However, there were significant differences (p &lt;0.05) for duodenum villous width (K- and K3), jejunum villous width (K1 and K4) and ileum villous height (K1, K2 and K +).Conclusions: Giving breadfruit-based and soybeans with prebiotic and iron fortification can increase the height and width of small intestinal villi.

The expression of liver TNF-α gene, liver and small intestine histology of thermal stressed growing rabbits affected by allicin and lycopene

ObjectivesThermal stress negatively affects the productive performance and immunity responses of rabbits. In this study, we examined the effects of two allicin (AL) and lycopene (LP) levels on performance index, a liver tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) gene expression, histological parameters of liver, and small intestine of V-line growing rabbits exposed to thermal stress. MethodsIn nine replications of three rabbits per pen under thermal stress, 135 male rabbits (5 weeks old, average weight 772.02 ± 6.41 g) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in nine replications of three rabbits per pen under thermal stress (temperature-humidity index average 31.2). The 1st group served as the control, receiving no supplements; The 2nd and 3rd groups received 100 and 200 mg AL/kg of diet supplements; and the 4th and 5th groups were supplemented with 100 and 200 mg LP/kg diet, respectively. Resultsshow that AL and LP rabbits had the best final body weight, body gain, and feed conversion ratio compared with the control. compared with control, rabbit liver TNF- α levels significantly decreased in diets containing AL and LP In contrast, AL rabbits were slightly more effective in downregulating the expression of the TNF-α gene than LP groups. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of AL and LP significantly improved antibody titers against sheep red blood titers. Compared with other treatments, AL100 treatment significantly improved immune responses to phytohemagglutinin. In all treatments, histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in binuclear hepatocytes. The diameter of the hepatic lobules, villi height, crypt depth, and absorption surface of heat-stressed rabbits were all positively affected by both doses of LP (100–200 mg/kg diet). Conclusionrabbit dietary supplementation with AL or LP could positively affect performance, TNF-α, immunity, and histological parameters of growing rabbits under thermal stress.

Ultrasonographic intestinal muscularis thickening in dogs with histologically confirmed inflammatory bowel disease: 13 cases (2010-2021).

Ultrasonographic intestinal muscularis thickening has not been described as an imaging feature of canine inflammatory bowel disease. In this retrospective case series, patients were identified by searching sonographic reports for "muscularis" and/or "muscular layer." Patients were included if small intestinal muscularis thickening was reported, and sonographic images and histopathological samples of the small intestine were available for review. Cases with small intestines nodules, masses, or complete loss of wall layering were excluded. Sonographic images were retrospectively evaluated for jejunal muscularis layer thickness, and ratios of intestinal layer measurements were performed. Histological samples were retrospectively reviewed. Thirteen dogs met inclusion criteria: all dogs had sonographic intestinal muscularis thickening relative to the submucosa (>1.0, range of 1.3-2.5), and most dogs had muscular layer thickness above normal published ranges (11/13; all 13/13 above the weight-specific mean). More than half of the patients had overall normal wall thickness (11/13) and several had normal mucosal echogenicity (6/13). Therefore, in some dogs, the only sonographic abnormality in the small intestine was muscularis thickening. No dogs had lymphadenomegaly. Endoscopic partial-thickness (n = 11, duodenum and/or ileum) or surgical full-thickness (n = 2) samples confirmed inflammatory bowel disease. Direct comparison between jejunum sonographic characteristics and histology features was limited due to both partial thickness biopsies and lack of direct comparison between anatomical locations of ultrasonographic assessment and biopsy site. However, no cases that met the inclusion criteria had normal small intestinal histology. Comparable to cats, dogs with ultrasonographic intestinal muscularis thickening may have inflammatory bowel disease, and further workup for enteropathy is indicated.

Caloric Restriction Decreases Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Toxicity

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Improvements in radiation delivery are limited by normal tissue toxicity. Studies show that the patient's metabolic state affects radiation toxicity. It has previously been shown that caloric restriction can be used to induce radiation sensitivity in treating breast and prostate tumors. Here we investigate the effect of caloric restriction on radiation induced normal tissue toxicity in two murine models. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> To determine the role of diet on radiation induced normal tissue toxicity two toxicity models were used to assess mice fed either an ad libitum (AL), caloric restriction (CR: 30% reduction of calories) or ketogenic diet (KD: 60mg fat). A leg shortening model was used to assess acute and long-term skin toxicity by treating one leg of 9-week old Balb/c mice with a single- fraction of 30Gy of irradiation (320kV) with the rest of the body shielded and the contralateral leg serving as an unirradiated control. Measurements of leg length of irradiated compared with control leg length were performed. To assess differences in bone marrow, gastrointestinal and cardiac toxicity, total body radiation was administered to Balb/c mice using a dose of 6.5Gy (LD 50/30) with cohorts from each experimental diet. Histologic evaluation of small intestines and bone marrow was performed after tissue collection at 0, 1, 72 hours as well as 16-18 days post TBI. Small intestinal histology was reviewed by a gastrointestinal pathologist. Serum was evaluated for cardiac troponin 1 levels using ELISA at the same time points. Statistical comparisons were made using students t-test. <h3>Results</h3> The leg shortening model revealed radiation acute skin toxicity at 2 weeks post an ad libitum or ketogenic diet with skin peeling, hair loss, and moist desquamation that lasted 3 weeks compared to the mice treated with CR that had a delayed acute skin toxicity that only lasted 1 week. Long term, the irradiated leg was notably shortened and decreased by 22% and 20% relative to the contralateral leg in the AL and KD groups with 14% leg shortening and decreased fibrosis at 120 days post treatment in the CR groups (p<0.01). Gastrointestinal toxicity was decreased after TBI in mice on CR diet with less denuded villi epithelium and less obvious change in villi length at 72 hours compared to AL diet. The CR mice at 72 hours also had less variation in nuclear size within the epithelium and less changes in Paneth cells. Bone marrow was more hypocellular in the TBI mice on ad libitum diet compared with mice in the CR cohort. Acute cardiac toxicity was evaluated with serum troponin and was less elevated 72 hours post radiation in the CR group, 0.16ng/ml compared to 0.25ng/ml in the AL mice (p=0.03). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Dietary changes impact radiation induced toxicity. Our data show that caloric restriction decreases acute skin toxicity, fibrosis, gastrointestinal and cardiac toxicity. Future research is warranted to translate this strategy to decrease radiation induced normal tissue toxicity.

Neomycin's immunomodulatory effect on the gene expression, some hematologic parameters, and intestinal histology in two rabbit lines

Understanding the effects of antibiotics on immunogen expression and the genetic consequences of antibiotic overuse in rabbit farms are becoming increasingly important as customers become more interested in healthy and safe products. The present study was destined to evaluate the effect of Neomycin, as a common antibiotic used in rabbit farms, on immune genes, some hematological parameters, and small intestinal histology in two rabbit lines: V and Alexandria. A total of 160 rabbits were orally provided 50 mg of Neomycin in 5 ml of water daily. The immunity genes have been studied using IL-2, IL-4 and CD1. The results showed an independent relationship between Neomycin-treated groups. At 21 days of age, V-line rabbits had the lowest levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), and lymphocytes compared to the Alexandria line. The responder rabbits showed the highest value in Hb, RBCs, and lymphocytes while the non-responder rabbits showed the highest value in WBCs. Several cytokines were tested, and no significant differences were found between the two lines. While CD1A1 (T cell surface glycoprotein CD1) increased the gene expression in the V-line innate-immune group and the responder group to the Neomycin. Based on the findings, Neomycin enhanced rabbits' immune responses.

Effect of dietary supplementation with L-Carnitine and fenofibrate on broiler chickens

A factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of L-Carnitine and fenofibrate on broilers. There were four replicates of four treatments, with each replicate including ten male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted over a 42-day period. The treatments consisted of two levels of L-Carnitine (200 and 400 mg/kg) and two levels of fenofibrate (50 and 100 mg/kg) as supplements to a basal diet. Growth, carcass characteristics, serum constituents, immune system responsiveness, cecal microflora, sensory attributes and fatty acid profiles of breast meat, and small intestine histology were characterized. During the finishing period, the chickens fed a diet containing 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine and 50 or 100 mg/kg fenofibrate had lower feed intake andfeed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher weight than the other treatments. Application of 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine in combination with two levels of fenofibrate reduced ventricular fat (P &lt;0.05), cholesterol (P &lt;0.01), triglycerides (P &lt;0.05), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P &lt;0.05). These treatments increased antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND)and avian influenza virus (AIV). Among the sensory properties of breast meat, experimental treatments had a significant effect only on its aroma (P &lt;0.05). In general, supplementing the diet of Ross 308 broilers with 400 mg/kg L-Carnitine and 50 or 100 mg/kg of fenofibrate is recommended.

P008 Modulation of Wnt signaling via a Wnt mimetic improved epithelial healing without causing hyperplasia in a mouse colitis model

Abstract Background Disruption of the colon epithelial barrier is a characteristic of ulcerative colitis (UC), allowing luminal microbes to come into contact with intestinal immune cells resulting in inflammation. All approved UC treatments are anti-inflammatory drugs and because they do not directly heal the epithelial barrier, the intestinal immune system continues to be exposed to gut microbes, resulting in low remission rates. Physiological Wnt signaling is fundamental to intestine epithelial homeostasis and renewal. Modulation of Wnt signaling might present an opportunity to achieve histological remission, which is associated with an improved clinical course, in UC. Previously, in vivo overexpression or administration of exogenous R-Spondin (RSPO), which amplifies Wnt signaling by increasing the amount of Wnt receptors on the cell surface, was reported to show effects on the intestine epithelium and helped regenerate intestine epithelium in various injury models. However, RSPO was also reported, to induce hyperplasia in normal intestine epithelium. Wnt signaling may also be modulated with recently developed Wnt mimetics which mimic endogenous Wnt proteins and activate downstream β-catenin signaling upon engaging with receptors of Wnts. The objective of the current study was to compare the effect of these two approaches in an acute DSS model. Methods Utilizing a mouse acute DSS colitis model, we compared the epithelial healing effects of a Surrozen proprietary Wnt mimetic, R2M3-26, RSPO2, and combination treatments of R2M3-26 and RSPO2. Animals received 4% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days followed by 1% DSS in drinking water from day 8. Protein treatments began on day 4. Disease activity, body weight (BW), fecal score, and occult blood were measured daily. Animals were terminated on day 10 for colon and small intestine histology as well as a serum cytokine panel. Results DSS damage to the colon epithelium was visible by H&amp;E stain at day 4 and day 7 and continued to progress. We observed reduced mRNA expression of Wnt target genes and Wnt ligands in the colon, suggesting compromised Wnt signaling in the tissue. R2M3-26, RSPO2, and the combination treatments were efficacious in improving Disease Activity Index (DAI) and reducing serum cytokine levels. However, both RSPO treatments and combination treatments caused hyperproliferation of epithelium in the small intestine and the colon, consistent with what was reported in normal mice. Conclusion The Surrozen Wnt mimetic, R2M3-26, repaired the DSS damaged colon epithelium without causing hyperproliferation of epithelial cells in the intestine, making it a potential therapeutic platform for IBD.

Clinical Presentation of Pediatric Celiac Disease Patients in the Qassim Region Over Recent Years.

IntroductionCeliac disease is an immune-mediated systemic disease. It is prevalent and has diverse clinical manifestations; gastrointestinal symptoms are more common in children, including failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal distention. The diagnosis should be made at a precise time to evade severe irreversible complications, especially for pediatric patients. This study aimed to determine the clinical presentation and diagnosis, including laboratory, serological tests, and histopathological findings, in pediatric celiac disease patients.Patients and methods From January 2019 to August 2021, all children with a confirmed celiac disease diagnosis at Maternity and Children's Hospital in Buraydah, Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, were studied retrospectively. Information was collected, including demographics, clinical presentation, and diagnostic modalities with serology and small intestinal histology reported by Marsh grading. ResultsFourteen patients were reviewed, with a mean age of 8.64 years. Marsh grading of those who underwent biopsy revealed that half of the patients had type 3a, and the rest had either type 1 or 3b celiac disease. Clinical manifestations included abdominal distention and chronic diarrhea, and some patients were asymptomatic.ConclusionAbdominal distention, chronic diarrhea, constipation, and nausea were the most common clinical features. Patients with a family history of celiac disease, longer symptom duration, and higher tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A (tTG-IgA) levels are more symptomatic.

Effect of trimmed asparagus by-products supplementation in broiler diets on performance, nutrients digestibility, gut ecology, and functional meat production.

Background and Aim:Trimmed asparagus by-products (TABP) is the resultant waste from asparagus possessing. TABP has fructans, such as inulins and fructooligosaccharide, which can be utilized as an alternative prebiotic. This study was conducted to examine the effect of TABP dietary supplementation on the productive performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota, volatile fatty acid (VFA) content, small-intestine histology, and meat quality of broilers.Materials and Methods:A total of 320 1-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308®) were raised under ambient temperature and assigned through a completely randomized design to one of four dietary treatments, with four replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments comprised corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 10, 30, or 50 g/kg TABP. All birds were provided drinking water and feed ad libitum to meet the standard nutritional requirements of National Research Council for broiler chickens.Results:TABP supplementation to the broilers significantly increased the apparent ether extract, crude fiber, and gross energy digestibility (p<0.05). TABP supplementation significantly increased lactic bacteria and Enterococcus spp. numbers as well as acetic, propionic, butyric, and total VFA levels (p<0.01); on the other hand, it also significantly decreased Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli contents in the cecum compared with the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, TABP supplementation increased villus height in the duodenum and jejunum (p<0.01), cryptal depth in the jejunum and ileum (p<0.01), and villus surface areas in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p<0.01). Overall, 0-35 day TABP supplementation significantly increased the feed intake (p<0.01) and average daily gain of broilers (p<0.05), but not significantly affected the viability, productive index, and economic benefit return (p>0.05). The carcass characteristics, pH, color, and water holding capacity of the chicken meat between groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). All levels of TABP supplementation appeared to be a feasible means of producing broilers with the lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as atherogenic indices of serum compared with the control (p<0.05). Cholesterol contents and palmitic acid, oleic acid, saturated fatty acids, and Monounsaturated fatty acids levels decreased with an increase of TABP supplementation (p<0.05). Furthermore, TABP supplementation decreased atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) of meat (p<0.05).Conclusion:Supplementation of 30 g/kg TABP in broiler diet could enhance broiler performance and provide chicken meat with beneficial properties, with decreased AI and TI resulted from altered cholesterol and fatty acid profiles.

Physiological Performance of Rabbits Administered Buffalo Milk Yogurts Enriched with Whey Protein Concentrate, Calcium Caseinate or Spirulina platensis.

The present study examines the impacts of supplementing yogurt with 1% whey protein concentrate (WPC), Ca-caseinate (Ca-CN) and Spirulina platensis on the physiological performance of V-line rabbits receiving diets containing yogurt (at a dose of 5 g/kg body weight/day) and the different meat quality aspects. The results show that fat content was highest (p < 0.05) in yogurt fortified with Spirulina powder, but protein (%) was highest in yogurt enriched with WPC. Yogurt containing Spirulina powder showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in total antioxidant activity. The final live body weight for G1 was higher than the other groups. However, additives affected the saddle, hind legs, liver and neck percentages significantly (p < 0.05). There were not significant differences for all groups in the forelegs, lung and heart percentages. LDL-cholesterol, total protein, globulin, albumin, creatinine and immunoglobulin M values were lowest (p < 0.05) in the WPC group. Significant improvements appeared in the small intestinal wall, microbiology, growth performance, serum biochemistry, organ histology and meat quality of the group receiving enriched yogurt. Yogurts enriched with WPC, Ca-CN and Spirulina platensis can be used as functional foods.

Effect of different levels of L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, abdominal fat, Blood plasma components, immune system, microbial flora of the cecum, small intestinal histology, sensory properties of breast meat and profiles of fatty acids of breast meat in broilers

زمینه مطالعاتی: ال-کارنیتین برای کاهش تجمع چربی در بدن و حفظ سلامت طیور مفید است. هدف: این آزمایش به-منظور بررسی امکان بهبود عملکرد رشد، صفات لاشه، فراسنجه‌های خونی و ایمنی جوجه‌های گوشتی با افزودن ال-کارنیتین به جیره، انجام شد. روش کار: آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 3 تیمار، 4 تکرار و 10 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نر سویه راس 308 در هر تکرار به مدت 42 روز انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 3 سطح ال- کارنیتین (0، 200 و 400 میلی‌گرم/کیلوگرم) بودند که در ترکیب با جیره پایه مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند.. نتایج: در دوره پایانی آزمایش، جوجه‌های تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی 400 میلی‌گرم/ کیلوگرم ال-کارنیتین بطور معنی‌داری دارای خوراک مصرفی و ضریب تبدیل کمتر و افزایش وزن بیشتری (3/1 درصد) نسبت به شاهد بودند (05/0p <). افزایش سطح ال-کارنیتین بطور معنی‌داری موجب افزایش کارایی شاخص تولید اروپایی شد (05/0p <). کاربرد 400 میلی‌گرم/ کیلوگرم ال-کارنیتین بطور معنی‌داری (05/0p <) موجب کاهش چربی بطنی، کلسترول، تری‌گلیسیرید، لیپوپروتئین با دانسیته خیلی کم (VLDL) و افزایش پروتئین کل و HDL شد. تیتر آنتی بادی علیه ویروس نیوکاسل، اﯾﻤﻮﻧﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﮐﻞ در 35 و 42 روزگی با کاربرد ال-کارنیتین به‌طور معنی‌داری (05/0p <) افزایش یافت. ال-کارنیتین در بهبود خواص حسی گوشت سینه اثر مثبت و معنادار (05/0p <) داشت. بیشترین مقدار اولئیک اسید (18:1c) و لینولئیک اسید (18:2c) در گوشت سینه به‌ترتیب با کاربرد 200 و 400 میلی‌گرم/کیلو گرم ال-کارنیتین بدست آمد. همچنین طول پرز روده با افزایش سطح ال-کارنیتین در جیره افزایش و عمق کریپت کاهش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری نهایی: با توجه به اثر مثبت ال-کارنیتین در پژوهش حاضر، تکمیل جیره جوجه‌های گوشتی سویه راس 308 با 400 میلی‌گرم/ کیلوگرم ال-کارنیتین جهت بهبود عملکرد رشد، کاهش چربی بطنی، بهبود فراسنجه‌های خونی و ایمنی و افزایش اسیدهای چرب ضروری لاشه، قابل توصیه است.

Effects of the in ovo injection of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in Ross 708 broilers subsequently fed commercial or calcium and phosphorus-restricted diets. II. Immunity and small intestine morphology1,2,3

Effects of the in ovo injection of vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) on the immunity and small intestine morphology of broilers fed calcium and phosphorus-restricted diets were investigated. At 18 d of incubation (doi), live embryonated Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs were in ovo-injected with a 50 μL solution of one of the following treatments using an Inovoject multiegg injector: 1) diluent (control); diluent containing either 2) 2.4 μg D3; 3) 2.4 μg 25OHD3; or 4) 2.4 μg D3 + 2.4 μg 25OHD3. At hatch, 18 randomly selected male broilers belonging to one of the 4 in ovo injection treatments were placed in each of 12 floor pens and were fed either a commercial diet or a diet restricted by 20% in calcium and available phosphorus (ReCaP) content for the starter, grower and finisher dietary phases. Concentrations of plasma IgG and IgM at 14 d of age (doa) and α-1-acid glycoprotein at 40 doa were determined. Bursa, liver, spleen, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum weights were recorded at 7, 14, and 40 doa and small intestine histology was evaluated at 14 and 40 doa. Blood and organ samples were randomly collected from 1 bird in each of the 6 replicate pens within each of the 8 (4 in ovo x 2 dietary) treatment groups. Plasma IgG levels were higher in 25OHD3 than in diluent or D3 in ovo-injected birds. At 14 doa, a higher jejunal villus length (VL) to crypt depth (CD) ratio (RVC) was observed in birds that were in ovo-injected with 25OHD3 alone as compared to all other in ovo injection treatments. At 40 doa, ileal VL increased and jejunal CD decreased in commercial diet-fed birds compared to ReCaP diet-fed birds. In conclusion, the in ovo injection of 25OHD3 alone increased the immune response and improved the small intestine morphology and subsequent nutrient uptake of Ross 708 broilers. However, a ReCaP diet was observed to be detrimental to their small intestine morphology.

Effects of Single or CombinedSupplementation of Probiotics and Zinc on Histological Features of Ileum, GlucagonLike Peptide-1 and Ghrelin Levels in Malnourished Rats.

Malnutrition causes small intestinal atrophy leading to impaired nutrient absorption, zinc deficiency, and intestinal mi-crobiota imbalance affecting appetite. Zinc-only supplementation programs have been shown to be ineffective in reducing the national prevalence of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of probiotics and zinc in single or combined supplementation on the histological features of ileum and appetite regulating hormone in malnourished rats. This study included 25 rats aged 8 weeks (weight 150-200 g) divided into 5 groups. Group A served as normal receiving standard diet, group B served as malnourished receiving low calorie diet. Groups C, D, E were pretreated with calo-rie restriction for 14 days to induce malnutrition. The treatment was given for 14 days. Group C was treated with probiotics and zinc combination, group D was treated with probiotics, group E - with zinc. All treatment groups received standard diet at the same time. Ileum sample was taken and subjected to histological preparations using hematoxylin-eosin staining to evaluate villi height and mucosal thickness, blood sample was taken for GLP-1 and ghrelin levels evaluation using ELISA methods. Probiotics and zinc co-supplementation significantly increased villi height and zinc supplementation significantly increased mucosal thickness compared to malnourished rats. GLP-1 levels were significantly increased and ghrelin level was reduced with single or combined supplementation of probiotics and zinc. Low-calorie feed administered within 14 days successfully changed the profiles of small intestinal histology in rats. Either single or combined administration of probiotics and zinc develop the histological features of ileum and appetite in the malnou- rished rats.