Small Group Research Research Articles

The implementation of InlineXBRL in Polish listed companies – early evidence

Purpose: The paper presents early evidence from GPW Main Market-listed companies on the implementation of the InlineXBRL format and the ESEF mandate. Methodology/approach: Semi-structured, detailed interviews with GPW issuers are the basic research method used. Representatives of ten listed companies were interviewed. Results: The study indicates that InlineXBRL implementation is a challenge that involves significant human, time and financial resources. Moreover, it reveals that the only reason for XBRL implementation among Polish issuers is compliance with statutory requirements rather than other XBRL benefits. Ninety percent of respondents implemented the bolt-on approach, which enables fast compliance with statutory requirements; however, it does not support internal reporting and does not facilitate the financial reporting process. The study results are consistent with XBRL implementation evidence from American early adopters and confirm the thesis that an XBRL mandate is the main driver of XBRL dissemination. Limitations: The relatively small research group (10 companies). Originality/value: This study is the first in this field conducted in Poland, and this paper claims to be the first Polish one to name, structure and describe InlineXBRL implementa-tion options.

Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Outcomes in Women with a History of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Integrative Review.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase a woman's risk for developing cardiovascular disease, with risk factors manifested as early as one year postpartum. Researchers are examining how physical activity may help to mitigate cardiovascular risk factors in this population. Review the existing scientific literature on the impact of physical activity in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy related to physical activity and cardiovascular risk factor outcomes. This integrative review examined research studies addressing physical activity in women with a history of preeclampsia or other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Using four databases, the search strategy included published studies through December 31, 2019. Identified studies were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. The initial search identified 1,166 publications. Seven studies including two observational, four quasi-experimental, and one experimental study were included in the review. Although the studies had limitations, none of these limitations were deemed significant enough to eliminate a study from the review. Studies were conducted in four countries, and participants were predominantly White. Physical activity interventions primarily consisted of delivery of educational content, and data were primarily obtained by self-report. Of the five studies utilizing intervention strategies, three reported positive findings including increased physical activity, enhanced physiologic adaptations, and decreased physical inactivity. One study reported mixed findings of improved physical fitness in both groups, while another reported no change in intent to change exercise behavior associated with the intervention. Physical activity promotion among women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy has been studied by a small group of researchers. Current literature on the topic is characterized by limited sample diversity, lack of exercise-based interventions, and over reliance on self-report to measure physical activity. It is imperative that further research be conducted to facilitate improved cardiovascular outcomes.

Drone testing for 3D reconstruction of massive mounted skeletons in museums: the case of Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti 1825) from Madonna della Strada (Scoppito, L’Aquila, Italy)

ABSTRACT Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have seen tremendous development in the last decade, with numerous applications in civil and research fields. Drones’ success, particularly in the field of research, is due to a number of factors, including rapid technological advancement, tool versatility, and prices that are becoming increasingly affordable even for small research groups or individuals. Given the versatility and ongoing development of micro drones, we tested the use of micro-drones in vertebrate palaeontology to reconstruct mounted skeletons using the photogrammetry method. The experiment was carried out on a massive specimen of Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti 1825) from Madonna della Strada, which is on display at the east bastion of the Spanish Fortress in L’Aquila (Abruzzo, Central Italy), comparing the results with those obtained using the traditional method using a digital camera. Even though both the traditional digital camera and the drone methods produced a high-resolution 3D model of the skeleton, the results obtained, indeed, lead us to consider the use of micro-drones in museum structures as a very interesting and promising new field of application. Drones provide a simple, fast, and non-invasive system for the study, monitoring, and enhancement of cultural heritage in all of its possible manifestations.

Advancing Neurolinguistics in Russia: Experience and Implications of Building Experimental Research and Evidence-Based Practices.

Russia has rich theoretical and behavioral research traditions in neurolinguistics and neuropsychology, but at the beginning of the twenty-first century contemporary experimental research in these disciplines remained limited, leading to proliferation of non-evidence-based approaches in education, healthcare, and public beliefs. An academic response to this was the establishment of the Center for Language and Brain at the HSE University, Moscow, which focused on experimental psycho- and neurolinguistic research and related evidence-based practices. The Center has grown from a small group of young researchers to a large interdisciplinary unit that conducts cutting-edge research utilizing multi-site settings and novel structural and functional neuroimaging methods. The overarching aim of the Center's research is to promote scientifically grounded treatment of the language-brain relationship in the educational, clinical, and industry settings. Specifically, translational research at the Center is contributing to the advancement of clinical practice in Russia: from providing the first standardized aphasia language test to implementing protocols for intraoperative language mapping in neurosurgery departments across the country. Within research projects, a new generation of scientists is successfully being fostered, while a broader student audience is reached via courses taught by staff of the Center to students of different majors. Notable examples of public outreach programs at the Center are the Annual Summer Neurolinguistics School attracting hundreds of attendees from different countries each year, and community projects focused on raising awareness about aphasia. Together, these efforts aim to increase scientific knowledge in a multi-professional audience. In this paper, we will share our joint experiences in establishing, building, and promoting a neurolinguistics research center in Russia and the impact that this work has had on the broader public. We will delineate specific milestones of this journey and focus on the main pillars that have contributed to our progress: research, clinical work, teaching, and public outreach programs. We hope that this critical appraisal of our experiences can serve simultaneously as an inspiration and a practical guide for other groups developing research, clinical, and educational programs in different neuroscientific disciplines across the globe and aiming to improve the quality of the neuroscientific information available to the public.

Entrepreneurial team diversity, performance and disruption: Insights from a simulation model

While team diversity is believed to increase both cognitive conflict (performance-enhancing) and risk of affective conflict (disruption-enhancing), examining this trade-off in entrepreneurship settings is hampered by the lack of data allowing for joint assessments of diversity, performance and disruption over time in new venture teams. Drawing upon research in psychology and small group research, we develop a simulation model formalizing how different levels of entrepreneurial team diversity may influence team performance and disruption over time. Experimenting with different scenarios related to the diversity-performance and diversity-disruption relationships, our model generates insights how team diversity act as a double-edged sword where teams with greater diversity are more likely to create high-performing ventures, but also more exposed to the risk of disruption. Explicating the boundary conditions under which diversity maximize long-term team performance conditional on team survival, we contribute to the discussion on entrepreneurial team composition, behavior, and performance.

International experience as a microfoundation of foreign subsidiary performance: A multilevel model

In multinational companies, international experience by managers is considered a source of competitive advantage. Yet we know little about whether the positive consequences of personal international experience persist when aggregated in top management teams (TMTs). Are certain experiential, relational, or structural TMT configurations more effective at converting personal knowledge from international experience into organizational performance? Drawing on knowledge integration and small groups research, we develop a multilevel model of compositional emergence to define how personal international experiences aggregate from the individual to the collective. We then explore how TMT differences in experiential, relational, and structural configurations of international experience affect performance. We test our predictions using a cross-national and multilevel dataset on foreign-owned banks. The data include detailed information on top managers’ demographic, educational, and professional backgrounds (N = 270 TMTs, nested within 60 foreign subsidiaries, and 28 multinational banks), ten years of financial performance data, and covariates from different levels (e.g., TMT, subsidiary, MNC, home country, host country). By theoretically and empirically linking individual differences in international experience to subsidiary performance through team-level knowledge integration mechanisms, we contribute to the search for microfoundations of competitive advantage using the knowledge- and resource-based views in an international context.

Toward Empathetic Autism Research: Developing an Autism-Specific Research Passport.

Why was this research developed?: Autistic adults taking part in research do not always have good experiences. An autistic member on our team thought that a Research Passport could help improve people's experiences. This idea was inspired by "passports" or "toolkits" that autistic people can use when visiting professionals such as doctors (so the doctor knows about the person and how to support them).What does the Research Passport do?: The Research Passport lets autistic people tell researchers about themselves before taking part in a research study. Autistic people can decide how much, or how little, they tell the researcher. Autistic and/or nonautistic researchers can use the Research Passport to try and make sure that their autistic participants have good experiences when taking part in research.How did the researchers evaluate the Research Passport?: First, nine autistic adults (who did not have an intellectual disability) and six autism researchers took part in group discussions. We asked what they thought about our Research Passport idea and what it should include. We made a Research Passport mock-up based on these discussions. Nine autistic participants who did not have an intellectual disability used the mock-up in one of three university research projects. Autistic participants completed a survey to tell us good and not-so-good things about the Research Passport. Also, we interviewed three researchers about using the Research Passport (asking what they liked and what could have been better).What were the findings?: Autistic adults and researchers involved in designing the Research Passport thought the Research Passport (1) could be useful but could not solve all problems in autism research, (2) needed to be suitable for many different people, and (3) could have many different benefits (e.g., collecting participants' scores on tests that researchers use a lot, so participants do not have to keep doing the same tests each time they take part in a new research study).Autistic adults and researchers used the Research Passport in ongoing studies and told us that it (1) led to good relationships between participants and researchers, (2) helped researchers make sure that the way they did their research was acceptable, and (3) was useful. However, participants need to be told what the Research Passport can/cannot help them with.What were the weaknesses of this project?: This study involved a small group of autistic adults and researchers, and the results may not be the same with autistic adults and researchers who have different needs. Also, participants said the Research Passport was not very easy to complete, and a bit long. We need to change the Research Passport so that a wider range of autistic people (like those with intellectual disability) can use it.What are the next steps?: The Research Passport needs to be professionally designed so it is easier to be used by a wider range of autistic people. A bigger evaluation of the Research Passport could allow us to test it with more participants and in more research studies.How will this work help autistic adults now or in the future?: Using the Research Passport could, with some changes and alongside other supports, improve the experience of autistic adults taking part in research.

The system of personal values in the life of oncologically ill youths

Personal values in a neoplastic disease have been the subject of numerous psychological studies. The study presented here shows differences in personal values selected by oncologically ill youths (50 people) and healthy youths (40 people), aged 18-20. Results reveal that the value of good health constitutes the most essential difference between the ill/healthy groups. Chronic diseases are diagnosed in people of all ages. Some are flowing smoothly, others are stormy. Some last from birth, others appear unexpectedly at different times of life. The disease violates the spiritual and mental order, because the patients can’t meet their needs, desires, dreams, plans as much as they would like. They are experiencing anxiety, depression, irritability, emptiness and other emotional states. The medical literature defines long-term illnesses as permanent, irreversible, progressive changes that cause damage to the system, permanently reducing its effectiveness and productivity, mainly in acute and chronic conditions, as the same long-term pathological process. Favorite work, profession and successful family life are the most significant values for ill people. Ill people choose the mentioned values more frequently than healthy people. This result is a rebuttal of the assumptions made, so it should be noted that it may be a consequence of the activation of the safeguards (in particular the objection), and it is generally a plausible and expected fact. It would be worthwhile in future research to extend the study group in order to verify and compare the findings.The results can also be influenced by the choice of subjects, their age, stage of treatment, specific cancer, such as bone cancer, too small research group and others. In the future, to test and compare the results, it is worthwhile to prepare a retest and increase the number of subjects, to introduce groups of subjects with other cancers, and to pay attention to the age, emotions and treatment stage of the patients being studied.

Focusing on sociopolitical issues in a secondary sports literature class: opportunities and experiences

PurposeFollowing recent scholarship promoting the study of sports-related texts as a vehicle for examining sociopolitical issues, this study aims to identify methods and materials used to facilitate the extended exploration of sociopolitical issues in a secondary sports literature class and to establish how students describe their experiences taking up such activities.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study stems from a greater investigation into the teaching of secondary sports literature classes. Data collection involved conducting interviews, observing instruction and gathering artifacts. Driven by guiding research questions, data analysis was conducted in an iterative and recursive manner and multiple validation strategies were used to enhance trustworthiness.FindingsThe methods and materials used to facilitate the extended exploration of sociopolitical issues included a whole-class reading of Season of Life (Marx, 2003) and small-group research into “controversial topics” in sports culture. Student-participants described engaging with those methods and materials as relevant to their personal interests and experiences and revelatory in terms of learning about sociopolitical issues in sports and society.Originality/valueScholarship promoting the potential for sports-related content to support literacy instruction has grown in recent years. This study covers new ground, for it documents classroom research to build understandings about the methods and materials used to facilitate the extended exploration of sociopolitical issues in a secondary sports literature class and the ways students describe their experiences engaging in such activities.

Biodiversity at the global scale: the synthesis continues.

Traditionally, the generation and use of biodiversity data and their associated specimen objects have been primarily the purview of individuals and small research groups. While deposition of data and specimens in herbaria and other repositories has long been the norm, throughout most of their history, these resources have been accessible only to a small community of specialists. Through recent concerted efforts, primarily at the level of national and international governmental agencies over the last two decades, the pace of biodiversity data accumulation has accelerated, and a wider array of biodiversity scientists has gained access to this massive accumulation of resources, applying them to an ever-widening compass of research pursuits. We review how these new resources and increasing access to them are affecting the landscape of biodiversity research in plants today, focusing on new applications across evolution, ecology, and other fields that have been enabled specifically by the availability of these data and the global scope that was previously beyond the reach of individual investigators. We give an overview of recent advances organized along three lines: broad-scale analyses of distributional data and spatial information, phylogenetic research circumscribing large clades with comprehensive taxon sampling, and data sets derived from improved accessibility of biodiversity literature. We also review synergies between large data resources and more traditional data collection paradigms, describe shortfalls and how to overcome them, and reflect on the future of plant biodiversity analyses in light of increasing linkages between data types and scientists in our field.

A super low-cost bioprinter based on DVD-drive components and a raspberry pi as controller

Bioprinting is a growing, multidisciplinary research area with huge potential. Applications range from printing small organ-tissue equivalents for basic research (e.g. investigation of 3D cell growth) to printing whole organs for implantation in the future. Anyhow, there are a lot of challenges to be solved. An increasing number of researchers, involving students and smaller research groups, are picking up this challenging topic, however, a crucial obstacle in the field is the high cost of a bioprinter. In this publication, we present a super low-cost bioprinter based on DVD-drive components. The printer can be built using tools and components easily accessible for engineers and students and with a budget of less than € 190. Further, our simple but effective system is easily modifiable for specific needs. For curing the bio-ink during printing and to be able to fabricate multilayer structures, a nebulizer unit was used as alternative to a more complex coaxial two-nozzle-system.

An inexpensive, versatile, compact, programmable temperature controller and thermocycler for simultaneous analysis and visualization within a microscope

Microfluidic Lab on a Chip (LOC) devices are key enabling technologies for research and industry due to their compact size, which increases the number of integrated operations while decreasing reagent use. Common operations within these devices such as chemical and biological reactions, cell growth, or kinetic measurements often require temperature control. Commercial temperature controllers are constrained by cost, complexity, size, and especially versatility for use in a broad range of applications. Small companies and research groups need temperature control systems that are more accessible, which have a wide applicability. This work describes the fabrication and validation of an inexpensive, modular, compact, and user-friendly temperature control system that functions within a microscope. This system provides precise temperature acquisition and control during imaging of any arbitrary sample which complies with the size of a microscope slide. The system includes two parts. The first part is a compact and washable Device Holder that is fabricated from high-temperature resistant material and can fit securely inside a microscope stage. The second part is a robust Control Device that incorporates all the necessary components to program the temperature settings on the device and to output temperature data. The system can achieve heating and cooling times between 50 °C and 100 °C of 32 s and 101 s, respectively. A Bluetooth enabled smartphone application has been developed for real-time data visualization. The utility of the temperature control system was shown by monitoring rhodamine B fluorescence in a microfluidic device over a range of temperatures, and by performing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) within a microscope. This temperature control system could potentially impact a broad scope of applications that require simultaneous imaging and temperature control.

Multilayer representation of collaboration networks with higher-order interactions

Collaboration patterns offer important insights into how scientific breakthroughs and innovations emerge in small and large research groups. However, links in traditional networks account only for pairwise interactions, thus making the framework best suited for the description of two-person collaborations, but not for collaborations in larger groups. We therefore study higher-order scientific collaboration networks where a single link can connect more than two individuals, which is a natural description of collaborations entailing three or more people. We also consider different layers of these networks depending on the total number of collaborators, from one upwards. By doing so, we obtain novel microscopic insights into the representativeness of researchers within different teams and their links with others. In particular, we can follow the maturation process of the main topological features of collaboration networks, as we consider the sequence of graphs obtained by progressively merging collaborations from smaller to bigger sizes starting from the single-author ones. We also perform the same analysis by using publications instead of researchers as network nodes, obtaining qualitatively the same insights and thus confirming their robustness. We use data from the arXiv to obtain results specific to the fields of physics, mathematics, and computer science, as well as to the entire coverage of research fields in the database.

School Library Research Rocks


 
 
 This research examined the state-of-the-art of research in school librarianship. Similar trends from previous research were confirmed: research in school librarianship is published in two major journals -- School Library (Media) Research and School Libraries Worldwide. Almost 80% of the research was carried out in the United States. There is a small core group of researchers working in the area of school librarianship. About half of all research is by a single author. The main themes from the research included collaboration between teachers and school librarian, technology integration, the instructional role of school librarians, professional development, analysis of materials, information literacy instruction, practices and assessment, hiring, professional development and retention of school librarians, use of multimedia resources, role of school librarians in the provision of health information, motivation of students, and research in other parts of the world.
 Frameworks (Aharony, 2011; Koufogiannakis, Slater & Crumley, 2005; Mardis, 2011) were incomplete and the authors present a new framework for categorizing school library research, in particular, but also LIS research, in general.
 
 

Category systems for real-world scenes.

Categorization performance is a popular metric of scene recognition and understanding in behavioral and computational research. However, categorical constructs and their labels can be somewhat arbitrary. Derived from exhaustive vocabularies of place names (e.g., Deng et al., 2009), or the judgements of small groups of researchers (e.g., Fei-Fei, Iyer, Koch, & Perona, 2007), these categories may not correspond with human-preferred taxonomies. Here, we propose clustering by increasing the rand index via coordinate ascent (CIRCA): an unsupervised, data-driven clustering method for deriving ground-truth scene categories. In Experiment 1, human participants organized 80 stereoscopic images of outdoor scenes from the Southampton-York Natural Scenes (SYNS) dataset (Adams et al., 2016) into discrete categories. In separate tasks, images were grouped according to i) semantic content, ii) three-dimensional spatial structure, or iii) two-dimensional image appearance. Participants provided text labels for each group. Using the CIRCA method, we determined the most representative category structure and then derived category labels for each task/dimension. In Experiment 2, we found that these categories generalized well to a larger set of SYNS images, and new observers. In Experiment 3, we tested the relationship between our category systems and the spatial envelope model (Oliva & Torralba, 2001). Finally, in Experiment 4, we validated CIRCA on a larger, independent dataset of same-different category judgements. The derived category systems outperformed the SUN taxonomy (Xiao, Hays, Ehinger, Oliva, & Torralba, 2010) and an alternative clustering method (Greene, 2019). In summary, we believe this novel categorization method can be applied to a wide range of datasets to derive optimal categorical groupings and labels from psychophysical judgements of stimulus similarity.

Social networks in coworking spaces and individual coworker\u2019s creativity

Coworking spaces (CWS) are open creative labs that provide a community-like environment and the necessary surroundings for their users to build and maintain networks with different actors inside and outside the CWS. With a wide variety of knowledge and skills available in trusted surroundings as well as similar value orientations, coworkers enjoy favorable conditions to establish their network-style. However, research has not investigated the benefit of coworkers’ social networks as far as their individual creativity is concerned so far. This paper takes several network characteristics into account: structure in terms of network size and centrality in the CWS, but also trusted and reciprocal relationships, supportiveness, diversity of knowledge exchanged, and the individual openness to core coworking values. Based on the literature on social networks and small group research, we developed a research model. We tested it to get deeper insights into the phenomenon by relying on 113 coworkers in 33 private German coworking spaces. The results show that a central position in the CWS allowing for direct exchange and high individual openness to core coworking values positively affects social involvement and the diversity of knowledge exchanged, and finally, a coworker’s individual creativity. Managerial implications include the vital role of a central position in the CWS for creativity and a somewhat balanced composition of coworkers working alone or in a team.

Cloudy with a Chance of Peptides: Accessibility, Scalability, and Reproducibility with Cloud-Hosted Environments.

Cloud-hosted environments offer known benefits when computational needs outstrip affordable local workstations, enabling high-performance computation without a physical cluster. What has been less apparent, especially to novice users, is the transformative potential for cloud-hosted environments to bridge the digital divide that exists between poorly funded and well-resourced laboratories, and to empower modern research groups with remote personnel and trainees. Using cloud-based proteomic bioinformatic pipelines is not predicated on analyzing thousands of files, but instead can be used to improve accessibility during remote work, extreme weather, or working with under-resourced remote trainees. The general benefits of cloud-hosted environments also allow for scalability and encourage reproducibility. Since one possible hurdle to adoption is awareness, this paper is written with the nonexpert in mind. The benefits and possibilities of using a cloud-hosted environment are emphasized by describing how to setup an example workflow to analyze a previously published label-free data-dependent acquisition mass spectrometry data set of mammalian urine. Cost and time of analysis are compared using different computational tiers, and important practical considerations are described. Overall, cloud-hosted environments offer the potential to solve large computational problems, but more importantly can enable and accelerate research in smaller research groups with inadequate infrastructure and suboptimal local computational resources.

GNSS Profile from the Greenland Korth Expeditions in the Context of Satellite Data

Over the last two decades, a small group of researchers repeatedly crossed the Greenland interior skiing along a 700-km long route from east to west, acquiring precise GNSS measurements at exactly the same locations. Four such elevation profiles of the ice sheet measured in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2015 were differenced and used to analyze the surface elevation change. Our goal is to compare such locally measured GNSS data with independent satellite observations. First, we show an agreement in the rate of elevation change between the GNSS data and satellite radar altimetry (ERS, Envisat, CryoSat-2). Both datasets agree well (2002–2015), and both correctly display local features such as an elevation increase in the central part of the ice sheet and a sharp gradual decline in the surface heights above Jakobshavn Glacier. Second, we processed satellite gravimetry data (GRACE) in order for them to be comparable with local GNSS measurements. The agreement is demonstrated by a time series at one of the measurement sites. Finally, we provide our own satellite gravimetry (GRACE, GRACE-FO, Swarm) estimate of the Greenland mass balance: first a mild decrease (2002–2007: −210 ± 29 Gt/yr), then an accelerated mass loss (2007–2012: −335 ± 29 Gt/yr), which was noticeably reduced afterwards (2012–2017: −178 ± 72 Gt/yr), and nowadays it seems to increase again (2018–2019: −278 ± 67 Gt/yr).

Deep Learning-Based Segmentation to Establish East Asian Normative Volumes Using Multisite Structural MRI.

Normative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential to interpret the state of an individual’s brain health. However, a normative study is often expensive for small research groups. Although several attempts have been made to establish brain MRI norms, the focus has been limited to certain age ranges. This study aimed to establish East Asian normative brain data using multi-site MRI and determine the robustness of these data for clinical research. Normative MRI was gathered covering a wide range of cognitively normal East Asian populations (age: 18–96 years) from two open sources and three research sites. Eight sub-regional volumes were extracted in the left and right hemispheres using an in-house deep learning-based tool. Repeated measure consistency and multicenter reliability were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and compared to a widely used tool, FreeSurfer. Our results showed highly consistent outcomes with high reliability across sites. Our method outperformed FreeSurfer in repeated measure consistency for most structures and multicenter reliability for all structures. The normative MRI we constructed was able to identify sub-regional differences in mild cognitive impairments and dementia after covariate adjustments. Our investigation suggests it is possible to provide a sound normative reference for neurodegenerative or aging research.

On the standardization of ZooMS nomenclature

Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) is rapidly becoming a staple in archaeological and cultural heritage science. Developed a decade ago, this peptide mass fingerprinting technique is expanding from a small group of researchers mainly involved in method development to a broader group of scientists using it as another tool in their toolboxes. With new researchers beginning to use the method, it is imperative that a user-friendly, standardized approach be established. A major barrier has been the often haphazard and changing nomenclature used to label peptide markers necessary for taxonomic identification. Consistent, reliable, and easy-to-understand nomenclature is key to the growth of ZooMS, particularly as the reference library continues to expand. We propose a new set of standardized guidelines for peptide markers based on their position in the type I collagen sequence from the beginning of the highly conserved, helical region. Since this region has no insertions or deletions over a wide range of taxonomic groups, the proposed nomenclature system can be used reliably and consistently across all vertebrate taxa. We propose to label ZooMS peptide markers with the gene, followed by the position of the first and last amino acid of the marker from the start of the helical region. Significance statementWe propose a standardized nomenclature system for ZooMS peptide markers that provides consistent labels across multiple, broad taxonomic groups. This system unambiguously locates the marker peptides in the type I collagen sequence, avoids duplication of marker names, and facilitates the creation of large ZooMS databases which can include all vertebrates.