Small Indigenous Fish Research Articles

EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND MINERAL CONTENT OF TRADITIONALLY DRIED SMALL INDIGENOUS FISHES

Small indigenous fish species (SIS) are rich in nutrients and can be ensure nutritional security even in their dried state. Four dried cyprinid food fishes viz. Salmophasia bacaila , Aspidoparia morar , Amblypharyngodon mola and Puntius sophore were studied. All the four species are rich in protein content so they are important source of animal protein. The results showed variation in moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber and in mineral content. Moisture was estimated 5.69% ( P. sophore ) to 7.42% ( A. morar ). Protein content varied from 52.32% ( S . bacaila ) to 60.79% ( A. morar ). Fat, ash, fiber, Ca and P content varied from 15.56% to 29.76%, 11.52% to 17.96%, 0.09% to 0.35%, 3.17% to 5.87% and 1.54% to 3.06% respectively. Higher levels of protein in SIS make them an important dietary supplement to promote growth and tissue healing and can be able to reduce the animal protein requirements for increasing human population. The overall result reveals that the SIS of the region are highly nutritious.

Discovery and biological relevance of 3,4-didehydroretinol (vitamin A2) in small indigenous fish species and its potential as a dietary source for addressing vitamin A deficiency

Discovered in the late 1920s, 3,4-didehydroretinol (DROL, vitamin A2) plays a significant biological role in freshwater fish. The functions of this vitamin have been investigated but to a far lesser extent than those of retinol (ROL, vitamin A1). A recent study indicating all-trans DROL has 119–127% vitamin A biological activity compared to that of all-trans ROL suggests the significance of DROL for addressing vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in comparison to ROL may be currently overlooked. Freshwater fish such as small indigenous fish species (SIS), with high DROL content can be a promising dietary source for reducing VAD in areas where SIS are readily available and consumed. In this paper, the discovery and biological relevance of DROL are reviewed and furthermore, the vast potential of production and consumption of DROL-rich SIS in food-based strategies to combat VAD in Bangladesh and other developing countries with high prevalence of VAD is highlighted.

Homestead pond polyculture can improve access to nutritious small fish

In Bangladesh, homestead pond aquaculture currently comprises a polyculture of large fish species but provides an ideal environment to integrate a range of small fish species. Small fish consumed whole, with bones, head and eyes, are rich in micronutrients and are an integral part of diets, particularly for the poor. Results from three large projects demonstrate that the small fish, mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) contributes significantly to the micronutrients produced from all fish, in homestead ponds, in one production cycle. Mola contributed 98%, 56% and 35% of the total vitamin A, iron and zinc produced, respectively, despite comprising only 15% of the total fish production by weight. If consumed within the household, mola could contribute half of the vitamin A and a quarter of the iron intake recommended for a family of four, annually. Homestead ponds are uniquely accessible to women who prepare the household food. Further dissemination of the carp-small fish technology provides opportunities to target women and men together for training on fish production and consumption, nutrition and gender equity. Women only training is also recommended to enable them to engage fully, without feeling dominated by men. Partnering with the fisheries and health sectors will encourage sustainable uptake of this promising technology. Clearly, dissemination could have significant health benefits; however, improved monitoring and evaluation, particularly of dietary diversity and diet quality are essential. Research priorities should also include the production techniques of other small indigenous fish species (SIS), besides mola, and the power dynamics between women and men in operating homestead ponds.

Length-weight relationships of four small indigenous fish species from an inland artisanal fishery, Bangladesh

This study reports the length–weight relationships (LWRs) of four small indigenous species, Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822), Nandus meni (Hossain & Sarker, 2013), Lepidocephalichthys annandalei (Chaudhuri, 1912) and Botia dario (Hamilton, 1822) collected between July 2015 and August 2016 from fishermen's catches landed in an inland fish landing center, northeastern Bangladesh. In the study, a new maximum total length (TL) is given for L. annandalei and LWRs of three species T. lalius, N. meni and L. annandalei for the first time in FishBase. Estimated LWRs were W = .014 TL3.17, (r2 = .982) for T. lalius, W = .006 TL3.38, (r2 = .961) for N. meni, W = .004 TL3.27, (r2 = .965) for L. annandalei and W = .020 TL2.87, (r2 = .978) for B. dario.

New maximum size records and length-weight relationships for two species, Corica soborna (Hamilton, 1822) and Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1877), from the Ganges River (NW Bangladesh)

This study records new maximum lengths and provides length–weight relationships (LWRs) for two small indigenous fishes, Corica soborna (Hamilton, 1822) and Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1877), from the Ganges River in northwestern Bangladesh. Fishes were sampled sporadically using gill nets and cast nets from August 2015 to July 2016. New maximum recorded lengths weere 5.3 cm total length (TL) for C. soborna and 17.7 cm TL for M. bleekeri. The LWRs were highly significant (p < .001) with r2 values >.958. These findings will play a significant role in the fisheries resource management.

Length-weight relationship of six indigenous fish species from Deepor beel, a Ramsar site in Assam, India

Length–weight relationships for six small indigenous fish species, namely: Trichogaster chuna (Hamilton, 1822), Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822), Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801, Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822, Parambassis lala (Hamilton, 1822), and Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) were studied for the first time from Deepor beel, a Ramsar site (589 ha water spread area) located in Assam, India. A total of 617 fish specimens were collected for the present study on a monthly basis from February to August in 2016 from landing centres adjoining the beel. In the present study, b value ranges from 2.778 to 3.215, which is within the normal range. The LWRs for these six fish species from Deepor beel had not yet been reported for FishBase.

Length weight relationships of two small indigenous cyprinid fishes, Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822) and Salmophasia phulo (Hamilton, 1822) from Panchet Reservoir, Damodar River (tributary of River Ganga), India

Length–weight relationships were determined for two small indigenous cyprinid fishes: Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822) and Salmophasia phulo (Hamilton, 1822) collected from Panchet reservoir, Damodar River, India. About 143 specimens of Osteobrama cotio (5.2–10.4 cm TL) and 113 specimens of Salmophasia phulo (2.9–8.2 cm TL) were collected from November 2014 to June 2016 using gillnets of mesh size ranging from 25 to 120 mm (STR) and dragnets of mesh size 10–20 mm (STR). No previous information on LWRs for these two species from an Indian reservoir was available in the literature.

Length-weight relationships of three small indigenous fish species from the Lower Brahmaputra, India

Length–weight relationships (LWRs) for three small indigenous fish species from the lower Brahmaputra in Assam, India: Glyptothorax telchitta, Nangra assamensis, and Gudusia chapra were studied on a monthly basis from February 2015 to January 2016. Various fishing gear types were employed: cast nets (9′ ½”), gillnets (30 × 0.9 m, 0.5″; 60 × 3 m, 1.5″) and mosquito nets (20 × 6 m, 0.04″). No previous reference is available on LWR data for two of these species.

Assessing the sustainability of subsistence fisheries of small indigenous fish species: fishing mortality and exploitation of hill stream loaches in India

Small, least conspicuous fish species are targeted through subsistence fisheries in many regions of the world, but little is known about their population dynamics or exploitation levels. In the Western Ghats of India, part of a global biodiversity hotspot and an exceptional region of freshwater fish diversity and endemism, several small species of loaches are caught and sold in the local markets by marginalized communities through an unmanaged fishery, resulting in high levels of exploitation. Of particular concern is the fishery for the spiny loach, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis whose exploitation rates at various sites in the northern part of the Western Ghats region were observed to be greater than their E50 (exploitation rate where the stock is reduced to half its virgin biomass). A comparison of various fishing sites showed that populations in the high anthropogenic impact areas (located close to urban settlements with high human population density, and impacted by various threats, i.e. introduced species, pollution) are exploited at a rate greater than 86% of their Emax (exploitation producing maximum yield). The first quantitative information on population dynamics and exploitation levels of small indigenous fish species in tropical rivers indicates their potential vulnerability to over fishing, and is an important starting point for further investigations into similar fisheries in other regions of Asia and Africa.

Comparison of the Changes in Nutritional Quality of Three Important Small Indigenous Fish Species in Bangladesh at Room Temperature (27°-31°C): A Review

This study was conducted to change the nutritional quality of three Small Indigenous Fish Species products. Organoleptic characteristics, chemical composition and microbiological load (TPC) of fresh and sun dried fish samples- Taki (Channa punctatus), Puti (Puntius sophore) and Chapila (Gudusia chapra) were determined using standard methods of analysis at room temperature (27°-31°C) for shelf life. The moisture content of the sun dried products ranged from 18.32 to 26.24% with the lowest in Puti and the highest value in Chapila. The moisture content of the fresh products was in the range of 71.09 to 75.89%. The range of protein contents on dried fish products was from 42.4 to 54.65% with maximum obtained in Taki and minimum in Puti. Lipid contents of dried fish products were ranged from 5.15 to 9.21%. Maximum reconstitution of sun dried products was obtained at 60°C in all samples and was in the range of 52.51 to 55.92% where the percentage of reconstitution increases with the increase of socking time and reach maximum at the end of up to 45 min. The TVB-N content of fresh fish is low compared with sun dried one ranging from 32.45 to 34.45 mg/100 g. Peroxide value, acid value and conjugated diene of fresh fish products showed better in quality than dried fish products. The bacterial load of the sun dried products was in the range of 2.44 × 105 to 2.52 × 106 CFU/g and of the fresh products ranged from 3.9 × 104 to 3.8 × 105 CFU/g. These results showed that fresh fish products indicated excellent in quality over dried fish products at room temperature.

Length-length relationship: an index of growth pattern for lesser spine eel Macrognathus Aculeatus (Bloch, 1786) in Bangladesh

The study was designed to work on the determination of growth pattern of lesser spiny eel Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786) evaluating length-length relationships. Lesser spiny eel is a small indigenous fish species collected monthly for a year from Dingaputa haor located at Mohanganj upazila of Netrokona district in Bangladesh. The standard length and total length of male ranged from 93 to 203 mm and from 101 to 214 mm, respectively. The standard length and total length of female ranged from 105 to 243 mm and from 108 to 256 mm respectively. The length-length relationship is described algebraically in the form of y = a + bx, and growth pattern was inferred to the direct proportionality between two lengths. The present study established the relationships between standard length and total length for male, female and combined fish separately. The constants of linear relationship of male in all months varied (slope, 1.01-1.07; intercept, -0.58-9.63). The generalized relationship of male was TL = 1.03 SL + 6.25. The constants of linear relationship of female in all months varied (slope, 0.99-1.05; intercept, 2.59-12.09). The generalized relationship of female was TL = 1.03 SL + 5.826. The constants of linear relationship of combined sex in all months varied (slope, 0.95-1.05; intercept, 2.41-18.78). The generalized relationship of combined sex was TL = 1.02 SL + 7.49. Correlation coefficents, r (≥ 0.913) and coefficients of determination, r2 (≥ 0.834) were high in all regression analyses in this study. Based upon r and r2, present study explained that standard length and total length were strongly associated, and standard length was very good predictor of total length. The growth pattern were isometric in September, November, December, February, March and April and allometric in October, January, May, June, July and August based on SL-TL relationship for male population. The growth pattern were isometric in October, March, April, July and August and allometric in November, December, January, February, May, June and September based on SL-TL for female population. The growth pattern were isometric in April, June and August and allometric in September, October, November, December, January, February, March, May and July based on SL-TL for combined population. This study would be beneficial for future research in order to make comparison between years and locations.&#x0D; Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (3), 471-482

Investigation of health condition of small indigenous species Channa punctatus from Sherpur and Mymensingh areas

Investigation on the health condition of small indigenous fish, Channa punctatus was carried out through clinical and histological observation from Jailka beel of Sherpur sadar, Sherpur district and Kailla beel of Ishargonj upazila, Mymensingh district for a period of six months from October 2014 to March 2015. Water quality parameters like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, total hardness, alkalinity and nitrate were recorded. Water temperature and total hardness were found at unfavorable level for fish in December and January. Clinical examinations of the fish were also carried out for any kind of abnormalities at monthly intervals. Clinically, it was observed that fish was affected with numerous red spots and patches in lateral and ventral regions, large deep whitish ulcers reached up to deep ulcers especially in December and January in both the beels. Samples of skin, muscle, gill, liver and kidney were collected and processed for histological observations. Major pathology in the skin and muscle were epidermis separated from dermis, presence of fungal granuloma, vacuums, hemorrhage and necrosis. Loss of primary and secondary gill lamellae, hypertrophy and primary gill lamellae separated, necrosis and hemorrhage were found in the gill. Large vacuums, necrosis and hemorrhage were observed in liver and kidney. Among the affected fish organs, skin and muscle, gills were found to be more affected than those of the internal organs like liver and kidney. Overall, under the clinical and histopathological observations the fish were found to be more affected in December and January. Whereas, in the months of February and March, the pathological condition of fish gradually healed up to normal except few vacuums and hemorrhage. Under histopathological observations, fish of Jailka beel were more affected than the fish of Kailla beel. In clinical and histopathological observation C. punctatus was more affected due to EUS.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2016, 2(3): 464-470

Disease investigation of small indigenous fish species Channa punctatus of three fish markets in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Studies were conducted to investigate the health condition of a small indigenous fish Channa punctatus through clinical and histopathological observations for a period of six months. The samples were collected from different fish markets of Mymensingh District. Water quality parameters viz., temperature and dissolve oxygen were recorded and, clinical and histopatlogical study were done at monthly intervals. Normal appearances were observed during the months of October to November and also February to March from the fish samples of three fish markets. In the months of December and January, fishes were more affected having scale loss, red spots, deep dermal ulcer in Sankipara Railway Crossing and Gollpukurpar markets. Histopathologically, marked necrosis, pyknosis, haemorrhage and fungal granuloma were observed in skin and muscle. Gills of fishes from Sankipara Railway Crossing and Gollpukurpar markets had found monogenetic trematode, hypertrophy, clubbing and pyknosis in December and January. Livers of the examined fishes had no pathogen and showed less pathological signs compared to other organs. Fungal granuloma, necrosis, haemorrhage and vacuoles were found in the kidney of fishes collected from Gollpukurpar market and Sankipara Rail Crossing market. The investigated species C. punctatus was found more affected in Gollpukurpar and Sankipara Rail Crossing market than the fish samples of K-R market during the month of December and January. In the other months there were reduced clinical and histological symptoms in fish of all the markets. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (2), 268-273

Post-harvest quality loss of small indigenous fish species in Sylhet region: ensure quality up to consumer level

The present study was designed to investigate the post-harvest quality loss of locally captured Small Indigenous Species (SIS) based on existing marketing system in Sylhet region. A total of 20 fish harvesters, 30 fish handlers (involve in sorting, loading and unloading, transporting, receiving at market), 10 depot owners, 10 auctioneers, 5 aratders was interviewed and 10 markets were visited to collect data about post-harvest activities and marketing of SIS from some areas of Sylhet and Sunamgonj district from July 2015 to December 2015. At harvesting places (100%) fish were the best quality (defect point &lt;2). Fish sold in early market (7am – 9 am) were also acceptable (defect point &lt;2 to &lt;3) in terms of quality. After harvesting rough handling (15%), compactness (3%), delay icing (10%), no icing (45%), marketing process (15%) and transportation (7%) lead to loss of a major proportion of total quality. On the basis of defect point average freshness quality of SIS were found &lt;2 at harvesting places, &lt;2 to &lt;3 in landing center, during sorting, &lt;2 to &lt;3 during transportation and &lt;2 to&lt; 4 at market which were results from different activities associated with SIS handling and marketing.J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 42(1): 115-125, June 2016

Micronutrient Composition of 35 Food Fishes from India and Their Significance in Human Nutrition.

The micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are required in small amounts but are essential for health, development, and growth. Micronutrient deficiencies, which affect over two billion people around the globe, are the leading cause of many ailments including mental retardation, preventable blindness, and death during childbirth. Fish is an important dietary source of micronutrients and plays important role in human nutrition. In the present investigation, micronutrient composition of 35 food fishes (includes both finfishes and shellfishes) was investigated from varying aquatic habitats. Macrominerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se) were determined by either atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)/atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Phosphorus content was determined either spectrophotometrically or by ICP-AES. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis showed that, in general, the marine fishes were rich in sodium and potassium; small indigenous fishes (SIFs) in calcium, iron, and manganese; coldwater fishes in selenium; and the brackishwater fishes in phosphorous. The marine fishes Sardinella longiceps and Epinephelus spp. and the SIFs were rich in all fat-soluble vitamins. All these recommendations were made according to the potential contribution (daily value %) of the species to the recommended daily allowance (RDA). Information on the micronutrients generated would enhance the utility of fish in both community and clinical nutrition.

The Current Status of Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS) of River Gorai, a Distributary of the River Ganges, Bangladesh

Small indigenous fish species (SIS) play a vital role in providing animal protein sources for human. The Gorai river, a Ganges tributary is a habitat of considerable number of SIS. A total of 11040 individual from 40 species were collected belonging 7 orders and 19 families using 5 fishing nets and 1 fish trap of which 2 species were critically endangered, 7 endangered, 7 species vulnerable, 18 species not threatened, 2 data deficient and 4 species were not in evaluated category. Dominant orders were Cypriniformes and Perciformes each contained 12 species, dominant family was Cyprinidae (11 species) and most dominant species was Chela cachius (2253 individuals). Diversity indices ranges from Simpson’s dominance index (0.06-0.09), Simpson’s index (0.91-0.94), Shannon Weiner index (3.08-3.24), Evenness (0.56-0.66), Menhinick’s index (0.61-0.67), Margalef’s index (4.48-4.77), Equitability (0.84-0.89) and Fisher alpha (5.86-6.31), respectively. Highest numbers (38) of SIS were caught by set bag net. Maximum total length 4.6 cm of Corica soborna was the new record. Considering the nutritional importance and reducing number of SIS inhabiting in the river Gorai, the present study aimed at documentation of SIS, their threatened status and conservation of SIS through laws and regulations.

Fatty acid composition of three small indigenous fishes of Bangladesh

The total fat and fatty acid composition of three commonly consumed small indigenous fish species of Bangladesh, Mola, Amblypharyngodon mola, Jat puti, Puntius sophore and Shar puti, Systomus sarana. Twenty-one types of fatty acids were identified from the extracted oil of these fishes. C16:0 and C18:0 were the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA), C16:1 ?7 and C18:1 ?9 the main monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while C22:6:4 ?3 (DHA), C20:5 ?3 (EPA) were the main PUFAs. The total ?3 was between 4.28% to17.86% and the total ?6 was between 4.08% to 23.12%. The ?3/ ?6 ratio was between to 0.35% to 1.50%. It is evident from this study that A. mola, P. sophore and S. Sarana are good source of ?3 and ?6 PUFA and their regular consumption will contribute to better health.Bangladesh J. Zool. 43(1): 85-93, 2015

Flesh yield of small indigenous fishes from the River Padma, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Abstract not availableBangladesh J. Zool. 43(1): 141-144, 2015

Strengthening the contribution of aquaculture to food and nutrition security: The potential of a vitamin A-rich, small fish in Bangladesh

BackgroundSince 1961, global per capita fish consumption has nearly doubled. Much of the increase has been due to aquaculture. Bangladesh, the world's eighth largest fish producing country, has been part of this transformation. Despite having vitamin A supplementation and fortification programs, the prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake (IVAI) in Bangladesh is very high, estimated to be 60%. The promotion of a small indigenous fish, high in vitamin A – mola carplet – offers a promising food-based approach to improving vitamin A status of the 98% of Bangladeshis who eat fish. The objective of this paper was to conduct a benefit–cost analysis of a national household pond Mola Promotion Program (MPP) in Bangladesh. MethodsUsing the 2005 Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) and nutrition and health statistics, we developed baseline estimates of usual vitamin A intake, the prevalence of IVAI and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Drawing on a WorldFish project and HIES data, we designed and modeled the implementation of a MPP, and calculated the additional vitamin A intake it would provide, calculated new incidence rates of VAD-related health outcomes and estimated MPP-attributable annual changes in DALYs. The MPP's total health benefits were calculated over the program's 11-year phase-in as the annual sum of DALYs saved. The MPP's costs were estimated as the sum of the costs of a small fish program of the Fisheries Development Program plus the costs of mola brood stock, other inputs and additional farmer training-related costs. Program costs and benefits were combined to produce estimates of the cost-effectiveness of the program. ResultsAn 11-year, $23 million project would increase average daily vitamin A intakes by 7μg retinol activity equivalent (RAE), reduce the prevalence of IVAI by 1.1 percentage points, and save 3000 lives and 100,000 DALYs, at a cost of $194 per DALY saved. The MPP's impact would be concentrated among homestead pond-fishing households that would consume 60% of the additional mola produced. Among these, it would reduce IVAI prevalence by 7 percentage points. If the MPP was implemented for at least 20years, it would dominate – have higher health benefits and lower total costs – than a national vitamin A wheat flour fortification program. ConclusionBy World Bank and World Health Organization criteria, the MPP is a cost-effective approach to reduce the burden of micronutrient malnutrition in Bangladesh.

Inclusion of Small Indigenous Fish Improves Nutritional Quality During the First 1000 Days.

Within food-based approaches to improve nutrition during the first 1000 days of life, improved formulations of food products and the use of animal source foods, such as fish, are 2 widely cited strategies; however, there are few examples where the 2 strategies are combined. Furthermore, although small indigenous fish are highly nutritious and available to the poor in many regions of the world, their importance is often overlooked. To document the development of 2 nutritious fish-based food products in Bangladesh: a chutney for pregnant and lactating women (PLW) and a complementary food (CF) for infants and young children (6-23 months), including potential contributions to recommended or desirable nutrient intakes in the first 1000 days, processing methods, and nutrient composition. Local nutrient-rich ingredients and simple processing methods based on traditional knowledge (for the chutney), and a literature review (for the CF), were selected and trial batches produced. Products were analyzed for nutrient composition using standard analytical procedures and results compared with recommended or desirable nutrient intakes for women and children. Both products could contribute significantly to micronutrient intakes of PLW (24% of iron and 35% of calcium recommended intakes) and macro- and micronutrient intake of infants and young children (≥ 65% of vitamin A, ≥ 61% of zinc, and 41% of iron desirable intakes) when consumed in the proposed serving size. Inclusion of small indigenous fish as an underutilized animal source food in combination with other local nutrient-rich ingredients in food products represents a promising food-based strategy to improve nutrition, with many additional potential benefits for communities involved in production, and therefore warrants further investigation.