Small Doses Of Radiation Research Articles

Let's talk about radiation dose and radiation protection in children.

Children are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than adults. Even though the risk is very low, exposure from radiological examinations can possibly cause them long-term side effects. Recent large epidemiological studies involving children and young adults have added evidence suggesting that even small doses of radiation, such as those from computed tomography scans, might slightly increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. Therefore, even though radiologic studies are essential for an accurate diagnosis and management of various conditions, it is crucial to minimize radiation exposure. This article addresses radiation protection for children in the medical use of ionizing radiation and it is set in the context of the European legislative framework regarding radiation protection. It advocates for a holistic approach to paediatric radiological tests. This approach includes the key principles of radiation protection, such as the justification of imaging procedures supported by referral guidelines, as well as the optimization of techniques (according to the ALARA principle) and effective communication with parents about the benefits and the risks of radiologic procedures. Protecting children from unnecessary radiation is not only a technical challenge, but also a moral obligation and a legal requirement.

X-Ray-Sensitizers: Organic Pharmaceutical Drug Intermediates Activated Directly by X-Rays to Efficiently Populate Triplet Excitons for Cancer Treatment

Radiotherapy is an important treatment for cancer, but it is associated with major side effects due to the high dose of radiation (generally more than 50 Gy). Because radiation’s low acute and late toxicity, many tumors are treated with fractionated radiation in small doses (< 2 Gy). Scintillator X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy is an efficient methodology for cancer management that employs small doses of X-ray irradiation (< 2 Gy) in a complex process. Here we screened pharmaceutical drug intermediates that are derivatives of thioxanthone (TX) and investigated TX-derived organic pharmaceutical molecules that efficiently undergo X-ray-sensitization to populate triplet excitons (singlet oxygen) for cancer therapy when exposed to low-dose X-ray irradiation. By modifying alkoxy side chain substitutions at the 2-position to tune the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions, the fluorescence and room-temperature phosphorescence of a series of TX derivatives were assessed under X-ray irradiation. The ability of these derivatives to generate singlet oxygen and their potential for treating tumors provide new opportunities for developing organic molecules with simple chemical structures, in which large numbers of triplets can be populated directly under ultralow-dose X-ray irradiation.

Comparison of 3T MR arthrography and 3T MRI in intra-articular hip pathology: a cost-analysis.

MR arthrography (MRA) has previously been the radiological gold standard for investigating labral and chondral lesions of the hip joint. In recent years, 3T MRI has demonstrated comparable accuracy, being adopted as the first-line imaging investigation in many institutions. We compare the associated increased cost and radiation dose of the fluoroscopic component of the MRA compared to MRI. In this retrospective review over 2years, 120 patients (mean age 27.3years ± 13.2, range 8-67) underwent 3T MRA or non-contrast 3T MRI. Three musculoskeletal radiologists reported the data independently. Primary objectives included cost-comparison between each and radiation dose of the fluoroscopic component of the MRA. Secondary objectives included comparing detection of pathology involving the acetabular labrum, femoral cartilage, and acetabular cartilage. Then, 58 (48%) underwent 3T MRA and 62 (52%) patients underwent 3T MRI. The added cost of the fluoroscopic injection prior to MRA was €116.31/patient, equating to €7211.22 savings/year. MRA was associated with a small radiation dose of 0.003mSv. Transitioning from 3T MRA to 3T MRI in the investigation of intra-articular hip pathology increases cost savings and reduces radiation dose.

Tuning the Electronic Characteristics of Monolayer MoS2‐Based Transistors by Ion Irradiation: The Role of the Substrate

AbstractThis study explores defect engineering in 2D materials using ion beam irradiation to modify the electrical and optical properties with potential in advancing quantum electronics and photonics. Helium and neon ions ranging from 5 to 7.5 keV are employed to manipulate charge transport in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). In situ electrical characterization occurs without vacuum breakage post‐irradiation. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy quantify ion irradiation's impact on MoS2. Small doses of helium ion irradiation enhance monolayer MoS2 conductivity in field‐effect transistor geometry by inducing doping and substrate charging. Findings reveal a strong correlation between the electrical properties of MoS2 and the primary ion used, as well as the substrate on which the irradiation occurred. Using hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) as a buffer layer between MoS2 flake and SiO2 substrate yields distinct alterations in electrical behavior subsequent to ion irradiation compared to the MoS2 layer directly interfacing with SiO2. Molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory provide insight into experimental results, emphasizing substrate influence on measured electrical properties post‐ion irradiation.

Radiation Exposure in Interventional Pain Management Physicians: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature

BACKGROUND: Millions of interventional pain procedures are performed each year to address chronic pain. The increase in these procedures also raises the concern of health risks associated with ionizing radiation for interventional pain management physicians who perform fluoroscopy-guided operations. Some health concerns include cancers, cataracts, and even pregnancy abnormalities. Little is known regarding the long-term and cumulative effects of small radiation doses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review was to identify common body parts that are exposed to ionizing radiation during interventional pain procedures and examine methods to help physicians reduce their radiation exposure. STUDY DESIGN: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used to comprehensively identify articles from 2 medical databases. The radiation dose to interventional pain management physicians obtained from relevant peer-reviewed articles were aggregated and used for analysis. METHODS: PubMed was first used to collect the articles for two broad keyword searches of “radiation exposure pain management” and “radiation exposure interventionalist” with years ranging from 1956 – February 2023. EMBASE was also used to collect the articles for the two keyword searches of “radiation exposure pain management” and “radiation exposure interventionalist” with years ranging from 1969 – February 2023. This systematic approach yielded a total of 2,736 articles; 24 were included in our paper. The risk of bias for these articles was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the National Institutes of Health tool. RESULTS: Through our systematic literature search, more than 3,577 patients were treated by 30 interventional pain management physicians. Some areas of exposure to radiation include the physician’s neck, chest, groin, hands, and eyes. One common body region that is exposed to radiation is the chest; our review found that wearing lead aprons can lower the radiation dose by more than 95%. Wearing protective equipment and managing the distance between the operator and fluoroscope can both independently lower the radiation dose by more than 90% as well. Our literature review also found that other body parts that are often overlooked in regard to radiation exposure are the eyes and hands. In our study, the radiation dose to the outside (unprotected) chest ranged from 0.008 ± 27 mrem to 1,345 mrem, the outside neck ranged from 572 mrem to 2,032 mrem, the outside groin ranged from 176 mrem to 1,292 mrem, the hands ranged from 0.006 ± 27.4 mrem to 0.114 ± 269 mrem, and the eyes ranged from 40 mrem to 369 mrem. When protective equipment was worn, the radiation exposure to the inside chest ranged from 0 mrem to 108 mrem, the inside neck ranged from 0 mrem to 68 mrem, and the inside groin ranged from 0 mrem to 15 mrem. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of this study include its small sample size; only the radiation exposure of 30 interventional pain management physicians were examined. Furthermore, this review mainly consisted of observational studies rather than randomized clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Implementing safety precautions, such as wearing protective gear, providing educational programs, and keeping a safe distance, demonstrated a significant decrease in radiation exposure. The experience of interventional pain management physicians also factored into their radiation exposure during procedures. Radiation is a known carcinogen, and more research is needed to better understand its risk to interventional pain management physicians. KEY WORDS: Chronic pain management, radiation exposure, fluoroscopy, anesthesiology, nerve blocks, x-ray, ultrasound

Contrast-free left ventricular lead implantation for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background Left ventricular lead (LVL) implantation can be challenging in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT). Therefore, contrast is commonly used to visualize the coronary venous system. However, contrast use is correlated with substantial risks such as contrast-induced nephropathy and anaphylactic reaction. Case studies suggest feasibility of LVL implantation without coronary sinus (CS) venography. Purpose We aimed to compare the procedure characteristics, outcome, and safety of contrast-free and contrast-aided LVL implantation. Methods 346 LVL implantations performed between 2017 and 2019 were analyzed. 167 were contrast free (No-Contrast Group: NCG), and 179 were contrast-aided (Contrast Group: CG). The intervention duration, fluoroscopy duration, and radiation dose were evaluated. The primary outcome was procedural success. The secondary outcomes were LVL position, LVL threshold value, QRS duration and LVEF. Operative complications and lead revisions were surrogates for the intervention’s safety. Results The LVL implantation success rate varied from 62.9% in the NCG to 96.6% in the CG (Figure 1). Contrast-free interventions were associated with shorter procedure and fluoroscopy durations, and smaller radiation doses (100.8±41.0 vs 131.1±50.0min (p&amp;lt;0.01), 15.7±11.2 vs 26.0±17.5min (p&amp;lt;0.01) and 475.3±422.7 vs 897.3±779.1Gy.cm2 (p&amp;lt;0.01) respectively). The intraoperative LVL threshold values were equivalent (0.96±0.65 in the NCG vs 1.05±0.65V in the CG, TOST-p&amp;lt;0.01), and contrast use did not significantly influence the follow-up LVL threshold, QRS shortening and LVEF increase (1.11±0.55 vs 1.22±0.93V (p=0.62), -10.5±28.3 vs -13.2±26.3ms (p=0.16) and 2.3±8% vs 4.1±8.4% (p=0.40)). More intraoperative complications (CS dissection, perforation, mechanically-induced arrhythmia and other respiratory or circulatory problems) were observed during the contrast-aided procedures (9.5% in the CG versus 1.9% in the NCG, p=0.04). However, the postoperative complication rates (ICU admission, pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, infection and LVL revision) did not differ (9.5% in the NCG, 12.8% in the CG, p=0.55). In contrast-free LVL implantation failure cases, intraoperatively crossing over from the NCG to CG did not result in longer procedures or different intraprocedural complication rates (131.8±46.8 vs 131.1±50.0min in the CG (p=0.9) and 6.5% vs 9.5%, (p=0.6)). Conclusion Contrast-free LVL implantation was associated with shorter intervention and fluoroscopy durations and less radiation. Less intraoperative complications were observed without contrast, and the postoperative complication rate was similar to contrast-aided procedures. This technique was successful in almost 2/3 of the cases. In case of failure and crossover to contrast, the initial contrast free attempt did not result in more adverse events than in fully contrast-aided procedures. It is therefore reasonable to consider an initial contrast-free approach for CRT implantation.Compared groups

Frameless Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Based Radiosurgery (SRS) vs. Framed Gamma Knife SRS for Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN)

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Conventional treatment is done through frame-based solution due to small target and high radiation dose. More recently, LINAC based frameless SRS technique has been established as a patient friendly alternative. Herein we compared our single institution experience of LINAC based frameless SRS vs frame-based gamma knife SRS for TN. The hypothesis is LINAC based frameless SRS can provide equivalent dosimetric and clinical outcome as compared frame-based gamma knife treatment. Patients with idiopathic TN who received SRS treatment (LINAC based frameless treatment or Gamma knife framed treatment) at our institution from 2015-2022 were included. A minimum follow up of 1 year was required. Patient data was extracted from electronic medical records and radiation treatment planning system. Pain intensity was evaluated utilizing a modified 0-4 Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain intensity score, and then dichotomized where BNI score 0-2 represented response to treatment and BNI score 3-4 represented no response. Statistical analysis was conducted with a linear regression model accounting for race, gender, prior pain, pain distribution including laterality and branch involvement, medication regimen at time of treatment, previous radiation treatment, and prior procedures. Response was then compared between both modalities overall and within each sub-group with chi-square testing and linear regression. A total of 81 patients were identified, 14 patients were excluded due to lack of adequate follow-up, leaving 67 for analysis. 12 (17.9%) were male and, 55 (82.1%) were female. All patients were managed with medication prior to SRS treatment. 5 (7.5%) had rhizotomy and 13 (19.4) had microvascular decompression, and 8 (11.9%) had previous gamma-knife radiosurgery prior to SRS treatment at our institution. Of the 67 patients, 23 (34.3%) received frame-based gamma knife SRS, 44(65.7%) received frameless LINAC treatment. 58 (86.6%) radiation naïve patients received 90 Gy in 1 fraction, while out of the 9 who had previously had intracranial radiation treatment 7 (10.4%) received 70 Gy and 2 (3%) received 80 Gy all prescribed to 100% isodose line. All patients were treated with 4 mm cone. There was no significant difference in brainstem dose between these two techniques. Between LINAC-based or Gamma Knife modalities rate of pain control (77.3 % vs 82.6 %, respectively, p = 0.61) as well as toxicity in facial numbness (31.8% vs 21.7%, respectively, p = 0.38) showed no statistical difference. There was no statistically significant signal (p > 0.05) detected within the subgroups analyzed. The linear regression model also showed no significant difference. LINAC based frameless SRS provides comparable dosimetry and pain control for TN as compared to frame-based gamma knife treatment. It is a patient friendly solution for patients with TN.

Radiation issue in clinical nuclear molecular imaging.

Radiation is ubiquitous in nature, and radiation is also widely used in various fields of medicine, agriculture, and industry. Current biological doses below 100 mSv are called low-dose radiation (LDR). Scientists have no consensus of effects on humans below this dose, so a variety of dose-response curve theories have been derived. This approach makes the public believe that even a small dose of radiation has adverse side effects, and overreact to refuse the related medical procedures for fear of radiation. The linear non-threshold (LNT) model has been used in radiation protection for over 40 years however, adverse effects from low dose, low-dose rate (LDDR) exposures are not detectable. Nuclear molecular imaging is LDR, using different radionuclides or combining with specific ligands (carries) to form "radiopharmaceuticals" for functional or pathological evaluations of diseases. As an integral part of patient care, nuclear medicine is used in the diagnosis, management, treatment, follow-up, and prevention of diseases. Therefore, this paper discusses literature review and provides appropriate scientific data and communication to help the peers and the public understand its advantage and disadvantage.

EVALUATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INDIVIDUAL DOSIMETER BY RADIOLOGY PROFESSIONALS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF GOIANIA BY DECREE SVS/MS Nº 453/1998

Occupational exposure can induce a stochastic effect with no dose limit. This means that small doses, even those below the limits, can induce them. Cancer and genetic effects are examples of such effects. Radiology professionals are exposed to small doses of radiation throughout their professional lives, so they must use dosimeters correctly and monitor the doses they receive. Thus, we evaluated the use of personal dosimeters by radiology professionals in Goiania. Through field research, with a descriptive character and a quantitative approach. Using the technique of collecting information based on observation and a questionnaire with closed questions, we sought to assess knowledge of dosimeter use. The subjects of this research were radiology technicians working in Goiania. Five questions were asked of 79 radiology technicians, and they showed that only 37% of the professionals monitored the values of the monthly doses. And 67% knew that they should use it on the lead apron, while in practice, 62% used it correctly. Correct usage of the lead apron is important for estimating the dose equivalent of exposed, unshielded parts. The survey also revealed that 79% of technicians know where to put it after hours. And half of the interviewees use the dosimeter in the most exposed region of the trunk. Thus, we conclude that the use of dosimeters is flawed and that continuing education of professionals exposed to ionizing radiation is necessary to improve the safety of services.

Adaptive Visual Saliency Feature Enhancement of CBCT for Image-Guided Radiotherapy

Unlike the high imaging radiation dose of computed tomography (CT), cone-beam CT (CBCT) has smaller radiation dose and presents less harm to patients. Therefore, CBCT is often used for target delineation, dose planning, and postoperative evaluation in the image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) of various cancers. In the process of IGRT, CBCT images usually need to be collected multiple times in a radiotherapy stage for postoperative evaluation. The effectiveness of radiotherapy is measured by comparing and analyzing the registered CBCT and the source CT image obtained before radiotherapy. Hence, the registration of CBCT and CT is the most important step in IGRT. CBCT images usually have poor visual effects due to the small imaging dose used, which adversely affects the registration performance. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive visual saliency feature enhancement method for CBCT in IGRT. Firstly, we denoised CBCT images using a structural similarity based low-rank approximation model (SSLRA) and then enhanced the denoised results with a visual saliency feature enhancement (VSFE)-based method. Experimental results show that the enhancement performance of the proposed method is superior to the comparison enhancement algorithms in visual objective comparison. In addition, the extended experiments prove that the proposed enhancement method can improve the registration accuracy of CBCT and CT images, demonstrating their application prospects in IGRT-based cancer treatment.

Small γ-Radiation Doses Impact in the Conditions of Controlled Micropenological Octores of Spring Barley

Barley, characterized by early ripening, cold and drought resistance, is an important agricultural grain crop. Ionizing radiation use in the pre-sowing seed treatment technology is promising in order to control pathogens and increase the grain crops yield. The study aims at developing a microphenological sprouting phases scale of spring barley variety in Remembrance of Vyacheslav Chepelev treated with small doses of gamma radiation under controlled ontogeny conditions. The authors gave the concepts interpretation of “sprouted grain” and “grain sprouts”. To remove the dormant state of the original seeds (grains) of spring barley variety in Remembrance of Vyacheslav Chepelev harvested in 2021 and zoned in the Sverdlovsk region, a man treated it with small doses of γ-radiation ionizing (5, 10, 15 and 20 Gy) by a radiation source 60Co. The researchers developed a microphenological sprouting phases scale of spring barley grains with the dry grain phase and the micrograin phase introduced; and classification levels differentiated. A man revealed that the change in grain moisture and grain germ in all microphenophases was comparable with the results obtained during barley sprouting. The most intensive water absorption occurs at the swelling phase with an increase in grain moisture by 2.7 times and in the embryo by 9.3 times. Spring barley grains radiostimulation has an impact on the grain sprouting due to increased germination energy. The authors determined that after 5 days there was a maximum increase in the germination capacity to (92 ± 2) % and (94 ± 2) % in barley grains samples treated with doses of 5 and 10 Gy, respectively, with lower values when processing grains with doses of 15 Gy and 20 Gy. A man ascertained inhibitory effect of a radiation dose of 20 Gy. Despite a higher germination energy index of 75 % in barley grains treated with a dose of 20 Gy, and unlike untreated grains – 74 %, the germination ability in radiation-treated grains was 4 % lower. The germination rate of the first seed is 3 days on average.

ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS OF YOUTH REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON HEALTH

The work is devoted to the study of the level of awareness of the factor of ionizing radiation, the problem of the influence of the radiation background, ionizing radiation and methods of protection. In recent years, the study of the impact of small doses of radiation on health has become an acute problem. Goal. The study of health-preserving aspects of the formation of the views of young girls. Research results. It is known that the internal environment, the immune system, especially the reproductive system of humans and animals is one of the most sensitive links that reacts acutely to the influence of environmental factors, especially to radiation pollution. Under the conditions of long-term exposure to small doses of radiation, damage to germ cells can occur, and there can also be a direct effect on various body systems, and also indirectly through the nervous and endocrine systems. A self-assessment of health showed that 93.4% of respondents rated their health as satisfactory, while a third rated it as good or excellent. For the majority of girls (44.6%), the importance of health is that its presence provides self-confidence, and for 36.5% it contributes to self-realization. Nevertheless, according to every fifth respondent (20.7%), the danger to health at the present stage is environmental pollution, and every tenth (9.9%) chose ionizing radiation. The perception of radiation as an anthropogenic factor was noted by 59.7% of respondents, and by 7.9% as a natural factor. Insufficient level of special knowledge is manifested in 59.04% of respondents. 12.9% of girls noted the health effects of radiation from diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures. Conclusion. Insufficient awareness of the impact of the radiation factor on health is shown. This indicates the need for permanent radiological and health care education at a medical university. In training courses, it is necessary to develop a high methodological culture and creative mastery of methods of health diagnosis and prevention in order to apply them in practical activities. Prospects for further research are the development of health care programs taking into account the topic of radiation safety and checking their effectiveness.

RADIATION DIAGNOSTICS OF ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES IN MODERN CONDITIONS

Summary. An analysis of the state of radiation diagnostics of malignant neoplasms in modern conditions compared to other countries was carried out. Тhe modern methods of radiation diagnosis of oncological diseases were considered and briefly characterized. The reasons for the insufficient effectiveness of their early detection were determined. The increase in the frequency of medical radiological procedures is mainly due to the widespread use of computer tomography. Attention was focused on the carcinogenic risks of small doses of medical radiation with the use of modern highly informative methods of radiation diagnostics. The principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) was considered. The need to improve the radiation protection system in medicine was substantiated.

INFLUENCE OF IONIZING RADIATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST CANCER.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the urgent problems of health care, which is due to a constant trend of growth. One of the risk factors for the development of breast cancer is ionizing radiation (IR). Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have shown the high sensitivity of the mammary gland (MG) to this factor. Consideration of models of absolute and relative risks of the occurrence of radio-induced tumors of the MG in irradiated persons showed the importance of such factors as age at the time of irradiation, multiplicity. frequency of exposure, dose level and concomitant non-neoplastic diseases of the mammary and thyroid gland (TG). Excess radiation-induced cases of cervical cancer were found among irradiated women after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Epidemiological features of the development of breast cancer under the influence of IV are presented in detail, which is one of the environmental factors involved in the formation of the modern carcinogenic situation. In con-nection with the significant sensitivity of the MG to the carcinogenic effect of IR, this form of neoplasms attracted special attention after the Chornobyl accident. The effect of small doses of radiation after the Chornobyl disaster led to a wave-like change in the incidence of breast cancer in certain periods of the year, and the radiation-induced incidence of this pathology can occur spontaneously.

EFFECT OF γ-IRADIATION ON SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF GYPSOPHILA THYRAICA KRASNOVA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) SEEDLINGS

Analysis of laboratory germination and germination energy of Gypsophila thyraica Krasnova s. str. - a rare, relict, Podil endemic species. The seeds were irradiated with small doses (5, 15, 30 Gy) of gamma radiation (60Co) and germinated in laboratory conditions for 14 days in two repetitions. It was established that the seeds of G. thyraica irradiated with γ-rays prevailed in terms of the rate of germination and further growth and the number of seedlings. A stimulatory effect on germination, seed germination energy and seedling development was established with γ-irradiation at doses of 15 and 30 Gy. The energy of germination in all irradiated samples is low, in the control non-irradiated version it was not determined due to the absence of germinated seeds. The analysis of morphometric indicators also showed positive dynamics: in irradiated samples, the total size of seedlings increased (by 5-6 times compared to the control sample), depressed individuals were practically absent, while in control samples growth slowed down, seeds often did not develop, even after the start of germination. In general, the results of samples 1 and 2 are similar and confirm the conclusion about the stimulating effect of low doses of γ-irradiation on seeds.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment of pediatric radiation protection guidelines amongst radiographers and radiologists at governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip.

Introduction: Even small doses of radiation over time can cause cancer and short-term exposure may cause burns or radiation sickness. This study assessed medical radiographers' and radiologists' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding paediatric radiation protection at Gaza Strip government hospitals. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study involving quantitative and qualitative data tools was used and conducted at the three main pediatric governmental hospitals, in addition to six general hospitals receiving children in emergency cases. A questionnaire was issued to 176 medical radiographers and radiologists. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine experts in the radiology field. Results: The knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among radiologists and medical radiographers regarding the radiation protection measures were 63% (moderate), 70% (neutral), and 54% (poor), respectively. Training courses had a significant effect on the level of knowledge regarding radiation protection measures (p = 0.015). Participants working at the pediatric hospitals had better knowledge than those working in the general hospitals (p = 0.013). Participants with previous training had better attitudes than those who had not undertaken training; however, the difference was not statistically significant (t = 1.80, p = 0.077). Conclusion: There is a need for continuous training programmes in radiation protection measures. Physicians, medical radiographers, and radiologists should be provided with written criteria, protocols, and guidelines which should be adopted for all pediatric referrals to imaging. Implications for practice: Consideration should be given to applying pediatric radiation protection measures routinely.

ADAPTIVE RESPONSE IN MICE CONTINUOUSLY IRRADIATED WITH LOW DOSE-RATE RADIATION.

Previous reports showed a reduction in hematopoietic death in mice exposed to a high (challenge) radiation dose if exposed two weeks prior with a relatively small (priming) radiation dose (0.3-0.5Gy). This in vivo acquisition of radioresistance, known as "adaptive response" or the "Yonezawa effect," was shown in the experiments performed using high dose-rates (HDR) for priming. In the present study, we used low (LDR) and medium dose-rates (MDR) of radiation for priming in male C57BL mice. A total dose of 0.45-0.46Gy (LDR, 20mGy/day×23days or MDR, 18mGy/hour×25hours) was used for priming, and was followed by challenge exposure 12days later at an HDR (0.8Gy/min) to a total dose of 6.75Gy. Increased survival rates were observed in mice exposed to priming radiation delivered at LDR or MDR, suggesting that the adaptive responses induced are comparable with those induced at HDR.

Application of spectral CT combined with perfusion scan in diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

BackgroundPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are heterogeneous tumors from the pancreatic neuroendocrine system, and early diagnosis is important for tumor prognosis and treatment. In this study, we aimed to explore the diagnostic value of spectral CT combined with perfusion scanning in improving the detection rate of pNETs.MethodsFrom December 2018 to December 2020, 58 patients with clinically suspected pNETs were prospectively enrolled in the study for one-stop spectral CT combined with perfusion scanning, 36 patients were confirmed with pNETs by histopathology. An independent cohort of 30 patients with pNETs who underwent routine pancreatic perfusion scanning in our hospital during the same period were retrospectively collected. The image characters of pNETs versus tumor-free pancreatic parenchymal were examined.ResultsThe detection rate of spectral CT combined with perfusion was 83.1–96.2%. CT values of the pNETs lesions under each single energy in the arterial phase were statistically higher than those of the adjacent normal pancreatic parenchyma. IC, WC and NIC, in the arterial phase of pNETs lesion were all statistically higher than those of the adjacent normal pancreatic parenchyma. The perfusion parameters of pNETs including BF, BV and MSI were significantly higher than those in normal parenchyma. The average effective radiation dose during the perfusion combined energy spectrum enhanced scanning process was 17.51 ± 2.18 mSv.ConclusionThe one-stop spectral CT combined with perfusion scan improves the detection of pNETs according to morphological features, perfusion parameters and energy spectrum characters with a relatively small radiation dose.

The influence of medicine plant extracts on viability of yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis under the action of ionizing radiation

As noted in the literature review, the effect of H2O2 on a living cell as an oxidative stress agent is in many ways similar to the effect of X-ray radiation. In living cells, both H2O2 and X-ray irradiation cause oxidative stress and induce the same system of antioxidant anti-stress response. In addition, small doses of radiation can carry certain signaling functions in relation to the activity of microorganisms. In this regard, at this stage of research, it was interesting to find out whether exposure at a dose of 400 Gy and 800 Gy of X-ray radiation could be favourable for the growth of microorganisms with the introduction of extracts of medicinal plants and under which conditions.

Bone Tissue Changes In The Background Of "Activation Of The Immune System" During Orthodontic Treatment And Tskaltubo Water Hormesis

The use of Tskaltubo radon-containing water in orthodontics will help to improve mineral metabolism, balance between osteoresorption and bone formation phases, and reduce the intensity of osteoclastogenesis. The use of Tskaltubo radon-containing mineral water in orthodontics in comparison with the traditional protocol treatment causes a statistically significant change in the reduction of activators of resorption processes in blood plasma, increase in the level of marker of new bone formation (acid-alkaline phosphatase), as well as osteochondrosis. In particular, a decrease in the sRANKL / OPG ratio and, consequently, a decrease in the level of osteoblastogenesis inhibitor produced by osteoclasts - sclerostin, which is produced by osteoclasts. All these processes already lead to the normalization of bone mineralization, which already has a positive effect on the processes of osteointegration, which other authors note even in the use of very small doses of radiation (hormesis). We have developed an algorithmic method for the diagnosis of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis and the rapid recovery of new bone tissue in the case of orthodontic treatment and the reduction of inflammatory processes over a long period of time.