Small Dogs Research Articles

Application of Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Orthopedic Splint for Bone Fracture in Small Breed Dogs

Application of Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Orthopedic Splint for Bone Fracture in Small Breed Dogs

"Dying alone and being eaten": dog scavenging on the remains of an elderly animal hoarder-a case report.

Animal hoarding and human consumption by dogs have been important but often understudied aspects of the human-animal bond that can be addressed within a One Health framework. No scientific report has focused on dog scavenging on animal hoarders to date, despite isolated reports of dog scavenging on human remains, mostly due to starvation. The phenomenon has been approached as a confounding factor for human forensics. In 2014, the Animal Protection Department of Curitiba City was called to rescue and handle ten small dogs which had scavenged for a week on the human remains of their elderly owner, a potential animal hoarder. At inspection, three dead dogs in early putrefaction were also found in the household. Human autopsy revealed body putrefaction and lack of soft organs. Along with the dental arch, DNA testing was performed on the remains for official deceased identification. Due to the potential public health risks of aggression toward frail human beings and for the control of zoonotic diseases, all ten dogs were euthanized. Subsequent investigations by the crime scene police, homicide police, and autopsy services were unable to establish or rule out natural death, criminal or suicidal poisoning, zoonotic disease (rabies), fatal dog attack, or fatal accidental trauma. A general protocol has been proposed for future approaches to dog scavenging and suspicious killing of animal hoarders, as well an assessment for the potential adoption or euthanasia of animals owned by hoarders in these circumstances.

Biomechanical Comparison of Double 2.3-mm Headless Cannulated Self-Compression Screws and Single 3.5-mm Cortical Screw in Lag Fashion in a Canine Sacroiliac Luxation Model: A Small Dog Cadaveric Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of safe positioning of double 2.3-mm headless cannulated self-compression screws (HCS) in a small dog cadaveric sacroiliac luxation model and to compare the static rotational biomechanical properties of fixation repaired using two different screw systems with a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique: double 2.3-mm HCS and a single 3.5-mm standard cortical screw placed in a lag fashion. A unilateral small dog sacroiliac luxation model was stabilized using double 2.3-mm HCS (n = 11) or a single 3.5-mm cortical screw (n = 11). Radiographic and computed tomography (CT) imaging analyses and biomechanical testing of rotational force on the sacroiliac joint of both fixations were performed. The maximum load at failure and failure modes of each fixation were recorded and compared. Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous application of double HCS was safe in a unilateral sacroiliac luxation model in small dogs without violation of the vertebral and ventral sacral foramen. Furthermore, resistance to rotational force applied on fixation of the sacroiliac joint repaired with double 2.3-mm HCS estimated by maximum failure load was significantly higher than that of a single 3.5-mm cortical screw (p < 0.001). Although this was an experimental cadaveric study, based on our results, the use of smaller double HCS may be beneficial as an alternative to the conventional single lag screw for stabilization of sacroiliac luxation in small dogs.

Densitometric correlates of degenerative-dystrophic processes in cervical vertebrae of humans and domestic animals

The cervical spine is the most mobile region with high work activity which constantly receives a heavy load. This region is the least protected from external influences, especially in cases of degenerative-dystrophic changes. A comparative analysis of clinical-morphological and morphometric data in degenerative-dystrophic lesions of the cervical spine in humans and domestic animals with secondary anatomical and physiological abnormalities was performed . The examined contingent of people was of young and middle age (average age equal to 41.5 ± 5.2 years). The examined animals had a similar age range recalculated to human age. The pathological changes in spinal cord configuration were registered in 84.6% of examined humans (n = 65) in the form of angular kyphosis or straightened lordosis (with the analogous relative distribution). In terms of gender, with the exception of the frequency of angular kyphosis, probable differences in the formation of lordosis, which is straightened (2.1 times more often), the indicators were the same while the normal configuration of the spine was more often registered in men against the women (20.0% vs 12.5%). Cervical spine deformations in different breeds of dogs and cats (n = 75) were observed in 34.7% of cases (angular kyphosis – 38.5%; straightened lordosis – 61.5%). Preservation of normal configuration of the cervical spine was recorded more often in cats – 78.6%, and in small breeds of dogs – 78.5%. In large breeds of dogs, these indicators were probably changed: the norm remained only in 26.3%, and the deformations exceeded the corresponding indicators in cats and small breeds of dogs by 2.7 or more times. The significant differences were found in cases of straightened lordosis formation which was registered more often in women than in men. The incidence of angular kyphosis was comparable in patients of both sexes. Cervical spine deformations in different breeds of dogs and cats were observed in 26 animals (34.6% cases: angular kyphosis – 13.3%; straightened lordosis – 21.3%). The densitry of vertebral bodies in all groups decreased in the caudal direction of the cervical spine. The differences in humans reached 18.1%, being higher in women than in men. Animals had a similar density distribution. This index was minimal in cats (2.7%), in small-breed dogs it increased significantly (7.5%) and in large-breed dogs it reached 14.3%, i.e. 5 times (compared to cats) and 2 times higher (compared to small breed dogs). A comparative analysis between humans and animals indicates that the maximal discrepancies in the studied indexes were found in humans and relatively coincided with those in large breed dogs. The presence of neurological deficit with cervical spine pain syndrome with lordosis distortion and the provocation of spinal canal stenosis was found in 73.7% of large adult dogs. The revealed regularities of cervical spine degenerative-dystrophic changes indicate that animals, especially large breeds of dogs, can serve as a model for investigation of etiopathogenetic factors, clinical course, prognosis and other risks of the bone-cartilage apparatus degeneration with both stenosis and vertebrogenic myelopathy development at the cervical level in humans The obtained clinical and morphometric data from comparative analysis in humans and domestic animals will serve as the basis of methods of prevention of degeneration in the bone-cartilage apparatus and the premature aging of the body in humans.

Urethral catheterization of small female cats and dogs weighing less than ten kilograms: the two-catheter technique.

To provide a video tutorial on how to perform an alternate method for urethral catheterization, the 2-catheter technique. Small female cats and dogs that are too small for concurrent digital palpation (generally < 10 kg). A larger red rubber catheter (18 Fr in dogs, and 10 Fr in cats) is gently fed into the vaginal canal and reflected dorsally, then a smaller urethral catheter can be introduced ventrally, angling downwards at a 45° angle, into the urethral orifice for urinary catheterization. The 2-catheter method is a useful alternative in petite female cats and dogs to improve rates of successful catheterization. The inability to perform concurrent digital palpation in petite female dogs and cats can make urinary catheterization more challenging due to the inability to palpate locoregional anatomic landmarks and without the added manipulation of the catheter tip during placement. Using a second, larger catheter to occlude the vaginal canal similarly to how a finger would during digital palpation can aid in successful catheterization in this challenging subset of veterinary patients.

Use of drugs in pregnant dogs and puppies - what should be considered from a pharmacological point of view?

The administration of drugs to pregnant bitches may not only pose a potential danger to the bitch but also to the fetuses. In this context, the extent of the risk also depends on the stage of gestation. Although a number of agents are known to have a fetotoxic and/or teratogenic potential, insufficient knowledge concerning their potential risk to the embryo/fetus is available for the majority of drugs.Arranged in groups of active substances, a selection of drugs that are assumed to be safe according to the current state of knowledge is provided. Drugs for which there is insufficient knowledge or which are clearly contraindicated are also mentioned.The second part of this overview covers the use of medicines in puppies. The physiology of a puppy does not simply correspond to that of a small dog. Only very few drugs posess valid pharmacological data for use in puppies. However, a subset of restrictions on the use of pharmacologic agents may be derived from the specifics of puppy physiology.The recommendations made do not claim to be complete and no guarantee for accuracy is provided, as these have been compiled from a literature review. In certain cases, the recommendations are even contradictory.Veterinarians are therefore encouraged to report all adverse events associated with treatments of pregnant bitches and puppies within the framework of pharmacovigilance. This is the only way to close gaps in knowledge about the treatment of these special patients.

Pet owners provide a more reliable weight estimate for dogs compared to veterinary professionals in an emergency setting.

To determine the accuracy of pet owners, veterinary technicians, house officers (interns and residents), and attending clinicians at estimating dog weights in a veterinary emergency room. 272 dogs weighing over 2 kg presenting to the emergency room between June 1 and July 29, 2022. Pet owners, veterinary technicians, house officers, and attending clinicians recorded the dogs' weight estimations on individual data collection cards. Pet owners were also asked to estimate their dogs' weight during the triage period. The dogs' actual weights were then obtained and recorded. Pet owners were more accurate than veterinary professionals at providing weight estimates for dogs. Weight estimates were accurate to within 10% of the dogs' actual weights for 67.9% (181/267) of pet owners. Forty-one percent (112/270) of attending clinicians, 35.3% (95/269) of house officers, and 35.4% (96/271) of veterinary technicians' weight estimates were within 10% of the dog's actual weight. There was no difference noted in the length of veterinary experience and ability to closely estimate the patient's weight. Overall, veterinary professionals were more likely to closely estimate the weight of large dogs compared to small dogs. The pet owner is most likely to provide an accurate weight for dogs and questions about the dog's weight should be directed to the client for situations in which a weight cannot be rapidly obtained.

A mismatch of planning and achieved tibial plateau angle in cranial closing wedge surgery: An in silico and clinical evaluation of 100 cases.

(1) To determine whether Oxley's modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy (CCWO) results in a tibial plateau angle (TPA) of 5° in silico, (2) compare in silico to clinical postoperative TPA and (3) determine the impact of ostectomy distalization in silico. Cross-sectional retrospective radiographic in silico study. A total of 100 stifle radiographs; 90 dogs (small ≤25 kg = 84; large >25 kg = 16). Tibial plateau angles were measured preoperatively (TPAPre ), after in silico planning (TPAPlan ), and postoperatively (TPAPost ). Virtual ostectomies were evaluated for plate fit. Postoperative ostectomy position was measured. Virtual ostectomies were performed 5/7.5/10/15 mm from the patellar tendon insertion in 10 dogs from each preoperative TPA category (≤20°/21-25°/ 26-30°/31-35°/>35°). Comparisons for TPAPre , TPAPost , and TPAPlan were made between small and large dogs, and the outcome to the target 5° between TPA categories and ostectomy positions. Mean ± SD TPAPre was 28.6 ± 6.2° and higher in small than large dogs. Mean TPAPlan was 7.6 ± 2.7°. Plate fit was appropriate in all. In silico, TPAs were greater than 5° except for cases with TPAPre > 35°. Median TPAPost was 5.5° (-4-21) and was higher in small (7°) than large (4.5°) dogs. Postoperative ostectomy position was more distal than Oxley's guidelines. When distalized >7.5 mm in silico, the magnitude of under-correction increased. Oxley's modified CCWO did not result in TPA of 5° in most cases. Ostectomy distalization exacerbated under-correction. Current guidelines should be modified to achieve 5° TPA postoperatively.

Where does your dog live? Size, origin and aggressiveness predict dogs' developmental environment

Animals’ development is influenced by the environment in which they live. In the case of dogs, persons can decide whether that environment is the internal or external part of their residences, which differ strongly in terms of physical and social environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate which characteristics of the dog and the owner influence the location where the dog lives in the house (mostly inside or mostly outside). Participants in this study were Brazilian dog owners who answered an online questionnaire. 730 questionnaires were analyzed. We applied multiple logistic regressions to investigate whether the factors studied (sex, age and marital status of the person; number of people living in the residence; sex, age, size, origin, level of aggression of the dog in the presence of strangers and age at which the dog arrived at the residence) were associated with where the dogs lived. We obtained a final model with three main effects: size, origin and aggressiveness of dogs in the presence of strangers. We found that the chance of living indoors is greater for: small dogs than for big dogs, bought dogs than for rescued dogs and dogs with no level of aggression compared to dogs with little aggression. These results have a possible relationship with easier handling, in relation to small dogs; the motivations in the acquisition process, regarding the bought dogs; and safety for non-aggressive dogs. Owner characteristics did not influence where dogs spent most of their time. Since the internal part of the house differs from the external part in terms of physical and social environment, we discuss how our data contributes to a better understanding of dogs’ developmental environment and possible reasons that determine the place where dogs spend most part of their lives.

Electrocardiography-gated non-helical 320-row area detector CT angiography for transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in a small breed dog.

Electrocardiography-gated non-helical 320-row area detector CT angiography for transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in a small breed dog.

Comparison of CT-measured angles of pelvic limbs without patellar luxation of six canine breeds.

Dogs with medial patellar luxation can be affected by pelvic limb deformities whose corrective osteotomies and associated biomechanical rebalancing might provide higher success rates than standard surgical procedures limited to the stifle joint. In bilaterally affected canine patients, comparison with the contralateral normal limb is impossible. Reference values are useful for orthopedic decision-making. Inconsistency of published reference values might depend on methodology or canine breed. We hypothesized that canine pelvic limb alignment is breed-specific. CT scans of 42 pelvic limbs of dog breeds predisposed for medial patellar luxation, with an orthotopic patellar position and stability were studied. Several angleswere measured with an open-source 3D Slicer plugin using vector calculations. The breeds were compared with a general linear model with a Bonferonni adjustment using SPSS. Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Jack Russel Terriers, Pugs, French Bulldogs, Maltese were examined. In the order of the listed breeds, the angles were as follows: 28.3°±10.7°, 20.1°±2.9°, 35.4°±6.9°, 32.8°±3.0°, 19.0°±7.1°, 26.6°±5.3° for the antetorsion, 5.3°±1.8°, 2.8°±2.8°, 8°±4.4°, 3.8 °±3.1°, 4.7°±3.3°, 2.3°±3.3° for the femoral varus, of -5.5°±6.2°, 1.1°±4.1°, -5.2°±9.5°, 6.1°±8.0°, -0.1°±5.9°, -9.2°±4.7° for the tibial torsion, 2.0°±2.9°, 2.1°±2.7°, 6.4°±6.8°, 0.0°±5.7°, 3.0°±5.8°, 8.8°±8.6° for the tibial valgus, 1.2°±10.4°, 1.8°±3.4°, -1.7°±4.9°, -1.7°±9.4°, 5.1°±8.8°, -0.2°±8.6° for the femorotibial rotation and -3.4°±2.2°, 1.1°±4.1°, -2.8°±3.4°, -5.2°±4.0°, -2.1°±4.4°, -5.4°±3.7° for the tibiotalar rotation. There were significant differences between breeds in femoral torsion, femoral varus, and tibial torsion angles, but no significant differences in tibial valgus, femorotibial, and tibiotalar rotation angles. Our hypothesis is therefore partially correct. Our results are limited to small dogs prone to medial patellar luxation and might not be generalized. To establish robust reference values larger case numbers and more breeds should be evaluated. In conclusion, canine pelvic limb alignment reference values for small dogs with a predisposition for medial patellar luxation should be considered breed-specific.

Complications and Outcome of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Small Dogs Treated with Tiny TTA Rapid

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the complications and the long-term outcome of TTA Tiny in small dogs using data from pressure-sensitive walkway analysis and the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) questionnaire. This is a retrospective study. Dogs under 15 kg were included. Breed, weight, gender, age, and lameness were recorded. Clinical examination, radiographs, and pressure-sensitive walkway analysis were performed during the long-term follow-up visit. Radiographs were assessed for the postoperative patellar tendon angle (PTA), bone healing, and implant position, and the postoperative complications were recorded. Twenty-nine stifles were included. One dog (3%) had an intraoperative major complication and 14 (48%) had minor complications. Medium- to long-term follow-up was available in 20 of the 23 dogs (87%). Eight (40%) dogs were followed up by telephone using the LOAD questionnaire and 12 dogs (60%) came back for a long-term follow-up appointment. The average LOAD score was 3.6 and the average lameness score was 0. All the dogs presented at a clinical follow-up were considered lame free. All the owners were pleased with the long-term result after surgery based on the LOAD score and the return to normal activity. The result from this study showed low rate of perioperative complications with the use of the TTA Tiny implant in small dogs and a good long-term outcome based on client questionnaire and the result from pressure-sensitive walkway analysis.

CT Evaluation of Age-Related Changes in Epaxial Muscle Attenuation and Cross-Sectional Area for Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Small Breed Dogs

CT Evaluation of Age-Related Changes in Epaxial Muscle Attenuation and Cross-Sectional Area for Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Small Breed Dogs

Assessment of the etiological causes of hyperkalemia in dogs

Hyperkalemia is a marker of many disorders in different species of animals and birds, leading to a significant number of pathophysiological abnormalities. However, dogs have no literature data on the features of potassium metabolism and etiological causes of hyperkalemia in different breeds, especially when taking into account significant differences in size and conditions of keeping. The purpose of the presented study was to identify and assess the frequency of occurrence of etiological causes leading to the development of hyperkalemia in dogs of different breeds in the territory of the city. St. Petersburg with subsequent statistical processing of the obtained results.In the presented study, the analysis of biochemical blood parameters of dogs of small breeds (Yorkshire Terrier, Toy Terrier, Pomeranian, dachshund, tsvergpincher, Chihuahua, Shih Tzu), large breeds (Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd, Dalmatian, American Staffordshire Terrier, Central Asian Shepherd, Husky) enrolled in private veterinary clinic of St. Petersburg in the summer-autumn period.It was found that the most common causes of hyperkalemia in small breed dogs include chronic kidney disease (25%), oncological diseases (18%), infectious processes (pyometra) (14%), heart disease (14%). In dogs of large breeds, the main role in the development of hyperkalemia is played by diseases of the urinary system – 24% (of which chronic kidney disease - 14%, acute renal insufficiency – 5%, bacterial cystitis - 5%), endocrinopathy - 19% (of which diabetes mellitus – 14%, hypothyroidism - 5%), oncological diseases (19%), orthopedic disorders (19%), neurological disorders (14%).

Diagnosis and Management of Constipation and Obstipation in Canine: From Current Practices to Future

This study was conducted to understand the present diagnosis and management patterns of constipation and obstipation in dog and accessing about its future holds. A total of 68 dogs both healthy (n=34) and constipated (n=34) brought to a private pet hospital in Kathmandu were included in the study for two-months during Feb-April, 2019 were recorded. The protocol comprised history taking (age, sex, breed and chief complains), physical and clinical examination, hematology/Biochemistry followed by radiography in some cases. Statistical analysis was conducted using MS-Excel 2016 and SPSS v25. We found that starting from the dietary management, rehydration and medical management using laxatives, enemas, antibiotics and supporting liver medications were being followed to manage constipation and obstipation. Anorexia (82.4%) and dehydration were the most common clinical signs. Female dogs (52.9%) were found more affected than male dogs (47.1%). Large and small breed dogs (73.5%) were more prone to constipation than medium sized breeds (26.5%). Older Dogs (&gt;60 months) (34%) were the most affected age groups. Haemato-biochemical blood findings showed significant increase in Total Leucocyte Count (Leukocytosis), Neutrophilia, ALP levels and Blood Urea Nitrogen (p ≤ 0.001) while there was also an increase in Serum bilirubin and Serum albumin levels (p ≤ 0.05) in constipated dog. This research showed increased risk of constipation in old and female dogs. Starting from high fiber diets, mild laxatives and enemas, the treatment can be proceeded to fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy and medications managing liver ailments after haemato-biochemical examination. Use of Novel prokinetic drugs practiced in humans like Cisapride and Pruracalopride, can be considered in veterinary practice. In situations of surgical management, most reliable would be the subtotal colectomy to manage idiopathic megacolon causing constipation and obstipation.

Validation of Calcein Violet as a New Marker of Semen Membrane Integrity in Domestic Animals.

Many fluorochromes routinely used in semen quality analysis emit in the green and red channels, limiting their possible combination for multiple parameter analysis. The use of fluorophores emitting in different light channels broadens the possibilities of combination to expand the range of simultaneously evaluated criteria. This is of great interest in cases of small ejaculated volumes, such as those naturally occurring in roosters, small dog breeds and drones (Apis mellifera). The purpose of this experiment is to establish Calcein Violet (CaV), a blue fluorochrome, as a marker of viability and acrosomal integrity in domestic animals in order to free the red and green channels. SYBR®14/Propidium Iodide (PI) was used as reference dye, heat-treated samples as negative controls, serial staining combination for validation and epifluorescence microscopy for observation. Dead spermatozoa marked in red with PI showed no blue fluorescence either from the head or the tail. Live spermatozoa showed a decreasing blue emission from head to tail when single stained with CaV. Unreacted acrosomes showed intense blue fluorescence irrespective of plasma membrane integrity. This needs to be further confirmed for species with small and difficult to observe heads. Establishment of CaV as a marker of membrane integrity by fluorescence microscopy is a decisive first step towards further technical development and use with flow cytometry.

Small animalReview

Spinal problems resulting from intervertebral disc extrusion or protrusion are commonly encountered in clinical practice, with presentations ranging from chronic pain and paresis to acute paraplegia. Small breed chondrodystrophic dogs are predisposed to these problems. Surgery is often indicated, especially in severe acute cases. Three recent papers look at different aspects of disc herniation.

Survey research on reverse sneezing in 779 dogs in Southeast of Spain: Prevalence and possible related factors

Reverse sneezing (RS) is considered an innate reflex that may occur in normal dogs in response to a stimulus in the upper airways but currently, the prevalence is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of RS in dogs in Southeast Spain and to determine the possible influence of selected demographic and environmental variables.This study was based on a questionnaire answered by 779 owned dogs randomly selected in two months. The total prevalence of dogs suffering RS was 52.9% (412/779). A statistically significant predisposition depending on sex and sexual condition (neutered females), the size and weight of the animal (toy dogs with <5 kg and small dogs of 5 to 14 kg), the breed (mainly Yorkshire, Chihuahua, Bichon, and Shit-tzu), on age (>10 years old) was found. Dogs that live in an urban habitat without other pets in the same house had also significantly more predisposition. Dogs with these profiles tend also to have a higher frequency of RS episodes (more than one episode daily) and more acute presentations (last 15 days).Reverse sneezing is an important reflex that could be present in more than half of the canine population as happened in our study. Its predisposition varies depending on sex, sexual condition, size, breed, age, habitat, and cohabitation with other pets. Further attention is warranted regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of RS.

Ground reaction forces, temporospatial parameters, range of motion, and limb characteristics were analyzed for small and medium size sound dogs with the use of pressure sensitive walkway.

To study ground reaction forces (GRF) and temporospatial parameters for small and medium size dogs using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW). We hypothesized that, at a given speed, small dogs would have shorter stance time than medium dogs and that dog height (DH) would influence GRF. 30 healthy, sound dogs were divided into 2 groups, small < 15 kg and medium dog group weighing 15 to 25 kg. GRFs were measured for both groups at walk and trot using PSW. Muscle mass and joint angles were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. Two groups were compared using 2-sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Fisher exact test. GRFs were successfully measured in both dog groups for walk and trot. Medium dogs had larger limb girth, more peak pressure, max force, increased stance, swing time, and larger stride length compared with small dogs. Stance time increased as DH increased at walk and trot (r = 0.854, P < .001; r = 0.876, P < .001). Stance time increased as BW (body weight) increased at walk and trot (r = 0.887, P < .001; r = 0.858 P < .001). Inconclusive data was obtained for stride acceleration and velocity. The handler side did not influence results (P > .05). Range of motion (ROM) did not differ among groups. Results suggested that PSW is a reliable device for small and medium dogs. At walk and at a trot, GRF are smaller in small dogs compared with medium dogs, suggesting that normal reference data for PSW need to take BW and DH into account.

Effect of Plate Type on Tibial Plateau Levelling and Medialization Osteotomy for Treatment of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Concomitant Medial Patellar Luxation in Small Breed Dogs: An In Vitro Study.

The main aim of this study was to determine the effective magnitude of proximal tibial segment medialization achievable during tibial plateau levelling and medialization osteotomy (TPLO-M) with Fixin 1.9-2.5 mm pre-contoured T plates with three different offsets. In this in vitro study, 36 tibia bone models reconstructed using stereolithography from hindlimb CT scans of a 5 kg dog and a 10 kg dog without orthopaedic disease were used. TPLO-M was performed using plates with three different offsets (2, 4 and 6 mm). Post-osteotomy radiographic and bone models measurements were performed. Regardless of patient weight, the +4 mm offset plates provided a translation of 2.93mm (± 0.51) while the +6 mm offset plates provided a translation of 5.03mm (± 0.47). In the 5kg dog bone model group limited bone contact at the osteotomy site was documented when using the +6mm offset plate. The +4mm and +6mm offset Fixin plates may be considered for TPLO-M in dogs weighing between 5 and 10 kg. The +6mm offset plate should be used cautiously in dogs weighing less than 10 kg since this plate may result in insufficient postoperative bone apposition at the osteotomy site.