Small Hydroelectric Power Stations Research Articles

Geoecological and economic consequences of creation, drainage and possible variants of restoration the Kakhovsky reservoir

In the article, in the aspect of engineering and geological safety of structures and communications, the long-term hydrogeological consequences of the support and drainage effects at coastal areas of destroyed Kakhovsky hydro node reservoir as a leading eco-forming component of a giant natural and man-made geosystem are considered. In particular, it included Zaporizhia NPP, the largest in Europe, and the largest irrigation systems in Ukraine. The consequences of the hydrodynamic disaster due to explosion of Kakhovskaya HPP, the dynamics and current state of drainage of the bed of its reservoir are briefly described, according to the data of GIS analysis of space images. And also – the state of hydrogeological and engineering-geological conditions in the reservoir support zone at the time of disaster and in retrospect. A calculated assessment of changes in hydrogeological conditions for the next 10-15 years has been carried out. Long-term natural and man-made threats that arose as a result of such changes in hydrogeological (geofiltration and geodynamic) conditions are named. The set of socio-economic threats that arose due to the negative consequences of Kakhovsky reservoir existence and draining is described. It is emphasized that the restoration of hydrotechnical and water management parameters of the reservoir in the previous values (according to the conservative version) will lead to secondary geospatial water saturation of subsiding loess-loamy silty-clay floatingable rocks that have already undergone deformations due to a decrease in geotechnical stability during the initial flooding and subsequent drainage. This will start a new stage in the formation of dangerous violations of stress-deformed state of coastal slopes, of Zaporizhzhya NPP responsible structures foundation and in nearby cities and towns. A socially and ecologically favorable option for the rehabilitation of affected region is possible only on the modern European ideological and technological basis of taking into account the maximum permissible changes in the hydrological network, i.e. by means of: creating a cascade of low support channel reservoirs with locks and small hydroelectric power stations, reconstruction of riverside ponds and water supply systems, transfer of domestic water supply to underground sources, irrigated lands – for drip irrigation, ecological reclamation and afforestation of drained lands.

“White Coal” for Petrograd: Attempts at Energy Transition During First World War

This article examines the origins of Russian hydropower in the prerevolutionary period. From the 1880s, entrepreneurs in the Russian Empire began constructing small hydroelectric power stations for industrial purposes. Despite a lack of statelevel attention for these technologies for an extended period, they were studied by the Imperial Russian Technical Society. The First World War sparked interest in hydropower among government authorities as fuel and financial crises forced the government to seek cheaper energy sources. Legislative measures for regulating the use of water bodies and the practical application of hydropower, which were carried out by the government between 1915 and 1917, received further implementation in Bolshevik Russia. The author analyzes the process of transitioning from discussions about the potential uses of hydropower to the practical implementation of the first hydroelectric projects, emphasizing the key role of the war in accelerating this transition. The source base of the study consisted of administrative documents from the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Transportation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, official statistics, press materials, and scholarly literature.

Сучасний стан та перспективи розвитку відновлюваної розподіленої генерації в Україні

The development of distributed generation in Ukraine corresponds to global trends in the energy sector. The particular relevance of distributed energy for Ukraine lies in the fact that its development contributes to reducing the costs of energy consumers, reducing the load on energy networks and losses of electrical energy, as well as improving the reliability of the energy system and energy efficiency of the economy. This article provides an overview of the main sources, technologies, and trends in the development of distributed generation (DG) in Ukraine, including stations running on biofuels (biomass and biogas), small hydroelectric power stations, as well as distributed solar and wind power plants. Various aspects related to the current state and future prospects of distributed energy in Ukraine are considered, with particular attention to barriers that impede its development. The main operating modes of distributed generation facilities are identified together with the National Energy Company of Ukraine. An analysis of the structure of distributed generation facilities by technology and power usage is carried out using statistical data. The factors that stimulate the development of distributed generation technologies are identified, and examples of successful implementation of DG facilities in Ukraine are provided. The main expected effects of implementing DG are determined, such as the adaptation of consumers to the uncertainty of the state of electricity due to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, increasing the reliability of power supply, partial unloading of both main and distribution power lines, reducing energy losses in networks, as well as providing opportunities for communities to meet their energy needs. In addition, the development of distributed generation can contribute to increasing the level of competition in the electricity market, stimulating the review and optimization of pricing strategies. Keywords: distributed generation, RES, local networks, decentralization of energy supply.

Small Hydroelectric Energy and Spatial Planning: A Methodology Introducing the Concept of Territorial Carrying Capacity

The promotion of renewable energy sources (RESs) is a key European and national policy aimed at strengthening clean energy production, decoupling from fossil fuels, and responding to climate change commitments. Spatial planning is crucial as it can spatially direct the demand for investments in RESs, taking into account the challenges related to more efficient coexistence of RESs and environmental assets, both natural and manmade. Specific objectives, such as the definition of the carrying capacity concept, take on considerable importance in ensuring the balance between the demand for RESs and a number of other priorities. Small hydroelectric power stations (SHPSs), being spatially dependent on the existence of the natural resource (water), incorporate specific impacts in the areas of installation; namely, the watercourses. Taking into consideration the concept of carrying capacity for the areas where SHPSs are proposed to be installed by the Greek Special Spatial Planning Framework for RESs, which is limited to a linear/watercourse approach, this paper proposes a new complementary approach, that of “territorial” carrying capacity. The former involves the negotiation of terms and conditions for siting an SHPS within the narrow range of a water body (watercourse), while the latter, as proposed in this paper, attempts to capture the problem at the level of the wider territory or the functional area of a catchment, an approach that places carrying capacity in a more strategic spatial planning context.

Creation and substantiation of the matrix for model series of tubular propeller turbines for small hydropower plants

The paper is devoted to further development of small hydropower on the basis of reliable and cheap unregulated tubular propeller hydroturbines with rigidly fixed operating and guide blades. Such turbines are used mainly at low-pressure small hydroelectric power stations. Their main drawback is the impossibility of generated power regulation. However, solutions that minimize this shortcoming are proposed in this paper. Matrix of 4 model series of tubular propeller hydroturbines has been created. The nomenclature of turbines presented in this matrix is aimed at improving technical characteristics of small hydropower plants and reducing their negative impact on the environment. The rules for equipping machine platforms of low-pressure small hydroelectric power plants with capacity up to 200 kW with models of turbines from the created matrix are proposed, and their technical and environmental justification is performed. According to the recommendations given in the paper, at least two different adjacent turbines from the same model line should be installed at one HPP. The best option is three different adjacent turbines from the same model series, but technical and economic analysis should be performed for more detailed justification of the choice of the number of turbines. This is the subject of our further investigations. The application of scientific and practical results presented in the paper will improve technical characteristics of small hydropower plants with tubular propeller turbines and minimize their possible negative impact on the life of river flora and fauna in lower basin.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN THE ITUM-KALINSKY DISTRICT OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN 2021

The article presents the results of archaeological surveys conducted in 2021 on the territory of lands allocated for economic development under the project “Construction of a Tower Small Hydroelectric Power Station on the Argun River in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic”. The purpose of the work was to localize on the ground and clarify the location of cultural heritage objects relative to the above-mentioned land plot, to ensure the preservation of archaeological monuments known from archival data located in the area of construction work, to identify new archaeological monuments in order to register them for state registration, protection and introduction into scientific circulation. During the work, the previously known objects of cultural heritage “Ushkaloy watchtowers-twins”, “Ushkaloy burial ground” were examined and two new objects of cultural heritage were identified: the complex of archaeological monuments “Bashin-Kali”, including the remains of the fortification of the Caucasian war period “Bashin-Kali” of the 19th century (built in 1858), two destroyed burial grounds of the early Iron Age – the Middle Ages and the settlement of the Bronze Age, as well as the burial ground “Guchum-Kali”. The works included the study of agricultural terraces of the economic territory of Guchum-Kali village. On the territory, in some places, several foundations of residential and outbuildings have been recorded, according to local residents, dating back to the period of the 30-40s of the XX century. The laying of pits on the terraces revealed the presence of materials dating back to the 19th-20th centuries. The high saturation of the exploration site with monuments opens up prospects for further study of the territory not only of the Itum-Kalinsky district, but also the study of archaeological monuments of the mountainous regions of Chechnya as a whole.

Results of Scientific Research and Training of Specialists in Renewable Energy at the South Ural State University

This article describes the history of establishing the educational discipline on renewable energy at the South Ural State University (national research university), including the development of dedicated laboratories and methodological support, and the features of the educational processes in undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate studies. The innovative teaching methods with using open on-line courses and virtual test benches are described. The project-oriented learning in the framework of master's programs opens the possibility to expand the learning boundaries and reach a high level of student research works with publishing the obtained results in high-ranked journals. The article shows the main scientific work areas, as well as the goals and objectives of establishing the international innovation center Alternative Energy and the shared research center Wind Energy. Some topics and results of research works on using renewable energy sources in heat and electricity generation processes, and ways to protect solar modules from overheating, contamination and degradation are presented. The further development of the research area involves establishing and using an educational center on the basis of the Porogi hydroelectric power station (HPS), which is among the oldest ones in Russia, that includes renewable energy facilities such as wind power plants, solar power plants, and a small hydroelectric power station. The further improvement of the educational process is seen in the development of educational programs for advanced training of elite personnel for distributed energy systems.

Reproductive strategy of Hypomasticus copelandii: the piau-vermelho can adapt to small lotic stretches and lentic environments, or depends on the migration to complete its life cycle?

Introduction: The fish reproduction knowledge is essential to support fish management, conservation and exploitation of the fish stocks. Fish species migrate for various purposes during different periods of their life cycle, and this involves spawning migration, habitat shifts of juveniles and drift of larval fish. Objective: Our main objective was to investigate whether the H. copelandii can adapt to small lotic stretches and lentic environments or depends on the migration to complete its life cycle. Methodology: Samplings were carried out on two tributaries of the Doce River, both containing small hydroelectric power stations in their courses, in Corrente Grande River (CGR) and in the Manhuaçu River (MR). In the CGR 408 specimens (64 females, 109 males and 235 juvenile) were captured, while in the MR were captured 64 females, 76 males and 45 juveniles. Results: Our results shows that the blockage of rivers caused by the construction of the power plants and their operation did not result in a direct negative effect on H. copelandii populations. For both rivers, our study demonstrates the maintenance of reproductive activity and the recruitment process, inserting new individuals into the environment. Conclusion: So, we showed that H. copelandii can adapt their reproductive strategy, getting reproductive success in very small lotic stretches or a semi lentic water body, indicating that the reproductive strategies of H. copelandii is not only a genetic phenomenon but can undergo ecological adaptations. Thus, the reproductive strategies of H. copelandii could undergo temporal and spatial changes and could be conditioned by environmental pressure. Keywords: Neotropical fish; Reproductive migration; Doce River basin; Environmental changes.

Edaphic invertebrate diversity around the reservoir of a small hydroelectric power station in southern Brazil

To meet the growing demand for electricity, considerable effort has been invested in the construction of hydroelectric stations in Brazil. The environmental impacts caused by these projects have been significant, especially on fauna. To evaluate the biodiversity of edaphic invertebrates, a study was performed in an area surrounding a small hydroelectric station of Flor do Sertão, in the Santa Catarina state, Brazil, covering three distances (5, 15 and 30 meters) from the flooded region of the reservoir. From December 2010 to June 2011, surveys of edaphic invertebrates were performed by pitfall traps. The invertebrates collected at each distance were compared and their diversity was calculated through Hill numbers. The dynamics were analyzed through the Shannon index exponential and the inverse Simpson index, and correlated climatic variables to invertebrate diversity. A total of 14,074 specimens were collected from 24 taxonomic groups (Order). The analyses according to size and sample coverage showed few differences in invertebrate diversity between the distances. Values of richness and diversity of common groups are similar for all distances. There is a trend decrease in diversity dynamics for common individuals, with a strong decline in June. The diversity of edaphic invertebrates exhibited high correlation with temperature and no correlation with pluviosity.

Design Aspects of Small-Hydropower Plant

Presently, however, Hydroelectric is a source of power that can prove to be available to all, regardless of conditions such as weather. As history showed, a lot of development, as well as alterations, were made to this efficient supply of energy. Hydropower is a positive alternative energy source that nature provides, therefore, its effective usage is not prohibited. Although there are many disadvantages associated with the design and construction of a hydroelectric power plant, the advantageous features are even more enormous. This paper deals with construction and design aspects for the implementation of the small hydroelectric power station. The main parameters can be collected from the site. Then the turbine type and dimensions can be specified. The generator specifications,which is the main part in the system, for hydro-power stations can be obtained from the determination of turbine output power. These specifications involve mainly the rated power in KVA, the type of system, system frequency, the type of stator winding connection, rated load voltage, rated load current, load power factor, generator speed, method of the system cooling, and the generator type of excitation.

Investimentos públicos, lucros privados: reflexões sobre as relações entre o empresariado e o Estado a partir de um estudo de caso no Mato Grosso

Ao longo dos anos 2000, nos chamou atenção um caso de conflito socioambiental que ocorria no noroeste do Mato Grosso, no vale do Juruena, envolvendo uma população indígena e empresários integrantes de um consórcio construtor de pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. Ao acompanharmos este caso, que acontecia devido a construção de um conjunto de usinas no Rio Juruena, pudemos vislumbrar um tipo de relação de proximidade entre os empresários do projeto de geração de energia elétrica - que recebeu grandes quantias em forma de financiamento do governo Federal - e o Estado. Neste breve artigo, pretendemos evidenciar algumas das questões que envolvem os empresários e o Estado, o público e o privado, com as quais nos deparamos em nossa pesquisa de doutorado, assim como algumas pistas para refletir sobre elas.

Factors Influencing the Determination of the Gyrosures Potential of Small Rivers

The article examines the main trends in the use of renewable energy sources in the world. The article examines the main trends in the use of renewable energy sources in the world. The use of renewable sources is associated with the depletion of reserves of carbonaceous minerals and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The article presents the main, according to the authors, reasons for the incorrect determination of the potential of small hydro resources in the Republic of Tajikistan. In recent years, many small hydroelectric power plants have been built, which are ineffective. For this, the authors propose a more detailed study of the watercourse regime and the determination of its potential for the minimum and maximum tributaries and the possibility of its use, the influence of hydrological, socio-economic factors on the determination of the potential of small rivers during the construction of small hydroelectric power plants. Zoning of small watercourses is proposed for a more detailed determination of the watercourse capacity and the possibility of constructing small hydroelectric power stations on them. The influence of altitude above sea level on the output of the rated power of installations of renewable energy sources is considered. As it shows, the experience of operation and the above statistical analysis at the existing small hydroelectric power plants with an altitude of SHPPs above sea level, their nominal capacity will decrease. The decrease in the nominal output power of small hydroelectric power plants with an air-cooling system is associated with the rarefaction of atmospheric air.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ МАЛЫХ ГЭС В СИСТЕМАХ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ

Recently there is a significant increase in power of renewables. In the report questions of application small hydroelectric power stations in the systems of power supply of the railroads
 are considered.

Influence of Small Hydroelectric Power Stations on River Water Quality

Hydropower electricity generation is considered one of the cheapest technologies regarding electricity generation costs, and it is the most traditional, clean, renewable energy source. However, despite the environmental benefits offered by hydropower, they also can have negative impacts and consequences in the environment affecting water quality and disrupting river ecology. We investigated the environmental effects of four small hydropower plants (SPH) in north-west Spain by looking at the water quality of the four river stretches where the SPH plants are located. The physicochemical and biological characteristics of the water streams were analyzed, as well as the riparian ecological quality. Results showed that the presence of the hydropower plants did not significantly influence the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. There were no alterations of the benthic macroinvertebrate community at any of the plants except for one, and the riparian habitat was in general classified as good quality or close to natural conditions for all plants.

A socio-environmental vulnerability map to evaluate the sustainability of small hydroelectric power stations in Southeastern Brazil

A socio-environmental vulnerability map to evaluate the sustainability of small hydroelectric power stations in Southeastern Brazil

A socio-environmental vulnerability map to evaluate the sustainability of small hydroelectric power stations in Southeastern Brazil

It is understood that hydroelectricity generation through small hydropower stations is a sustainable alternative. However, in order to assess their sustainability, it is necessary to evaluate the socio-environmental vulnerability of a given region. This paper aims to analyse the socioenvironmental vulnerability from the impact of a small hydropower plant in Sao Luiz do Paraitinga, a municipality which is 180 km away from Sao Paulo city, Brazil. The methodology is based on principles of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in order to produce the Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index (SEVI) Map. The results indicate that there is significant overlap between areas that are susceptible to physical processes of environmental vulnerability and those that present the worst social indicators. The results herein indicate a starting point for a more in-depth analysis of the socioenvironmental vulnerability of areas under the influence of small hydropower plants, which requires planning and mitigating actions to address such vulnerability.

Methods and Technologies for Ensuring the Reliability of Excitation of Synchronous Generators of Small Hydroelectric Power Stations in Uzbekistan

The paper considers a method for protecting a direct current exciter from remagnetization in transient modes. A schematic diagram of the synchronous generator excitation system with an exciter protection device and a description of its operation are given. The proposed technical solution eliminates the violation of the excitation mode and provides high reliability of uninterrupted operation of synchronous generators of small hydroelectric power stations (HPS) by eliminating the possibility of damage to the device that protects the exciter from demagnetization and remagnetization.

Las opciones reales como metodología de evaluación de un proyecto en el sector de energía

El presente trabajo pretende aplicar la teoría de opciones reales en un proyecto de construcción de una pequeña central hidroeléctrica en Colombia. El cálculo del valor presente neto y de la tasa interna de retorno indica que el proyecto es viable; sin embargo, estas metodologías desconocen la opción de expansión existente en dicho proyecto. El artículo presenta el cálculo de esta opción basándose en la metodología de árboles binomiales, en los que la volatilidad se obtiene a través de un modelo EGARCH elaborado con base en los retornos diarios de los precios de la energía. Se concluye que la opción real hace viable el proyecto, a la vez que desarrolla herramientas que ayudan a trabajar este tipo de casos en las valoraciones de proyectos pertenecientes al sector energía.

The use of hydropower potential of the rivers of Moscow basin

The purpose of this article is to study the changes in the ways of using the energy potential of the rivers of the Moscow River basin in the XVIII-XXI centuries. Analysis of the data of the General Survey suggests that in XVIII century the energy of flowing water was used for several kinds of mills: gristmills, saw mills and fulling mills. Energy of flowing water was applied for oil mills and blacksmith hammers. Analysis of literary data shows that the number of mills reduced at the end of XIX century. Only mills built on large rivers continued to work. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries small hydroelectric power stations were built instead of mill dams, and the modern hydropower facilities in Moscow basin are small stations of local meaning only. As a result, the maps showing the location of different kinds of mills in the Moscow river basin in XVIII century were composed for the first time. These maps are unique for this territory.

Küçük Hidrolik Santrallerde Kapasite Faktör Analizi Ve Giresun Özelinde Bir Uygulama

Energy is the fundamental element of social and economic sustainability in every aspect of life, from the smallest living body to large scale industrial facilities. In Turkey rapidly increasing industrial development process lead to extensive energy demand, which is met largely from imported fossil sources. Especially in recent years, as a result of increasing environmental awareness and economic and strategic reasons, a portion of the energy deficit is fed from, clean and reliable hydroelectric power plants with great importance. In our country, a total of 295511 GWh electricity was produced in 2017. About 41368 GWh (14%) of the total amount was generated by large hydraulic plants and 17082 GWh (5.78%) by small hydraulic plants. In this study, small hydroelectric power (SHP) stations are considered to reduce the increasing energy cost and for this purpose SHP in Giresun are analyzed leading to private additives in the capacity factor analysis. According to the results it is possible to conclude that thetime of power plant investment is shortened as the capacity factor increases in hydroelectric power plants.