Small Housings Research Articles

INEOS Styrolution introduces new ASA grade for small medical devices, and styrenics with “ceramic-like” appearance

On August 15, INEOS Styrolution announced the introduction of a new ASA “MED” material dedicated to applications in the healthcare industry. It was designed specifically having small medical device housings and casings in mind.

서울시 소형주택 심의의견의 외부 부위별 특성분석 연구 : 기초 지자체 건축심의의 설계자 입장에서 수동적·능동적 의견 중심으로

Purpose: To derive planning elements of the external element through the analysis of the results of the Architectural Committees of 25gu in Seoul, and to study the Tendency and bias of the analyzed indicators in the process of generalizing them. Method: Research and analysis were conducted on the review of the Architectural Committees from January 2019 to early March 2020 posted on the homepages of 25gu offices in Seoul. Result: As a result of the analysis of the review opinion, the external indicators of the small housings were analyzed in 3 locations and 48 items: outer wall, roof·terrace, Outside. A detailed analysis of the opinion of the Architectural Committee was conducted focusing on the indicators with high frequency of the frequency analysis results. The opinions requesting review from the designers were analyzed as passive and active opinions. In the study of the external element of a small housing, it is significant that improved planning elements can be derived and used as basic indicators. And,There is great implication for the improvement of unnecessary regulations due to architectural committees.

Ergo-Biopsychosocial Approach to Support the Quality of Life of Small Housing Inhabitants

A study on the intervention of human factors engineering (known as ergonomics) on sustainable living based on biopsychological needs was conducted, taking samples of small housing inhabitants. In total, 90 participants were involved. Those who were living in small housings have a significant challenge of how to live comfortably given very limited space. The measurement of the quality of human life through WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF) and ergonomics-based usability were used to describe the current human well-being satisfaction, to propose the modified physical facilities, and to validate the proposed design and improvement. The findings showed that all implemented improvements have supported the inhabitant’s quality of life.

Organ-on-Chip: Playing LEGO® With Mini-Organs to Reduce Animal Testing and Make Medicines Safer

Have you ever pictured yourself as a LEGO®-mini-figure? That is pretty cool, right?! But now, instead of picturing yourself as an astronaut, superhero, or elf-figure, try to imagine your own body being miniature and built from LEGO®–one brick for each of your organs. Sound weird? Let us explain why a mini LEGO®-version of you could be extremely useful and could become reality in the future. Such technology might help end testing that uses laboratory animals and help your doctors understand your disease. We use people’s cells and small plastic housings to build mini-organs the size of small LEGO®-bricks, such as a beating heart or energy-storing fat tissue. Similar to playing LEGO®, we can also connect different organ-bricks and study how they talk and work with each other. In this article, we will tell you how this all works and why it is so much better than animal experiments.

일본 동경 대학가 저층 소형주택의 건물 외부환경 실태조사 분석

Purpose: In Japan, the growth rate of households with 1 to 2 persons precedes Korea. Through a survey on the external environment of Tokyo where 1 to 2 persons reside, the indicators of functionality, safety, convenience, comfort, aesthetic, crime prevention, and economic feasibility of the external environment that have a close impact on the quality of life of the resident are derived. Method: This research analyzed 50 housings near the University of Tokyo in Japan. The actual conditions of each indicators were derived by verifying the detailed indicators through internet map road view and consulting with local residents and rental companies. Result: Low-rise Small housings of University Neighborhood in Tokyo, Japan, where they were surveyed, were well reflected in complementary indicators according to climate and housing structure. The waste disposal and parking lot policies of the public sector were different from those of Korea, but the residential environment was improved, and various architectural elements such as landscaping and front shielding walls were used to create a pleasant environment. However, it was analyzed that the crime prevention, convenience, consideration for the disabled and community facilities need to be supplemented.

저출산 고령화 사회에 대응하는 노후 공동주택 단위세대의 리모델링 방법론

An increase of single and/or two-people households with decrease on typical three or four people households (which was defined as sizes for nuclear family) has led to varieties in family formations and lifestyles. It is not just a reduction on number of family members but generates several issues. Apartment, which has been the typical contemporary housing type in Korea, have a difficulty to satisfy emerging demands of various residents, due to standardized unit plans and mass supplies. Based on remodeling cycles of apartments, it becomes a time period that requires a significant number of remodeling on degraded apartments. Recently, as an alternative, development of urban small housing has been encouraged in national level as a solution to meet increasing needs of small housings and increasing needs for improving living environments in degraded residential areas. Years of consistent massive volume of housing supply policies, which was to ease the housing problem by quantitative way, was pointed out to be a leading problem of providing poor living environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an architectural planning guideline for degraded apartment remodeling that able to accommodate need of residents with variety of lifestyles and ensure better residential environment. In this paper, we first determine the changes in life styles of residents and public housings through the statistical data analysis then investigate architectural planning method for apartment remodeling in terms of low-fertility and aging population.

Diagonal Tensile Strength of AAC Blocks Masonry with Thin Joints Superficially Strengthened by Reinforced Using GFRP Net Plastering

In recent years, the autoclaved aerated concrete has become as one of the most popular material used in erecting of small housings as well as multi-apartment residential buildings. Recommended construction technology involves the use of the ACC blocks arranged on thin bed joints, with the head joints left unfilled. Practice has shown that this type of construction is characterised by low crack resistance, which was also confirmed during experimental investigation [1]. One of the solutions to this problem, proposed by the staff of the Silesian University of Technology, was the superficial strengthening of such type of masonry walls. Strengthening materials tested so far (glass and carbon fibre mesh used in FRP system solutions) gave very promising results but a relatively high cost of the material itself constituted the main drawback. This prompted a further search for new and relatively inexpensive materials that would allow improving the use of the existing structures made of AAC blocks. The goal of the laboratory test results presented in this paper was to determine the influence of wall surface strengthening made of not expensive GRFP mesh (dedicated as reinforcement of thin external plastering in thermal insulation systems) on the behaviour and mechanical properties of masonry wallettes made of AAC blocks with thin joints. Three series of masonry specimens were tested: not strengthened wallettes (as reference members), walls with superficial strengthening only on one side and walls with both sides strengthened. A total of 18 specimens subjected to diagonally compressive loading were tested (6 in each series). The results turned out to be highly promising. Increasing of shear capacity of both types of superficially strengthened masonry in comparison with reference members was observed. The tests also allowed determining a positive effect of external reinforcement on the type of cracking and failure mode of such walls.

지방도시근교 단독주택의 외피구성 현황에 관한 연구 - 광주광역시/전남 소규모 건축설계사무소 실무자를 대상으로 -

This study examined the building envelope structure used in small housings near urban area which have not good energy source in relation to the application of passive design for energy saving of small-sized architectural design firms in local cities and aimed to provide the basic materials of future design direction of designers and housing owners by analyzing economy of a project in order to know the amount of energy saving and additional expenses depending on the building envelope pattern. As a result of comparing and examining the energy saving cost from the period of use compared to investment by the thickness of insulating materials based on building envelope pattern for energy saving, it was found that the thicker the insulating materials are, the more energy saving amount is. While the current bead-type insulating materials have short payback period due to low initial investment, extruded insulating materials show the difference of five years compared to bead-type insulation because of its high initial investment.

유닛 모듈러 공법의 효율성 확보를 위한 공장제작, 운반, 현장설치의 최적 공정 제안

A unit modular system is a construction method which installs on site by manufacturing 50%~90% of the whole process in the factory. This method can minimize the process in the site and maximize the operation, which will reduce the duration and improve the overall quality. The recent paradigm of construction is to be sustainable building. Modular system can be regarded as a sustainable building construction method because it can reduce the amount of construction waste by recycling partial or whole part of overdue building be torn down. A unit modular system is the answer to cope with the increasing market of small size housings. A unit modular system is the most appropriate option at this point. This research proposes the standard operation and construction process of modular system, which enable to optimal system. A case study of reconstructing small-size housing was introduced to support this proposal. Finished unit modular is the reasonable way. However, 80% of complication rate of the modular is the most rational when a defect occurrence during delivery is considered.

1-2인가구의 라이프스타일과 소형주택 요구도에 관한 연구

The main objective of research is to present research outcomes in relation to the development of small size housings for 1 to 2 person households that have been increasing at a rapid pace due to many socio-economic factors. The method of this research was used by questionnaires. The effective numbers of survey questionnaire was 215, and the survey analysis has been made by using of SPSS win 12.0. The conclusions drawn from the research can be summarized as follows: 1) 1 to 2 person households can be typified by nine key characteristics according to the questionnaire designed to explore lifestyles and demands for new housing types. The nine lifestyles include information seeking urban dwellers, well-being oriented, practical trend followers, urban culture lovers, brand lovers, active listeners, easy life seekers, self-centered, and heavy consumers. 2) Occupants may need less space than they anticipate when more user-friendly and space conscious products and services are implemented. 3) There is a great potential market for small size housings if more convenient features and services are provided.

Development of an in situ underwater particle image velocimetry (UWPIV) system

A low‐cost self‐contained underwater particle image velocimetry (UWPIV) system has been developed to measure small‐scale turbulent flow structures in situ. The UWPIV employs a compact continuous‐wave laser and an optical scanner to deliver a light sheet that illuminates naturally occurring particles. Particle images are taken by a CCD camera along with an ultra‐compact PC. The nontethered and compact design can be fit in two small underwater housings with all components powered by batteries: an ideal design for a variety of in situ deployments. The system has been field‐tested in the coastal zone of Lake Michigan. Turbulent flow structures of the wave‐current bottom boundary layer are measured right above the nearshore lakebed, which is densely covered by quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis). Vertical profiles of mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent viscosity, plankton particle concentration, and the turbulent flux of particles are presented and discussed.

Evolution of a wiring concept – 30 years of flex‐rigid circuit board production

PurposeSeeks to answer the question: have the reasons for using flex‐rigid circuit boards changed through the years?Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents the development of flex‐rigid circuit board construction techniques from the first applications to the current status of a modern interconnection system. The paper discusses that it was the military and avionic industry that in the past required an interconnection technique that was reliable under environmental stress but compact and lightweight. Today it is the automotive and communication industry that is driving the development of printed circuit board technology.FindingsFinds that wiring and interconnection must be cheap, reliable, light in weight, and must fit into very small housings. The demand for complex interconnection solutions like the flex‐rigid circuit technique is rising with the increased level of integration of more functions into electronic devices. The reasons for using flex‐rigid circuitries are nearly still the same as in the beginning.Originality/valueShows how the flex‐rigid circuit board technology has developed during the last 30 years.

Eco-efficiency considerations on the end-of-life of consumer electronic products

In order to improve the eco-efficiency at the end-of-life phase of consumer electronic products, comprehensive assessments should be made. The Quotes for environmentally WEighted RecyclabiliTY and Eco-Efficiency method (QWERTY/EE) developed at the Delft University of Technology is applied to aim at minimal end-of-life treatment costs against maximal environmental recovery. In this paper, the outcomes of this eco-efficiency concept are presented based on a range of improvement options like changing shredding and separation settings, plastic recycling, glass recycling, or separate sorting of certain products. The analysis of more than 75 different consumer electronic products clearly shows groups in state-of-the-art recycling performance in both environmental and economic terms and a substantial distinction between the various product categories. From there, the evaluation takes place of technical improvements in relation to current best-practice recycling. Even more, with the QWERTY/EE concept it is made possible to select and rank improvement options of current and future end-of-life processing and to determine which options bring substantial environmental gain in relation to financial investments made. For glass dominated products, an increase in glass recycling results in significant environmental improvements. The same counts for separate sorting and treatment of precious metal dominated products with a relatively high precious metal content like cellular phones. However, economies of scale are a major assumption that has to be fulfilled in this case. Other conclusions and outcomes are that plastic recycling seems only eco-efficient for large housings of appliances already undergoing disassembly due to the presence of a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). For small and medium-sized housings, the extra costs of plastic recycling are high in relation to the environmental improvement realized. In most cases, dedicated shredding and separation of metal dominated products does not lead to substantial environmental or economic improvements. In general, it is shown that the various options to increase the eco-efficiency of end-of-life systems lead to very mixed environmental and economic results. As a consequence, end-of-life policy strategies should be evaluated, and in some cases revised, to support and enhance the most eco-efficient improvement options. Regarding the sensitivity of the results, it is shown that although the different environmental assessment models prioritize individual materials in a different order, the results for the improvement options on a system level are pointing in the same direction, except for plastic recycling scenarios.

Chemical Processes Applied to Reactive Extrusion of Polymers

Many commercial polymers such as polyamides, polyesters, and poly­ olefins undergo a final processing step in which polymer from a reactor tank is fed to an extruder. Molten polymer is conveyed continuously by a screw or pair of screws down the hollow barrel of the extruder to an exit die from which material is extruded into fine strands. The strands are cooled and continuously chopped into the familiar cylindrical or rounded pellets about 3 x 4 mm, which are then packaged for shipment to custom molders. Plastic pellets are further processed by injection molding to pro­ duce familiar items such as business machine frames and small appliance housings, or by blow molding to produce soft drink containers and the like. Although there are a number of design variations (1), extruders are basically pumps consisting of a horizontal cylinder containing one or two conveying screws rotated usually at less than 400 rpm by a motor at one end. Typical extruders are 20-300 mm in screw diameter with a representative length of 30 diameters (LID ratio). Average material resi­ dence time is usually 1-12 min, although larger machines are available with longer residence times. The extruder is divided into individual barrel segments, which are independently heated and cooled, for example, by resistance heating andlor a combination of heated and cooled fluids. Feed sections at the beginning of the extruder and, if desired, at subsequent