Small House Research Articles

Evaluating the risk of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in dust samples from 100 Japanese houses

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizer and associated with various health issues. Recently, non-phthalate plasticizers are replacing phthalates; however, the exposure to these substances and the risk in Japan is unclear. In this study, we assessed the concentrations of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers, and phthalate degradation products in house dust and determined their respective exposure risks via oral and dermal routes. Twelve phthalates, seven non-phthalate plasticizers, and two degradation products were determined in the house dust obtained from 100 Japanese homes. The median concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), accounting for 85 % of the total concentration of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers detected in this study, was 2.1 × 103 μg/g of dust. Apart from DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) were the most abundant in the house dust, accounting for 6.2 % (median: 1.7 × 102 μg/g of dust) and 6.1 % (median: 1.7 × 102 μg/g of dust) of the total concentrations, respectively. DEHP and DEHT concentrations in house dust were higher in apartment and small houses (floor area: ≤30 m2 or 31–60 m2 for DEHP and 31–60 m2 for DEHT) than in detached and large houses (floor area: ≥121 m2). Conversely, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) concentrations were significantly higher in detached and large houses (floor area: ≥121 m2) than in apartment and small houses (floor area: ≤30 m2). The total hazard quotient (HQ), using the maximum concentration in house dust, revealed that oral and dermal exposure to house dust was 1.3 × 10-6–0.11 for adults (all substances) and 1.6 × 10-5–2.2 × 10-2 for preschool children (except for DnBP and DEHP), suggesting no risk. The HQs for DnBP and DEHP exposure via house dust for preschool children using the maximum values were 0.46 and 1.2, and 6.0 × 10-3 and 0.18 using the median values, indicating that risk of DEHP exposure should be exhaustively determined by considering other exposure routes that were not evaluated in this study, such as diet.

Study of Waste Generations and Potential Implementation of Community-Based Waste Management in Residential Area

Bogor is one of the cities in Indonesia with a dense population and is experiencing population growth every year. Like other city problems, waste is also a problem in Bogor City. Waste generation in cities like Bogor City has been continued to increase since 2005. Even though the Bogor City Government has socialized with changes in waste management with a new paradigm, those living in residential areas are still using the old paradigm principle which is collect-transport-throw (end of a pipe). Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the waste generated and the perception and role of community participation in managing waste, especially household waste in residential areas. In this study, data collection was carried out in one of the housing areas in Bogor City, namely the Pakuan Regency. The collection of daily waste data to measure waste generation and composition is carried out based on the Indonesian National Standard 19-3964-1994 method. This data analysis technique uses a qualitative descriptive analysis with respondents differentiated on the basis of type of house and the number of occupants. This research produces data on waste generation for small, medium, and large house types 286,12 kg/houses/year, 366,57 tons/houses/year, and 523,67 kg/houses//year respectively. The result showed that the total of household waste, the level of participation and the household’s willingness to pay for TPS 3R plan made it possible to implement the TPS 3R program in this residential. Operational cost for TPS 3R can be covered from the retribution annual revenue.

Does a household’s income affect its carbon emissions? Results for single-family homes in Poland

A key challenge of Fit for 55 will be reducing household emissions. For this, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence emissions and the specific role of household income. This study tests the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for households and links carbon emissions with income, housing, energy sources, and hidden energy poverty. We use individual household data from the Polish energy consumption survey complemented with data from a budget survey both compiled by Statistics Poland. The EKC is estimated in two scenarios, i.e. current energy mix, and zero-carbon electricity. Our model is based on the least trimmed squares technique. The study confirms the existence of the inverted U-shaped EKC in households, which is especially relevant for owners of small houses. This finding might be explained by the energy under-consumption often experienced by the poorest households, whereas wealthier households usually live in energy-efficient buildings and use less carbon-intensive fuels. The turning point is reached at 373 euros of income and 3425 kg of carbon emissions in a usual energy mix scenario compared to 560 euros and 5104 kg in a clean electricity scenario. Apart from income, household carbon emissions are interrelated with house size and hidden energy poverty, which should be in policymakers focus.

Effects of Incomplete Property Rights on Informal Housing Prices: Evidence from Small Property Rights Housing of China

Effects of Incomplete Property Rights on Informal Housing Prices: Evidence from Small Property Rights Housing of China

소규모주택정비사업의 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

As the industry developed and the need for housing increased due to population growth, the housing shortage was solved by constructing houses centered on large-scale apartments. Most of the supply of housing for the common people was achieved by small and medium-sized construction companies building multi-generational and multi-family houses such as villas, which are small houses. It was distributed. The small houses distributed in this way are deteriorating and left empty, damaging the scenery of residential areas, and there are also cases where they are abused as a place for youth to escape. To solve these problems, the government is also recommending the redevelopment and reconstruction of housing. However, the current reconstruction and redevelopment is being carried out focusing on large-scale complexes that can generate a lot of profit based on business feasibility, which makes it difficult for indigenous people to settle down and often turns into a stage for speculators. Therefore, the government in 2018 said, The “Special Act on the Maintenance of Vacant Houses and Small Houses” was implemented to play a role in improving the quality of residential life by stipulating matters and special provisions necessary to efficiently renovate vacant houses and revitalize the maintenance of small houses. However, to date, the improvement of small houses or empty houses has not been promoted as intended by this law. The small house improvement project has the advantage of speeding up implementation by simplifying the project implementation procedures, but there are difficulties in implementing the project in the field. In particular, it is not uncommon for projects to not proceed smoothly due to issues such as the composition of a council before establishing a cooperative and the dispute resolution process between residents who consented without knowing during the process of obtaining consent from residents and residents who expressed their opinion to cancel consent after consenting. It's happening. There is also the problem that it is difficult to make a profit for the developer due to the small size of the complex. Therefore, there are difficulties in selecting a business operator, which is the starting stage of the business. There are some areas where it is difficult to proceed with the project due to difficulties in establishing a cooperative.
 When reorganizing a city, the climate is changed to one in which development is carried out through small-scale housing redevelopment that harmonizes with nature and the environment rather than large-scale redevelopment, so that urban development is not a feast for speculator, but rather the original local residents do not leave and the residential environment is improved. I hope that this will change the perception that urban maintenance is carried out as a result.

Evolution of Web Development Frameworks

Abstract: Webapps have now become an important part of our industry. Be it small or big business house,they all depend upon webapps to attract more audience The field of web development has very rich history and it is ever evolving. The internet’s everchanging nature and users’ and developers’ evolving needshave led to a dramatic shift in the ever-changing and dynamic world of web development in the last few decades. This review paper presents an in-depth analysis of theevolutionary journey of web development frameworks, fromthe early days of static web pages to the complex, feature-rich web applications of today. An eye–catching and aproper design can only attract the users which can only bedone using a good design framework. Libraries and classesthat offer a broad range of features called frameworks —frameworks layout a foundation of great architecture which is further used to build an application. Frameworks are the building blocks of a web application. They are the foundation upon which web applications are constructed. There are many frameworks for web development that support various programming languages. In this review paper, we will discuss some of the most important frameworks for web development. We will discuss the front-end framework, the back-end framework, and the databaseenvironment. Based on the information provided in thisreview, you can predict which framework will be mosteffective for increasing user engagement.

Exploring the potential of scaling up Smart Local Energy Systems to transform clusters of housing: Insights from a case study in Wales, UK

The research investigates the potential of Smart Local Energy Systems (SLES) to transform existing small clusters of housing into aggregates of prosumers capable of sharing locally generated renewable energy in SLES located in the Swansea area, South Wales, UK. The performance of 3 SLES retrofit scenarios is compared and evaluated at a household and cluster scale. The Energy Plus software within the DesignBuilder interface is used to carry out the modelling. Results show that SLES retrofit measures at a cluster scale are advantageous in terms of economic and environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The modelling also showed that replacing photovoltaic panels with a wind turbine in a small cluster of homes in rural Wales, UK offers no benefit in terms of renewable energy generation, carbon emissions or income. Overall, this research offers insights into the potential of SLES in retrofitting small housing clusters into low-carbon aggregates, emphasising the role of PV panels as a renewable electricity source.

The Effectiveness of One Malungon Radio-Television/Radio-Based Instruction in the Lens of Learners in the Remote Areas of East-Malungon District: A Case Analysis

This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of implementing OMR-Tele/RBI in the remote areas of the Municipality of Malungon. The research employed a qualitative case study method that utilized key informant interviews with the Junior High School learners and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with home learning partners in Malungon, Sarangani Province. According to the findings, OMR-Tele/RBI benefits some learners, particularly junior high school learners, because they can study anywhere, anytime, and at their discretion. However, due to their short concentration span and inability to study independently, primary learners are unsuitable for OMR-Tele/RBI. Problems with OMR-Tele/RBI have also hindered remote learning. Most learners living in mountain areas have slow or even no access to radio or the internet. Moreover, the majority of learners lived in small houses with no subdivisions. Therefore, students were unable to find a peaceful place to study. As a consequence, students cannot concentrate while listening to or viewing the lessons. In addition, it was recommended that the teacher models and facilitators be equipped to construct age- and level-appropriate audio or video lessons. Additionally, the audio and video lessons should be quality-assured to ensure the program’s effectiveness.

Livelihoods and the Play of Eviction in the Akuarium Neighborhood

The Jakarta government evicted an urban community of Akuarium in 2016, which caused socio-economic and immaterial difficulties. Such difficulties appear from destroyed livelihoods but instigated a kind of play in the community. A theory of urban play envisages how the community responds and utilizes failed development projects drawing from the practices of graffiti, car jockeys, and navigation of traffic jams. The research method includes field and internet ethnography for around one year. The research uncovers worsening precarious life, plunging the Akuarium community from poverty to severity. The severity includes massive loss of occupations, and houses, unexpected eviction costs, the loss of markets and crowdedness for market support, and the multi-source of income as in small shops and housing rental. The Akuarium people respond with an urban play as a small tactic for survival, responding to violence and difficulty. The urban play includes bringing appliances, mobilizing small mobs, and opening their clothes with only underwear covering the breasts and sexual organs to seek the empathy of apparatuses for stopping the eviction. Akuarium people showed urban play as a claim of space without aggression and a last-resort weapon to sustain urban life, an archetype of resistance through spatial practice.

End to End Encrypted Smart Lock Using RSA based on Opinion from Social Media Review Comments

In the modern era, from big apartments to small houses, startups to corporate buildings, protecting assets or preventing unauthorized persons are crucial problems. Often traditional locks like padlocks are prone to security risks since they can be easily bypassed. Existing smart lock systems are prone to Man in middle Attacks where digital keys can easily be duplicated. The review comments about prevailing smart locks technologies have been collected from various sources such as blogs and microblogs. The data set is analyzed to discover the opinion of the people about the smartlock product. In this proposed system, an innovative smartlock system prototype is designed using current technologies. A smart lock system has been proposed which is encrypted end-to-end using the RSA algorithm. This system uses a one-time password sent to registered users combined with the master code to unlock the door. This system is designed as such only the users who are connected to a wireless local area network are able to access the smart lock system, this adds an additional layer of security. It is connected to the cloud and logs all the activity from booting to shutting down. The breach detection system along with image capture is also included to detect forced intrusions. The client functionality can be easily ported to any platform which supports HTTP protocol which tends to be the major advantage of the proposed work.

From displacement to empowerment: How women found their voice and claimed their power

abstract The narrative on women within war and displacement contexts focuses a great deal on their vulnerability, presenting them as passive victims. This perpetual projection of women as victims of violence veils their capacity to take positive action, assert their power and claim agency over their lives. Based on research on the experiences and challenges of internally displaced women in the Bamenda subdivisions, North West Region of Cameroon, the feminist standpoint theory, and the capacities and vulnerabilities analysis framework, this article emphasises the importance of challenging dominant narratives that cast women as victims and passive recipients of aid, and spotlights their ability to survive in adversity. This research used a qualitative design, unstructured interviews, and content analysis with verbatim transcriptions. Findings indicate while in a new environment, displaced women develop relevant coping strategies over time, and some have a better life compared to that experienced before the move. Over 91% of respondents reported having ventured into income-generating activities, including small trading, house help, online marketing, baking and farming. Income generated is primarily channeled towards food, shelter, health and education for both women and their children, as some women have enrolled in school since being displaced to Bamenda. The study concludes that despite the challenges faced with displacement, the process provides exposure for displaced women, offering them a chance to rise above the limitations of cultural/social norms and practices, giving them a better chance of discovering and realising their dreams.

다세대주택의 효율적 관리방안

The quality of life of residents living in the house may vary depending on whether housing management is well managed. Multi-family houses are mainly inhabited by low-income households, elderly households, and young households by sale or residential ladders. However, there are no laws related to housing management like apartment houses subject to mandatory management. Therefore, the residential environment may be poor, and it may soon promote aging, which may negatively affect the residential stability of residents. On the other hand, apartment houses of a certain size or larger are required to be managed in accordance with the Apartment Housing Management Act, so they are professionally, systematically, and efficiently managed according to the management organization and management system. Therefore, not only is the residential environment pleasant, but it also delays aging and plays a significant role as an asset. This is the reason why most housing consumers prefer to live in apartments, which are apartment houses subject to mandatory management, and the reason why old city houses are converted into apartments, and low-income households are driven to the outskirts. Therefore, multi-family housing, like apartment houses subject to mandatory management, should not only preserve residents’ housing stability and their assets, but also establish and institutionalize multi-family housing management as soon as possible for the long life of the house. Therefore, in this study, we would like to propose efficient management measures for small apartment houses such as multi-family houses by deriving problems related to legal and institutional aspects related to multi-family housing management and tenant management consciousness.

The impact of housing on birth outcomes in breeding macaque groups across multiple research centers.

Demand for nonhuman primates in research has increased over the past several years, while nonhuman primate supply remains a challenge in the United States. Global nonhuman primate supply issues make it increasingly important to maximize domestic colony production. To explore how housing conditions across primate breeding colonies impact infant survival and animal production more broadly, we collected medical records from 7959 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 492 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) across seven breeding facilities and used generalized mixed-effect modeling to determine prenatal and infant survival odds by housing type and group size. Infant survival odds for each housing type and group size varied for prenatal, neonatal, early infant, and late infant age groups. Odds of prenatal survival were lowest in paired indoor housing and small and medium outdoor groups. No housing type performed better than large outdoor groups for neonatal survival. Odds of early infant survival was greatest in indoor and mixed indoor/outdoor housing compared to large outdoor enclosures. Large outdoor housing was associated with higher survival odds for late infant survival compared to small and medium outdoor housing. These results may influence housing choices at macaque breeding facilities hoping to maximize infant success, although there are relative care costs, the promotion of species-typical behaviors, and infrastructure factors to also consider. Our study used an interinstitutional collaboration that allowed for the analysis of more infant macaque medical records than ever before and used the broad variations across the seven national primate research centers to make the results applicable to many other facilities housing macaques.

Deep Surveillance System

This study has been undertaken to investigate and implement multiple detection systems into a single surveillance system and check whether the input videos may comprise and capture a variety of realistic anomalies or not. In this paper, we propose to learn various anomalies by exploiting both normal and anomalous videos and implemented it to new model. Real time object detection is a vast, vibrant and sophisticated area of computer vision aimed towards object identification and recognition. Object detection detects the semantic objects of a class objects using Open source Computer Vision, which is a library of programming functions mainly trained towards real time computer vision in digital images and videos. The main aim behind this real time object detection is to help the peoples to overcome their difficulty. Real time object detection finds its uses in the areas like tracking objects, video surveillance, pedestrian detection, people counting, self-driving cars, face detection, tracking in sports and many more. This is achieved using Convolution, Probabilistic Neural Networks, etc. which are a representative tool of Deep learning. This project acts as an aiding tool for peoples who wants to take care of everything inside, outside, and around their house just for their full security expectations. Surveillance is a must for small houses to large-scale industries as they fulfil our safety aspects because theft and burglary have always been a problem. By combining this Surveillance idea to IoT and some Machine Learning stuff this will be a major product. The proposed project is a single autonomous surveillance system, based on analysis and detection technology. The proposed system is capable of monitoring all actions at once and alerts the concerned officials immediately and precisely.

Linking Crowding with the Social and Neurological Phenomenon: A Social Requirement

Objective: This manuscript tries to report the effect of crowing on children's and adults' well-being. Crowding is a social phenomenon where living conditions have also shown worsening effects on a child's adequate development and execution of behavior. Further, crowding also has a worsening effect on individual working and family space and happiness. Theoretical framework: To present the complete and comprehensive approach to the effects of crowding, theoretical descriptions were presented from international scientific publications, reports, and empirical studies. The manuscript presents the recent development in crowing over the last few years. Methodology: Very little research has been directed to investigate the impact of crowding as a social phenomenon on children's and adults' well-being. It is important to understand the markers related to crowding which may affect individual happiness and child development. Therefore, this narrative review serves as a tool to investigate different aspects of crowding. Mainly the articles from the years 2000 to 2023 have been included from the various scientific platforms that have relevance to the proposed topic. Results and conclusion: Crowding affects family life and may negatively impact the bonding between parents and children, especially during the pandemic. Crowding has important aspects of social inequality which have been neglected mainly by underdeveloped or overpopulated cities or countries. These poor living conditions may also serve as the main problem associated with neurological and emotional well-being in all types of problems resulting in emotional and personality issues. These negative effects may also impact children and adults neurological and professional incompetencies may serve longitudinal consequences mainly for socioeconomic status. The main reason could be understood as lower-income group individuals live in small houses, which could compromise their individual space, and personal and professional lives in various ways. The chapter aims to define all the above-mentioned areas with some suggestive strategies that may be beneficial in living in the new normal from the perspective of individual well-being and the formation of living law conditions in a country. Originality/value: The manuscript is a narrative review highlighting the importance of the social phenomenon crowding on an individual's social, personal and professional development. The manuscript also establishes the link between crowding and neurological phenomena from the perspective of adults' well-being and child development Further, children may also show negative and long-term consequences for residing in overcrowded home spaces and individual professional life may also be affected. The manuscript is essential to ensure and modify the government rules and ensure child and adult development from the perspective of interpersonal spaces.

Experimental demonstration test of damages in houses caused by wildland-urban interface fires

In Portugal, forest fuel management (FFM) around buildings is mandatory and regulated by Decree-Law. However, regarding the Portuguese Building Fire Safety Regulation, there are no specific provisions for applying safety measures to mitigate forest fire effects on buildings in the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Therefore, for evaluating the influence of not doing the mandatory FFM around houses in the WUI and, consequently, studying the forest fire exposure behaviour on typical housing construction systems, an experimental demonstration test (DT) was carried out in a small house in a WUI environment without FFM. The DT also aimed to understand if houses in the WUI using these construction systems could be a refuge during a forest fire. The construction systems and elements assembled were representative of materials used in Portugal and South Europe in recent years. In this DT, a land plot with forest fuels was burnt in Portugal. Firefront intensity, radiant heat flux on the house, temperatures, displacements of several construction elements, and damage sustained by construction systems during the test were recorded. The DT found that these construction systems could be vulnerable to forest fires, and the building may no longer be able to constitute a refuge during forest fire exposure.

Smart water metering as a non-invasive tool to infer dwelling type and occupancy – Implications for the collection of neighbourhood-level housing and tourism statistics

The international rollout of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in the residential water supply sector affords tremendous benefits in driving water-use efficiencies, accurate billing and network management (e.g. leak detection). AMI, using ‘smart meters’ fitted at a dwelling level, record water consumption at high temporal resolution. Since water is typically only consumed when householders are present, these data could offer a non-intrusive means of inferring dwelling occupancy patterns. These insights could have a range of benefits dependent upon the spatiotemporal scale and the intended application – our interest is in the potential of these data to identify dwelling type, specifically to identify dwellings that have occupancy patterns associated with tourism, such as second homes or short-term holiday rentals. We focus on these data in a UK context and draw on data rarely available for academic research. Our data relate to a sample of dwellings in Devon and Cornwall, South West England. They capture high-temporal resolution water consumption during Covid-19 ‘lockdown’ and ‘staycation’ periods, providing a unique opportunity to demonstrate that these data can reveal the unusually pronounced property-level occupancy trends evident during this period. We apply Non-Intrusive Occupancy Monitoring (NIOM) to extract dwelling-level occupancy status (occupied/unoccupied) on a day-by-day basis. We group properties according to their occupancy trends, inferring a set of properties that exhibit occupancy characteristics associated with tourism. We demonstrate that these show correspondence with underlying indicators of tourism activity, drawn from AirDNA records of short-term tourist rental properties in this area. Ongoing global rollout of AMI means that these data will be routinely available at the dwelling level and we reflect on the benefits they could provide in generating near real time insights into dwelling occupancy. Drawing on our collaboration with the Office for National Statistics (the UKs national statistical institute) we outline the considerable potential that these data and approaches could offer in the collation of small area housing and tourism statistics.

FSAS: An IoT-Based Security System for Crop Field Storage

Internet of Things abstracts the ability to remotely associate and observe things or objects over the Internet. When it comes to agriculture, this idea has been incorporated to make agriculture-related tasks smart, secure, and automated. Agriculture is vital for economic growth and also for the survival of humans. Farmers living in rural areas of India face a common problem of the theft of equipment like induction motors from small storage houses meant for storing commodities in crop fields. In this study, we present a remote security management framework for monitoring the crop field storage house, known as the farm security alert system (FSAS). FSAS is a small, energy efficient, low cost, and accurate security management system that uses microcontroller-based passive infrared (PIR) sensor and global system for mobile communication (GSM) module to generate an alert to the farm owner if there is an intrusion event at the crop field store. The microcontroller board utilized in the proposed model is the Arduino Uno, and PIR motion sensor is used to recognize the intruder. In addition, FSAS also can be used for monitoring of induction motor by utilizing a similar arrangement of sensors. The sensor signal is transmitted to the cloud whenever the intruder is within the sensing range of the sensor node. Naive Bayes’ prediction model is used to identify the level of encroachment as no (green), mild (yellow), or high (red) threat. The status and the alarms can be received by the farm owners, either on their smartphones as application alerts or as a short message/phone call, at any distance, and independent of whether their cell phones are connected to the Internet.

Urban climate justice in hot-arid regions: Vulnerability assessment and spatial analysis of socio-economic and housing inequality in Isfahan, Iran

This research studies urban climate justice in hot-arid regions by assessing the Isfahan metropolitan area's vulnerability to heat and drought and analyzing related socio-economic and housing inequalities. The hybrid F'ANP model has been implemented to develop one multiple and four sectoral vulnerability indices. Afterward, this study analyzes inequalities and, consequently, climate justice based on the association between sensitive socio-economic and housing groups with vulnerability indices using the OLS and MGWR models. The results indicate that Isfahan's northern neighborhoods are more vulnerable to heat and drought than other neighborhoods due to the high building compactness, population density, and the small area of blue-green infrastructure. Isfahan's vulnerability to heat and drought is more associated with housing types than socio-economic characteristics on both metropolitan and local scales. There is a significant association with the proportion of rent, small, old, and unsafe houses with vulnerability to heat and drought. In several neighborhoods, elderlies are more exposed to heat than other citizens. In contrast, low-income households residing in the eastern and western margins are less exposed to heat and drought than high-income households due to the large green lands. However, they have less access to crucial infrastructure, making them more vulnerable to heat and drought.

PERIPHERAL TOURISM ENTREPRENEURS IN A RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED ENVIRONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

The tourism industry is distinguished from many other economic activities by the dominance of small-scale enterprises and micro-firms. Small tourism firms are critical change agents for destinations, local economic development and poverty reduction most especially in peripheral regions. This paper is situated within a growing international literature on tourism entrepreneurship and specifically the characteristics and motivations of small tourism entrepreneurs and their business operations. The research is conducted in Eastern Cape province of South Africa which is a resource-scarce or resource-constrained environment. Results are presented from a survey of 79 Black-owned small accommodation businesses and 19 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. It is shown that women own and operate the majority of these small accommodation businesses. These are mainly bed and breakfast establishments or small guest houses for which the clientele is mostly business tourists and government employees in particular. Issues under scrutiny are business motivations, start-up and operational issues. Networking emerges as an important business strategy for these peripheral entrepreneurs to address the challenges of business development. Overall, this study provides original findings and fresh insight into a segment of peripheral entrepreneurs operating in a resource-scarce context.