Small Study Group Research Articles

The Assessment of Knowledge About Cervical Cancer, HPV Vaccinations, and Screening Programs Among Women as an Element of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Poland

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in women and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among this population. Since it is asymptomatic in its early stages, preventive screening plays a crucial role in rapid diagnosis. Such screenings are conducted in many countries worldwide, although their popularity varies. Given that nearly all cases of cervical cancer are linked to high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection, vaccination against this virus could lead to a significant reduction in cancer incidence. It should be noted that the level of vaccination coverage against hrHPV varies significantly between countries, ranging from a few percent to over 90%. Globally, the vaccination coverage of the target population is estimated at only a few percent. Methods: This study was conducted using a proprietary, anonymous online questionnaire comprising 24 questions addressing various aspects of cervical cancer prevention. The newly designed questionnaire comprised 19 primary questions and 5 metric questions. The collected data were subjected to descriptive and statistical analysis. Results: The majority of respondents reported regularly participating in cervical cytology screening and gynecological visits. Non-participation in these screenings was primarily reported by younger respondents, not all of whom had indications for undergoing such examinations. Only 14% of the women surveyed had been vaccinated against hrHPV. However, it should be noted that, as the surveyed women were not covered by the relatively recently introduced vaccination program, they received their vaccinations through local programs conducted by certain cities or through private healthcare services. The respondents’ primary sources of information on cervical cancer are the internet and medical personnel. Conclusions: The level of knowledge among the women surveyed regarding cervical cancer prevention was satisfactory, though improvement is needed in some areas. Despite relatively good awareness of HPV’s role in cervical cancer development, the popularity of HPV vaccination remains unsatisfactory. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the small study group.

Anticipating the Opportunities and Challenges of Using Commercial-off-the-Shelf Games to Educate People on Environmental Stewardship and Morality in a Christian Context

Some studies show that digital games and board games can be used to facilitate religious learning in Christian settings. Would game-based learning be a viable option for educating Christians on environmental stewardship in a congregational church environment? This paper analyzes a sample of commercially available ecological digital games and board games to explore potential learning opportunities and challenges for integrating such games in an Evangelical Christian small group study environment.

Does early skin-to-skin contact have a long-term effect on the emotional and behavioral development of very preterm infants?

Premature birth may impair a sensitive, responsive, enjoyable, and regulating parenting style, potentially leading to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional deficits in children. Additionally, the emotional bond between the parent and infant may be disturbed due to the restrictions and difficulties at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), further negatively impacting child development. Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) directly after birth is strongly recommended also for preterm or low birth weight infants since there is high-certainty evidence that SSC has positive effects on neonatal and maternal health as well as on the quality of the parent-child relationship. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of skin-to-skin contact immediately after childbirth on the development of emotional and behavioral problems in children born preterm entering school. This study is part of a randomized controlled delivery room skin-to-skin study (Deisy Study). A total of 33 children (aged 6-8 years) were assessed at school start. The German version of the CBCL/6-18R was used to evaluate the presence of behavior problems. The perceived parental stress 6 months after discharge was the variable that most contributed to the variance explanation. SSC immediately after childbirth was not significant in the prediction of emotional and behavioral problems at school start. The study was conducted in a small study group. Partners' variables were not included. Information regarding sociodemographic variables and bonding quality was collected 6 months (corrected age) after birth. The measurement of children's behavioral problems is not objective and corresponds to the parents' perception. https://clinicaltrials.gov, deisy study NCT01959737, deisy follow up NCT03366285.

Orbital Hematoma Treatment—A Retrospective Study

Background: Bleeding within the orbit in the form of a subperiosteal or retrobulbar hematoma is a relatively common complication of trauma and surgery. It affects up to 30% of patients fractures involving the orbital bones. Most cases do not require surgical intervention because they do not cause retinal ischemia or optic nerve neuropathy. The above symptoms occur in only 0.5–1% of patients developing Orbital Compartment Syndrome (OCS). Due to the short period (60–100 min) of time in which the optic nerve and retina can tolerate increased intraocular pressure, it seemed reasonable to evaluate and standardize the surgical management protocol for this rare complication. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to retrospectively analyze cases of inframammary haematomas with clinically relevant correlations. Methods: Eighteen patients treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery due to OCS, in Lodz and Poznan, Poland, between 2009 and 2022, were included. APTT, INR, systemic diseases, cause, location and size of hematoma, presence and number of fractures, visual disturbances and pupillary response on the day after surgery and one month after, the type of intervention and time between admission to the hospital and surgery were evaluated. Results: Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the size of the hematoma and the patients’ age, the degree of visual disturbance and the weakening of pupillary constriction, severe initial symptoms and poor postoperative outcomes at both postoperative periods studied, immediate and distant poor outcome after decompression surgery and good postoperative outcome persisting one month after. Conclusions: The results obtained in the study and the surgical protocol proposed by the authors are in line with the current state of knowledge regarding orbital hematomas. Some of the correlations described in the literature (such as OCS and anticoagulant treatment) were not demonstrated, but this is probably due to the small study group. Maintaining the 100 min limit as a standard was possible only in early postoperative diagnoses (only 1 of the patients was operated on up to 100 min after the appearance of symptoms). In other cases, the specialized diagnosis took an average of 2785 ± 4020 min or 46 ± 67 h.

An artificial intelligence powered study of enlarged facial pore prevalence on one million Chinese from different age groups and its correlation with environmental factors.

Enlarged pores are amidst one of the top cosmetic concerns, especially among Chinese. Many small-group studies have been conducted in understanding their prevalence and beauty relevance. Nonetheless, population-level investigations are still lacking because of gaps in data collection and processing of large-scale studies. Owing to the recent technological advancement enabled by artificial intelligence, databases on the scale of millions can be processed and analyzed readily. Powered by big data capabilities, revealed a number of novel trends on pore conditions among over-a-million Chinese participants recruited via the "You Look Great Today" mobile application. A scoring model was constructed, which demonstrated high consistency with conventional grading method from dermatologists. Environmental data (weather, air pollution, light at night satellite) were applied to correlate with pore severity. Intraclass correlations between the two scoring systems were strong, with coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.92 for different facial areas. Statistical differences in pore severity among all four facial areas (cheek, forehead, nose, and overall) were observed, with the cheek exhibiting the most severe pore condition. Interestingly, Chinese men suffer from more severe pore condition than females. Multiple environmental factors exhibited strong correlations with cheek pore severity and were statistically fitted into linear regressions. Specifically, incremental risk with Each Low Temperature, Low Humidity, And High Solar Exposure correlate to worse cheek pore conditions. Although the Pearson correlation was low between cheek pore severity and light at night, comparison between representative cities demonstrated that in geologically similar cities, higher light at night corresponds to more severe cheek pore conditions. Our study is showcasing a robust and reliable AI model in facial pore evaluation. More importantly, insights uncovered using this facile approach also bear significant cosmetic ramifications in treatment of pore enlargement.

The Existence of Local Wisdom of Islamic Boarding Schools in the Independent Curriculum in Elementary Schools

This study aims to explore how religious values ​​derived from the pesantren tradition are integrated into educational activities in elementary schools, as well as their impact on the formation of students' character. This study is based on the importance of early character formation through education that focuses not only on academic aspects, but also on the development of moral and spiritual values. This study uses a qualitative research method by examining in depth the implementation of religious values. The results of the study show that many elementary schools adopt pesantren values ​​not only through religious subjects, but also through students' social interactions and daily activities. Schools also strengthen moral learning by incorporating religious practices such as praying together and implementing rules of politeness into the Independent Curriculum. Pesantren-based teaching methods such as the halaqah system or small study groups are used to create more personal and in-depth interactions between teachers and students that are effective in instilling moral values. These findings are expected to provide insight for other schools and policy makers in developing educational models that integrate moral and religious values ​​into the elementary education curriculum to form strong student character.

KREATIVITAS GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MELAKSANAKAN TUGAS PENGAJARAN PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This research was carried out to find out more clearly about the creativity of Islamic Religious Education teachers in teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is one of the reasons for researchers to conduct in-depth studies and research related to the creativity of PAI teachers in carrying out teaching tasks during this period. the covid-19. The method used in this research activity is to use a qualitative approach with a phenomenological type. The data collection methods used were interviews, observation and documentation data analysis, while the data sources in this case were PAI teachers whom the researcher managed to meet in the field when the researcher conducted the research. And the results of the research show that PAI teachers have a variety of creativity to create a teaching process, namely by sending short stories and pictures, with the help of the internet, laptop, Instagram, WhatsApp, zoom meeting applications and so on, and PAI teachers also use various methods so that participants students do not feel bored, namely the project-based learning method is very important because it is effectively applied to students by forming small study groups. The online method is learning that is carried out face-to-face by paying attention to zoning and health protocols. In this method, students will be taught in turns (shift model). The implications of this research are: 1) PAI teachers' creativity is increasing, 2) teachers are becoming more active in making learning activities successful, 3) students are required to be more skilled in participating in learning activities using new methods.

Digital literacy scale: Validity and reliability study with the rasch model

AbstractThe study aimed to develop a Likert-type measurement tool (Digital Literacy Scale, DLS) to determine the digital literacy levels of secondary school students. The validity and reliability of the developed measurement tool were verified using the Rasch model. The Rasch Model can estimate missing data and allow for small study groups (Rasch, Rasch, Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests, Danish Institute for Educational Research, 1960). Additionally, this model can verify the expected pattern of the measurement tool by calibrating it across participants and items. The content validity of DLS was ensured by expert opinion, and the construct validity was ensured by using the Rach model. In the content validity study, a 25-item pool was created for the draft DLS, and 5 items were removed from the draft DLS at this stage. Construct validity studies were carried out with the remaining 20 items using the classical test theory and item response theory (Rasch model). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and first-level Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used within the scope of classical test theory. Then some Rasch assumptions such as dimensionlessness, local independence, monotonicity, and bias were tested for DLS. In the validity and reliability analysis of DLS, no items were eliminated, and the quantitative theoretical results were statistically confirmed. The analysis results showed that the minimum statistical values required for a good measurement tool were met. Accordingly, 20 valid and reliable compatible items that can be used to determine the digital literacy status of secondary school students were produced.

TeleAware Robot: Designing Awareness-augmented Telepresence Robot for Remote Collaborative Locomotion

Telepresence robots can be used to support users to navigate an environment remotely and share the visiting experience with their social partners. Although such systems allow users to see and hear the remote environment and communicate with their partners via live video feed, this does not provide enough awareness of the environment and their remote partner's activities. In this paper, we introduce an awareness framework for collaborative locomotion in scenarios of onsite and remote users visiting a place together. From an observational study of small groups of people visiting exhibitions, we derived four design goals for enhancing the environmental and social awareness between social partners, and developed a set of awareness-enhancing techniques to add to a standard telepresence robot - named TeleAware robot. Through a controlled experiment simulating a guided exhibition visiting task, TeleAware robot showed the ability to lower the workload, facilitate closer social proximity, and improve mutual awareness and social presence compared with the standard one. We discuss the impact of mobility and roles of local and remote users, and provide insights for the future design of awareness-enhancing telepresence robot systems that facilitate collaborative locomotion.

Eosinophilic granulocytes as a potential prognostic marker for cancer progression and therapeutic response in malignant melanoma.

The importance of eosinophilic granulocytes in cancer has been widely discussed in recent years. The current study reviews the evidence on the role of eosinophilic granulocytes in melanoma as a prognostic marker for cancer progression and the efficacy of treatment with modern immune checkpoint inhibitors. A total of 33 human clinical studies were included in the review, with heterogeneous data due to differences in patients populations, study design and inclusion of small study groups. However, 28 of the 33 studies suggested that eosinophilic granulocytes could be used as a prognostic biomarker for outcome and/or potential response to systemic treatment and/or occurrence of adverse events in melanoma patients. Nevertheless, the exact role of eosinophils remains to be elucidated. Further prospective, larger and better controlled studies are warranted to clarify the significance of eosinophilic granulocytes in patients with melanoma, in more details.

Impact of Integrated Teaching Approach on Pharmacy Students' Learning and Satisfaction: A Study of Small Groups and Mind Map vs. Lecture in a Medicinal Plants Course during COVID-19

Introduction: The prevalence of COVID-19 disease has made virtual education more widespread and has posed daunting challenges to the quality of education and the student-teacher relationship. The present study aimed to assess the impact of the integrated method of small groups and mind mapping compared to lectures on the learning and satisfaction of pharmacy students in the Herbal Medicine course during COVID-19. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 33 pharmacy students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in the herbal medicine course in the academic year 2021-2022. The students were considered the control group (lecture) in the first semester and the experimental group (integrated) in the second semester. Data related to the final score, questionnaires of students' satisfaction, and motivation were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using independent T-test and descriptive statistics. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender; nonetheless, they were heterogeneous in terms of age. The final score of the integrated group (15.19±2.69) was significantly higher than that of the lecture group (11.45±2.53) (P=0.001). However, students in the lecture group had higher motivation (48.72±4.77) compared to the integrated group (42.81±5.59) (P=0.005). In addition, the lecture-based group reported significantly higher satisfaction scores (39.81±3.42) compared to the integrated group (31. 7±18.69) (P=0.001). Conclusion: The integrated model of small groups and mind mapping in the herbal medicine course was more effective than the lectures. To increase student satisfaction and motivation in mind mapping, appropriate measures should be considered.

Efficacy of NSCLC Rechallenge with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors following Disease Progression or Relapse.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are at the forefront of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Still, only 27-46% of patients respond to initial therapy with ICIs, and of those, up to 65% develop resistance within four years. After disease progression (PD), treatment options are limited, with 10% Objective Response Rate (ORR) to second or third-line chemotherapy. In this context, ICI rechallenge is an appealing option for NSCLC. Most data on the efficacy of ICI rechallenge are based on retrospective real-world studies of small, heavily pretreated, and heterogeneous patient groups. Despite these limitations, these studies suggest that ICI monotherapy rechallenge in unselected NSCLC patient populations who discontinued initial ICI due to PD is generally ineffective, with a median Progression-Free Survival (PFS) of 1.6-3.1 months and a Disease Control Rate (DCR) of 21.4-41.6%. However, there is a subpopulation that benefits from this strategy, and further characterization of this subgroup is essential. Furthermore, immunotherapy rechallenge in patients who discontinued initial immunotherapy following treatment protocol completion and progressed after an immunotherapy-free interval showed promising efficacy, with a DCR of 75-81%, according to post hoc analyses of several clinical trials. Future research on ICI rechallenge for NSCLC should focus on better patient stratification to reflect the underlying biology of immunotherapy resistance more accurately. In this review, we summarize evidence regarding rechallenge immunotherapy efficacy following NSCLC disease progression or relapse, as well as ongoing trials on immunotherapy rechallenge.

Comparison of UESCOPE VL 400, I-View, Non-Channeled Airtraq Videolaryngoscopes and Macintosh Laryngoscope for Tracheal Intubation in Simulated Out-of-Hospital Conditions: A Randomized Crossover Manikin Study.

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the results obtained with three different types of video laryngoscopes (UESCOPE VL-400, I-View, Non-Channeled Aitraq) with and without an endotracheal stylet should be better than the results obtained with a Macintosh laryngoscope in a simulated out-of-hospital scenario by a person without clinical experience. Primary outcome measures were the time taken to successfully achieve tracheal intubation (TI). Secondary outcomes included the grade of glottic view (Cormack and Lehane grades 1-4), the incidence of successful TI, the number of audible dental clicks indicating potential dental damage, the level of effort required to perform TI, and the operator's comfort during the procedure. The time required to achieve tracheal intubation successfully was significantly longer with the Macintosh laryngoscope and Airtraq than with the other video laryngoscopes. The use of the stylet significantly reduced the time required for tracheal intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope (21.8 sec. vs. 24.0 sec., p = 0.026), UESCOPE VL 400 (18.1 sec. vs. 23.4 sec., p = 0.013), and Airtraq (22.7 sec. vs. 34.5 sec., p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in intubation time when using the I-View with or without stylets. No differences were observed in the Cormack-Lehane grading. The success rate of intubation was 100% for the Macintosh and I-View laryngoscopes used with or without stylets and for the UESCOPE VL 400 and Airtraq laryngoscopes used with stylets. Without stylets, the success rate of intubation was 96.6% for the UESCOPE VL 400 and 86.6% for the Airtraq. There were no significant differences in the risk of dental damage between the Macintosh, UESCOPE VL 400, I-View, and Airtraq laryngoscopes, regardless of the use of stylets (without and with stylets). The use of stylets significantly reduced dental damage only for the Airtraq laryngoscope: 8 (26.6%) vs. 2 (6.6%). Statistically significant differences in perceived exertion were observed between the mentioned laryngoscopes, both with and without stylets. However, there were no differences in the comfort of use between the laryngoscopes, regardless of the use of stylets (without and with stylets. The use of stylets led to better comfort in the case of the Macintosh (2.5 vs. 3, p = 0.043) and UESCOPE VL 400 (2 vs. 3, p = 0.008) laryngoscopes. In our study, the I-View and UESCOPE VL-400 video laryngoscopes provided better intubation results than the Macintosh laryngoscope in terms of time needed to intubate, glottis visibility, and reduction in dental damage. The use of the stylet did not significantly improve the intubation results compared to the results obtained in direct laryngoscopy. Due to the small study group and the manikin model, additional studies should be performed on a larger study group.

Cannabidiol, cognition and schizophrenia: a narrative review

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder affecting about 1% of the population. It is characterised by multiple symptoms which are mostly responsive to treatment with antipsychotic medications. Cognitive impairment is regarded as a core feature of illness which is mostly poorly responsive to treatment with the current antipsychotic medications. Improving cognitive function is an important treatment goal as it is associated with better outcomes in employment and quality of life. Adjunctive pharmacological treatments have been examined to improve measures of cognition but with limited success. Cannabidiol (CBD), has shown promise in preclinical models of cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. On the other hand, limited studies in small groups of patients with schizophrenia have shown no significant clinical benefits for cognitive function as an adjunct to ongoing treatment with antipsychotics. A single trial, in which CBD as a standalone treatment was compared to the antipsychotic medication amisulpride, showed significant changes in cognitive measures for both agents, with no statistically significant difference between them. It might therefore be concluded that the preclinical findings have failed to translate to the clinic. However, the preclinical findings themselves are based on a circumscribed set of studies in multiple cognitive models and have used varying doses and routes of drug administration. The same general methodological issues are present in the suite of clinical studies. Issues such as patient heterogeneity in terms of illness duration, formulation and dose of CBD employed, and length of cannabinoid treatment might militate positive findings. The limited clinical database available makes the benefits (or lack thereof) of CBD for the cognitive effects of schizophrenia uncertain. Continued research in much larger patient populations than have so far been investigated as well as a consideration of dose ranging studies are required to fully assess the potential risks against the benefits of CBD treatment for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Exam evaluation in prosthodontics across preclinical and clinical years from students' perspective: A cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to explore the students' perceptions and performance in prosthodontics theory exam. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 560 (80.82%) students of different levels (third, fourth and fifth years) to explore their opinions and performance with regard to a number of issues on a prosthodontics theory exam (exam evaluation, exam preparation, exam material, exam timing). Demographic data were also collected. Descriptive statistics were generated and Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, ANOVA test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to examine the associations between different variables. The significance level was set at p < .05. Students' responses regarding exam evaluation was influenced by their gender, study level, high-school Grade Point Average (GPA) and undergraduate cumulative GPA. Perceived exam difficulty was significantly affected by gender (p = .03) and study level (p < .001), and negatively correlated to both high-school GPA (p < .001) and university GPA (p = .03). The vast majority (88.2%) depended on lecture hand-outs and lecture notes for study. Exam material and preparation were not significantly affected by any of the demographic variables with most respondents (76.8%) thinking that the lectures blended with prosthodontics laboratories/clinics would improve their understanding of the exam material. The suggested best time to conduct the exam was early afternoon (31.6%). Student performance was significantly affected by the study level (p < .001) and cumulative GPA (p < .001) with significant positive correlation between the high-school GPA and the mark in the exam (r = .29, p < .001) and by the amount of time students spent for exam preparation (p < .001). Those students who reported using textbooks to prepare for the exam got significantly higher marks (66.1 ± 8.7) compared to the students who did not (62.8 ± 9.7) (p = .03). Course level, GPA and gender were identified as the most influential factors in different aspects of exam evaluation and students' performance. Regular study and use of textbooks were demonstrated to improve academic performance. Additional orientation and guidance relating to the exam (especially for third year students) would be welcomed, as would alternate teaching methods such as small group discussions or study groups.

Social adaptation features of Chinese students to online learning in a university

The article presents the results of a search sociological study conducted in September-October 2023 on the problem of impact of online learning practices on the social adaptation of foreign students in a Russian university. The empirical objects were Chinese citizens studying at Lomonosov Moscow State University and currently located on the territory of Russia. In the research, the online questionnaire method provided answers to questions about the attitude of Chinese students to organisation of the educational process, to the practices of their interaction and communication in small study groups. It has been empirically proven that the attitude of Chinese students to any form of education depends on how much the issue of overcoming the language barrier and building intercultural communication has been resolved in a particular educational practice. At the same time, a positive attitude towards online learning is associated by Chinese students with the opportunity to study without having to stay in the territory of the Russian Federation, and a negative one is associated with communication problems, in particular, with the lack of direct communication with a teacher or supervisor. It was revealed that the most psychologically comfortable leaning forms for Chinese students are online classes. There is significant evidence of this category of students’ preference for a separate position, being inside their foreign cultural group and social circle. A more general project on the study of social well-being of students with special educational needs, has been specifically identified as a promising direction for the development of the research topic.

Mainstreaming the Manosphere’s Misogyny Through Affective Homosocial Currencies: Exploring How Teen Boys Navigate the Andrew Tate Effect

During the summer of 2022, Andrew Tate became a focus of concern for the media, parents, and educational leaders as his sexist and misogynistic social media content became popular with young people, especially boys. To explore Tate’s appeal, we conducted a discourse and content analysis of Tate’s videos and a small focus group study with boys aged 13–14 from London (United Kingdom). We found that apart from the obvious ways that Tate promotes men’s domination of feminine “others,” his content also mainstreams misogynistic “manosphere” ideologies. Moreover, Tate plays on boy’s fears about their economic futures and place in the structures of hegemonic masculinity while stylising himself as a maverick, but authentic figure who—against the context of his concocted fears—offers hope through advice about dating and entrepreneurial skills. We highlight how these tropes support Tate’s business model in the affective and attention economies of social media. Through focus group analysis, we show how these tropes are potent homosocial currencies for boys, including their conceptions of Tate’s content as humorous. In so doing, we contribute new theoretical perspectives on the way emotion and affect can work as homosocial currencies across digital and non-digital spaces to reify hegemonic masculinity and normalize misogyny. We conclude by suggesting that rather than attacking Tate’s messages which might play into Tate’s maverick identity, we should offer young people critical digital literacy education that helps them understand the business models of Tate, and influencers like him, and how they peddle in forms of gendered disinformation.

Проблема адаптации иностранных учащихся к практикам онлайн-обучения в российском вузе

The article presents the results of an exploratory sociological study conducted in September-October 2023 on the problem of the influence of online learning educational practices on the social adaptation of foreign stu-dents at universities in Russia. The empirical object of research was Chinese citizens studying at Lomonosov Moscow State University and currently located on the territory of the Russian Federation. The study, using an online survey, obtained answers to questions about the attitude of Chinese students to the organization of the educational process, the practices of their interaction and communications in small study groups. It has been empirically proven that the attitude of Chinese students to any form of education depends on the extent to which the issue of overcoming the language barrier and building intercultural communication is resolved in a particular educational practice. At the same time, they associate a positive attitude towards online learning with the opportunity to study without the need to be on the territory of the Russian Federation, and a negative one with communication problems, particularly the lack of direct communication with a teacher.

Comparison of selected lipid parameters in young subjectswith normal weight and overweight

&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Dyslipidemia is currently the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease.Population-based studies have confirmed a relationship between dyslipidemia and overweightand obesity, resulting from the pro-inflammatory activity of excessive adipose tissue.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of study was to compare selected lipid parameters and the prevalence of dyslipidemiain young, healthy normal-weight and overweight subjects.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; Study included 60 individuals aged 25-40 years, non-smokers, withnormal fasting blood glucose. The group was divided by BMI value. In all subjects fasting plasmaglucose, TC, TG, HDL-C, apolipoprotein AI and B were measured and the values of LDL-C,non-HDL-C concentrations.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In overweight subjects, higher concentrations of TC, TG, LDL-C, apoB, non-HDL-C andTG:HDL-C were found than in normal weight individuals. In the overweight group, positive correlationswere observed between WHR and TC, waist circumference and non-HDL-C. In normalweight subjects, positive correlations were found between BMI and TC, waist circumferenceand TG. Over 46% of the subjects had hypercholesterolemia, and over 50% had elevated LDL-Clevels. Increased incidence of hypertriglyceridemia, elevated apoB were observed in overweightsubjects, compared to the normal weight.&lt;/br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The prevalence of dyslipidemia is higher in overweight and abdominally obesesubjects, which indicates a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in this group. However, due tothe limitations of the study, primarily the small study group, the results require confirmation ina large population-based study.&lt;/br&gt;

Volume of the normal prostate gland in polish boys, aged 1–17 years: Based on transabdominal ultrasound – Prospective study

Until now, there are no established norms for prostate size in children. Prostate volume during development has been analyzed in small study groups. In diagnostic imaging, transabdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are used. To establish prostate volume norms for individuals aged 1-17 years using transabdominal ultrasound. Between 2021 and 2023, transabdominal prostate ultrasound was performed on 482 Caucasian boys, aged 1-17 years, who were patients of the urology clinic. Normative data were based on results of 345 boys with normal lower urinary tract, urethral and penile structures. Patients with abnormal external genitalia, Prune Belly Syndrome, Myelomeningocele, chromosomal disorders, or prostate abnormalities found in ultrasound were excluded from the study. Patient eligibility was determined based on medical records and physical examinations. During ultrasound, height, anterior-posterior dimension, and width of prostate were assessed. Prostate volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula VH x L(AP) x W x 0.523. Measurements were correlated with age, weight, and height. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical significance tests for means, and correlation methods. After estimating preliminary results, taking into account the development periods, patients were divided into age groups: 1-4 years (n=70), 5-10 years (n=124), 11-12 years (n=43), 13-15 years (n=65), and 16-17 years (n=43). The table and nomogram shows prostate volumes based on age. Prostate size remains stable up to the age of 8. We noticed a transitional phase at the age of 8-11 years. A significant increase in volume occurs over 11 years of age. There was a statistically significant relationship between prostate size, age, height, and weight. Established norms can serve as a reference for prostate analysis in patients with defects of the genitourinary system. An interesting analysis would be a prostate size assessment in relation to stage of development on Tanner scale. Transabdominal ultrasound, being a non-invasive, painless, and readily accessible examination, allows assessment of prostate size even in boys aged 1 year old. A statistically significant relationship was found between prostate size, weight, and height. Norms for prostate size in boys were established according to age.