Small Industrial Area Research Articles

Environmental Odor Analysis in West and East Java’s Ambient Air and Odor Reduction Using Biofilter Model

The odor affects both one’s health and quality of life. This study measures and analyzes odor concentration and odor sources in ambient air, the correlation between odor gas concentration and the hedonic scale, and the design of an odor-reduction instrument. The research commenced from February to May 2022 in the small industrial area (SIA) of Magetan Regency and compost bins of Bogor City. Data was collected through chemical analysis, and the hedonic scale was measured at four points divided into radii one and two. The concentration of odor parameters in Magetan and Bogor City is below the quality standard, while the correlation between ammonia gas concentration and the hedonic scale is low. Regarding the biofilter, its odor reduction efficiency is 35% for rotten fish, 70% for goat manure, 82% for compost waste, and 47% for chicken carcasses.

Assessment of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Associated Human Health Risk

Drinking water contamination by arsenic (As) is of significant concern due to its potential cause of cancer and arsenicosis. In this study, out of the 200 samples (n = 200), the mean As concentrations ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 3.30, 4.81, 4.42 and 3.85 µg L−1 in small residential, roadside, industrial and household areas, respectively. From 200 total samples, 9% of the groundwater samples showed As levels higher than the WHO safe guideline limit of 10 μg L−1. Human health risk was assessed using average daily intake (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) values which were found to be greater than the recommended values by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (1.0 and 10−6) for health risk assessment. The CR were ranged from 0–5.7 × 10−1, 4.0 × 10−1, 2.0 × 10−1 and 1.0 × 10−1 in small residential areas for children, adolescents, males and females, respectively. In roadside areas, the values ranged from 0–2.8 × 10−1, 4.0 × 10−1, 2.0 × 10−1 and 2.8 × 10−1 for children, adolescents, males and females, while 0–5.9 × 10−1, 4.1 × 10−1, 2.1 × 10−1 and 1.6 × 10−1 in industrial areas and 0–8.0 × 10−1, 2.91 × 10−1, 2.6 × 10−1 and 3.9 × 10−1 were calculated in household sites. All the CR values were found to be exceeding the US-EPA limit (10−6) recommending that the people in the study area are more prone to carcinogenic risk. Overall, it was concluded that due to presence of As in drinking water, these areas tend to be at higher cancer risks. To provide safe drinking water for the people living in these As-affected areas, urgent remedial and management steps are required.

Magnetic responses to heavy metal pollution of the industrial soils in Shanghai: Implying the influences of anthropogenic magnetic dustfall on urban environment

Using the magnetic method to detect soil pollution has attracted increasing interest. To study the influence of magnetic dustfall on urban environment, 105 soil samples (0–5 cm) were collected along three equidistant gradient profiles with respect to a major iron and steel industrial complex (ISIC) in the northern suburb of Shanghai, Southeast China. The soils and atmospheric particulate matter (APM) in the area were examined using magnetic and micromorphological analyses. As a result, magnetic susceptibility (χlf) of study soils is commonly significantly enhanced, with a mean of 284.8 × 10−8 m3 kg−1. 68.6% of the soils are higher in χlf than 100 × 10−8 m3 kg−1, more than three times the magnetic background. Moreover, it shows an increasing trend toward the ISIC. Frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd%) of the soils is mostly less than 2%, and is negatively significantly correlated with χlf, suggesting that the enhancement of soil magnetism is due mainly to coarse anthropogenic magnetic particles (multi-domain (MD) or stable single domain (SSD)). A number of magnetic spheroids were observed in the soils and APM, which are believed to mainly come from the ISIC. The persistent deposition of anthropogenic Fe-borne magnetic dustfall has significantly influenced the urban environment, causing the synchronous enhancement of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents in the soils. The study soils are moderately polluted by Zn and Pb, and the soils of Profile I, the nearest to the ISIC, are heavily polluted by Pb and moderately polluted by Cd and Zn. χlf can reflect the overall level of heavy metal pollution of the soils effectively. Moreover, it is positively significantly correlated with the content of Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Mn (p < 0.01) in the soils. However, it is difficult to measuring the content of one or more heavy metals in the soils using the magnetic method as locally quantitative correlations between χlf and heavy metal content cannot be established even within this small industrial area.

Assessment of noise and ozone levels in a small industrial urban area

Monitoring environmental parameters in urban centers has become a critical step for health risk assessment. In this study, conducted in the industrial park of Mirandela (Portugal), an environmental monitoring system consisting of a meteorological station, a class 1 smart sound sensor and three reference optical gas analyzers were deployed to measure noise levels, tropospheric ozone concentrations, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, during winter and spring of 2019. The interdependence among all variables was evaluated, and legal compliance was assessed according to the European Union (EU) target values for ozone. Higher concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide were observed during rush hours, while ozone concentrations increased as a consequence of the emissions of primary pollutants after sunrise reaching their maximum values at about 13:00 to 14:00h. Regarding the Accumulated Ozone Exposure (AOT), both target values set by the EU for AOT40 vegetation and forest have been exceeded. For AOT60, the observed values were below target; however, the threshold for NET60 was exceeded even before the end of 2019. Noise levels were higher during rush hours, because of higher traffic intensity; however, noise level indicators (Lden, Ln) remained within the legal limits. It was possible to realize that urban traffic is the most relevant source of noise and local air pollution. These results can be used to define strategies that may improve the environmental performance of the studied industrial park.

MARKETING STRATEGY MODEL IN IMPROVING MARKETING PERFORMANCE (CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL SMALL INDUSTRY AREAS OF CENTRAL CIBADUYUT FOOTWEARS)

Marketing performance is very important for a company, namely to measure the company's performance in the market for a product. Marketing performance in the industr i small and medium entrepreneurs Cibaduyut centers footwear Bandung, West Java decreased drastically. To provide alternati f solutions to those problems, it is important to do research to determine the variables that affect performance footwear marketing entrepreneurs in Cibaduyut, West Java. This study aims to analyze a marketing strategy model that can be implemented in marketing performance in the small and medium-sized industrial business area of footwear entrepreneurs in the center of Cibaduyut, Bandung, Indonesia.The analysis used is descriptive analysis to variab el qualitative da n analysis of the verification as a measure of hypothesis by using test statisti k for things that have causality. The analytical tool used is Sturktural Equation Models ) with the unit of analysis a d ne footwear entrepreneur Cibaduyut centers. The number of samples was 270 r respondents . The results of the study concluded that segmenting, targeting, positioning and digital marketing have an influence on the marketing performance of the Cibaduyut center footwear entrepreneur. But the influence of digital marketing on marketing performance has a negative effect. This is the finding of this study.

"Water Politics": Gampong Lengkong Existence in Langsa City 2000-2021

Water is a natural resource that has a very important function for the life of living things on earth. The existence of Gampong Lengkong has brought its own changes since 2000 after the existence of a clean water industry by managing clean water that is in the ground. This study aims to obtain a complete and integrated understanding of the clean water household industry in Gampong Lengkong, Langsa City, which affects the community both in terms of politics and existence. Using qualitative methods with data collection techniques literature study, observation, interviews, documentation. Based on the research results, it is concluded as follows: In 1995 marked the emergence of a water industry being developed in an area which is a peat land area, the Gampong Lengkong area was developed into a small household industrial area. At this early stage the area did not exploit so many clean water. In its existence, the people of Gampong Lengkong are greatly helped by the clean water industry. Besides, there is a political element in every policy taken for the implementation of economic activities in Lengkong Village. Political activity is characterized in three dimensions, namely: activity, decision making, and distribution of clean water.

Effects of Pharmaceutical Effluents on the Chemical. Composition of Various Vegetables in Sahiwal Region Punjab, Pakistan

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of toxic metals such as Lead (pb), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Cadmium (Cd) in pharmaceutical effluents, agricultural soil and vegetables (Pumpkin, Green Chilli and Spinach) in Sahiwal Region, Punjab, Pakistan, where many pharmaceutical industries producing effluents that contain toxic metals, reagents, organic compounds and catalyst. These pharmaceutical effluents are being used for irrigation purpose. Different samples of efflents, soil and vegitables analysed. Though the detected amounts are exceeded from WHO irrigation limits in water samples other than zinc. The analysis of soil sample showed that All metals were exceeding the controlled sample and WHO limits. The testing in vegetables samples showed that all the metals exceeded the permissible limit other than Fe and it was concluded that agricultural soil and vegetables of small industrial estate area of Sahiwal region were contaminated by increasing concentration of toxic metals due to untreated pharmaceutical effluents. There is a need of regular monitoring of pharmaceutiocal effluents enterimg into irrigation water sources in order to save quality of vegatables and health hazards.

Fractionation, Source Identification and Risk Assessments for Heavy Metals in Soils near a Small-Scale Industrial Area (Çanakkale-Turkey)

ABSTRACTContamination of soils by heavy metals due to urbanization increases various environmental concerns. The objective of this research was to determine the potential sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils in the vicinity of a small-scale industrial area and to assess their environmental impacts. Soil samples were obtained from 15 different locations near a small industrial area in the Çanakkale province of Turkey. Heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) contents of soil samples were determined with four different geochemical fractions via a sequential extraction procedure. The results revealed that pseudo-total heavy metal concentrations were ordered in decreasing order as Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Considering the results, Cd (1.95 ± 0.12 µg/g), Pb (39.21 ± 2.14 µg/g) and Zn (64.99 ± 8.16 µg/g) values were above the normal values specified for agricultural lands. The findings obtained from sequential extraction procedure showed that Cd (78%) and Pb (65%) existed mostly in mobile phases. Such mobile phases originated mostly from anthropogenic sources. These findings were also supported by chemometric analyses. Risk assessments pointed out that while Pb and Zn have moderate risks on the environment, Cd creates high risks.

Various Loads in a Microgrid with Hydrogen Energy Storage

In the paper the MATLAB model of power flow in off-grid system with renewable energy sources (solar power plant) and the hydrogen energy storage (HES) is the basis for examining of influence of various loads on its sizing and power management. The model of HES consists of the alkaline electrolyzer, the PEM fuel cell and the hydrogen tank (inverters are omitted). The Newton - Raphson method is used for solving power flow problem. The various problems of a small off-grid industrial area (convenient voltage level, voltage drop, the transients) are examined with the help of the model and the household area as a load is briefly discussed.

Evaluating population exposure to N, N-dimethylformamide in a small industrial area accounting for population movement

Population exposure to pollutants is important for studies on the exposure-response relationship. However, it is difficult to evaluate population exposure to non-conventional pollutants due to limited data on concentration levels and the movement patterns of inhabitants. In this study, an air dispersion model was used to simulate N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) concentrations, as a proxy to monitoring concentrations. A total of 1289 randomly selected household representatives were surveyed to obtain information on movement characteristics. Subsequently, population movement patterns were combined with DMF concentration levels on maps of 100 m×100 m resolution to calculate population exposure. During 2008, the estimated population exposure to DMF ranged from 0.002 to 0.64 mg/m3. The highest level of population exposure to DMF was found in the north and northwest sub-districts of the study area, ranging from 0.42 to 0.64 mg/m3. The population exposure to DMF for different occupational groups indicated that retired people and farmers were vulnerable subpopulations among people highly exposed to DMF. This was mainly because they spent most time at home where the DMF concentration was high. As pollutant concentrations were divided into small grids, we found that exposure levels were substantially impacted by population movement characteristics.

Source apportionment of PM10 at a small industrial area using Positive Matrix Factorization

In this study, PM10-bound concentrations of 28 trace metals and 3 ionic components were measured from samples collected at Daejeon Industrial Complexes I and II, Korea from April 2000 to December 2002. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and conditional probability function (CPF) were applied to these PM data sets to identify the diverse sources in the industrial area. A total of nine source types were identified to be important which include: secondary aerosol, cement/construction, soil dust, road dust, vehicle exhaust, incineration/Pb-related industry, metal smelting, fossil fuel combustion, and field burning. Results of our study suggest that there are competing relationships between anthropogenic and natural source processes in this industrial area.

Lithic Industry in a Maya Center: An Axe Workshop at El Pilar, Belize

AbstractCahal Tok (Place of Flint) is a limestone rise with some structural evidence, associated with the previously designated LDF Chert Site, close to the ceremonial center of El Pilar. Excavations uncovered evidence that during the Late Classic period, specialized flintknappers produced bifaces, primarily chert axes, at the Cahol Tok locus, first on a cleared limestone shelf then on a prepared cobble platform. Small flakes remained in situ whereas much of the larger debris was deposited to the east off the edge of the platform and into the LDF debitage dump. The identification of a specialized manufacturing locale near the ceremonial precinct of a major center is unusual in Maya archaeology. Central control of an important industry may be implied, although knapping could equally well be organized more independently. We expect that small industrial areas are actually present at most large sites, but may often be difficult to recognize.

Environmental and Socio-economic Aspects of the Operation of Industrial Regions: The Case Study of the Industrial Area of Alexandroupolis (Greece)

The paper summarizes the results of a study concerning the operation of industrial plants and their effects to the environment. It also addresses, shortly, the consequences to the quality of human life and proposes potential measures that may contribute to the reduction of the negative environmental impacts. The relatively small organized Industrial Area of Alexandroupolis (Greece) is examined as a case study. In particular, the activities of its major industrial facilities are presented and their emissions to the environment are examined. In addition, the socio-economic aspects of the operation of the Industrial Area are studied. The results of the study showed that the operation of the Industrial Area has specific negative effects in the natural environment of the region and in the quality of life of the residents. Methodological and legislative tools, such as control systems for the environmental pollution, the green chemistry, and the environmental management systems, may be employed to assist the prevention and confrontation of environmental problems.

Analysis of Dynamics in Cd, Fe, and Pb in Particulate Matter by using the Fisher–Shannon Method

The Fisher–Shannon information plane (FS), defined by the Fisher information measure and the Shannon entropy power, is proposed to investigate the complex dynamics of the concentration of three heavy metals (Cd, Fe, and Pb) in four different fractions of particulate matter data, recorded in Tito, a small industrial area of southern Italy. In the FS plane, the three metals are aggregated in three different clusters, characterized by different degrees of order. This result is related to different sources of the three metals.

Distribution of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in soil samples from a small scale industrial area of Lucknow, North India, associated with lindane production

Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and δ-HCH) were studied in soils samples collected from a small scale industrial unit of Lucknow associated with lindane production. All four isomers were detected from ten sites and the total HCH isomers in the analyzed samples varied from 53 to 99 mg kg −1. Cluster analysis was performed to group the soil sites in terms of their HCH contamination level. Low α/γ HCH ratios were found and they indicate recent input of HCH. There is an urgent need for the on-site remediation of these contaminated sites in order to prevent the long-term environmental pollution.

The Fisher information measure and Shannon entropy for particulate matter measurements

We investigated the dynamics of particulate matter data, recorded in Tito, a small industrial area of southern Italy. The analysis of these signals was performed using the Fisher information measure (FIM), which is a powerful tool for investigating complex and nonstationary signals, and the Shannon entropy, which is a well-known tool for investigating the degree of disorder in dynamical systems. Our results point to an increase of disorder and complexity from fine to coarse particulates.

Trace Mineral Profile in Blood and Hair from Cattle Environmentally Exposed to Lead and Cadmium Around Different Industrial Units

The present investigation was carried out to assess the trace mineral profile in blood and hair from cows environmentally exposed to lead and cadmium and to examine if these toxic heavy metals in blood and hair could affect blood copper, cobalt, zinc and iron concentrations and their accumulation in hair. Respective blood and tail hair samples were collected from adult cows above 3 years, reared in different industrial localities. Samples were also collected from urban areas with small industrial units (n = 55) and areas supposed to be free from pollution. The concomitant exposure of animals to both the heavy metal pollutants was not recorded in either of the industrial or urban locality. Blood lead was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with blood copper (r = -0.339), cobalt (r = -0.224) and iron (r = -0.497). The increasing blood lead concentrations, irrespective of area of collection of samples, was associated with declining blood copper and iron, and cows with blood lead level above 0.60 mug/ml had significantly (P < 0.05) lower blood copper and iron. The higher blood lead but not cadmium significantly influenced the accumulation of lead (r = 0.323, P < 0.01) and cadmium (r = 0.204, P < 0.01) in hair possibly leading to significantly (P < 0.05) higher accumulation of both lead and cadmium in hair from cattle around lead-zinc smelters and closed lead-cum-operational zinc smelter, where blood cadmium level was comparable with that from unpolluted area. Concentration of zinc (r = 0.237, P < 0.01) and iron (r = 0.183, P < 0.01) but not copper and cobalt in tail hair was significantly influenced by their respective blood concentration. Both the hair lead and cadmium had a significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation with hair copper (r = 0.234, 0.294), zinc (r = 0.489, 0.775), and iron (r = 0.385, 0.643) concentrations. Thus, it is concluded from the present study that the higher blood lead concentrations in cattle irrespective of locality/industrial operations areas affected trace elements profile in blood and hair.

Tail hair as an indicator of environmental exposure of cows to lead and cadmium in different industrial areas

This study examines the use of tail hair from cows as a possible biomarker of environmental exposure to lead and cadmium around different industrial areas. Respective blood and tail hair samples were collected from a total of 317 apparently healthy cows above 3 years of age. This includes 287 cows reared in industrial and urban areas and 30 cows from areas free from polluting sources. Significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher lead and cadmium residues were recorded in hair from cows reared around lead–zinc smelter and closed lead cum operational zinc smelter. However, cows from those areas had significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher blood lead but not cadmium concentration as compared to respective control value. Although mean blood lead concentration in cows around aluminum processing plant and urban cum small industrial areas and that of cadmium around steel processing plant were significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher than respective control, the mean hair lead and cadmium content remained statistically ( P > 0.05 ) comparable to that of respective control values. The blood lead was significantly correlated with hair lead ( r = 0.672 , P < 0.01 ) and cadmium ( r = 0.309 , P < 0.05 ) . There was a significant correlation between lead and cadmium concentration ( r = 0.610 , P < 0.01 ) in hair and a nonsignificant correlation between blood and hair cadmium suggesting that cadmium accumulation in hair was influenced by blood and hair lead concentrations in cows environmentally exposed to lead.

Potential environmental hazard in the mining district of southern Iglesiente (SW Sardinia, Italy)

A stream sediment survey carried out in southern Iglesiente, southwestern Sardinia, comprised 249 samples which were analysed for 35 elements. The data from 83 samples derived from a previous survey by Ente Minerario Sardo were also used. Maps showing element distribution were created using the GIS program Arc View 3.1. For the compilation of potential risk maps, the regional distribution of the elements has been reclassified using as thresholds the Italian intervention criteria for residential/recreational and commercial/industrial land use. The main concentrations of heavy elements mainly follow the carbonate lithologies, hosting most of the ore deposits of Mississippi Valley and Sedimentary Exhalative types. Fairly high contents of Pb, Zn, Cd, and As are reflected in the stream sediments sampled along the carbonate ridges bordering the mining district along the Iglesias syncline. Treatment plants, tailings and dumps are also located in this area. Another area with high metal values is the swampy river mouth of Rio Sa Masa, near Gonnesa, draining not only the main mining sites of the Iglesias syncline, but also the small industrial areas around the town of Iglesias and a few villages. Potential risk maps have been compiled for four elements: Zn, Pb, Cd and As. Among those, the state of geochemical pollution is very serious for Cd, Pb, and Zn, which are the main elements contained in the stratabound orebodies, but less so for As. If even only partly transferred to the soils, the concentration in these elements should limit any further development in this area, unless remediation is carried out.

Acid fog and hospital visits for asthma: an epidemiological study.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the adverse respiratory effects of naturally occurring acid fog. In total, 102 adult asthmatic patients (44 nonatopic and 58 atopic) were studied for a 2 yr period (January 1992 to December 1993) in Kushiro, a city with only a small industrial area, located in the northern-most island in Japan. Fog occurred on 378 out of 731 days, and the acidity of the fog ranged from pH 3.32 to 6.91 (mean pH 4.95). The association between hospital visits for asthma and meteorological factors or air pollutants was investigated. In nonatopic patients, fog, high ozone and water vapour pressure, low day-to-day temperature differences, low concentrations of atmospheric NO and NO2 contributed significantly (p<0.05) to increasing hospital visits. In atopic subjects, fog, high water vapour pressure, low levels of atmospheric NO2 and SO2 contributed significantly to hospital visits (p<0.05). In Poisson regression analysis the remaining factors of significance (p<0.01) for nonatopic asthma were fog and low NO and for atopic asthma were high water vapour pressure and low SO2 (p<0.05). A weak but significant correlation was observed between the number of hospital visits and the mean pH of the foggy day (r=-0.38, p<0.05) in nonatopic asthmatic patients, not in atopic asthma. On foggy days, gaseous air pollutant levels were significantly (p<0.01) lower than on fog-free days. It was concluded that, naturally occurring acid fog may have a weak bronchoconstrictive effect which appears to be more influential in nonatopic asthmatic subjects than in atopic subjects.