Small Cubes Research Articles

Regulating the Structural, Transmittance, Ferroelectric, and Energy Storage Properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Ceramics Using Sr(Yb0.5Nb0.5)O3

Lead-free (1 − x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3–xSr(Yb0.5Nb0.5)O3 (KNN–xSYbN, x = 0.15, 0.175, 0.20, 0.225, 0.25, 0.30) ceramics have been fabricated using the traditional solid-phase sintering method. The effects of Sr(Yb0.5Nb0.5)O3 doping on the microstructure, phase transition, and optical and electrical properties were investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the ceramics had pseudocubic phase structure. At x = 0.175, the near-infrared light transmittance of the ceramic reached 43.5% and the optical bandgap Eg was 2.89 eV. After introduction of Sr(Yb0.5Nb0.5)O3, the crystal grains of the ceramic became fine dense small cubes. Excessive doping (x ≥ 0.20) reduced the density of the ceramic and melted the ceramic surface. The ceramic with x = 0.175 exhibited optimized energy storage properties with Wrec = 0.21 J/cm3 and η = 78.2%. The maximum dielectric constant of 1867.9 was obtained at x = 0.175, and its Tm peaks shifted toward lower temperature. The good insulation performance of the ceramics was confirmed by impedance spectroscopy.

Magneto-Optical Trap with Millimeter Ball Lenses

We present a magneto-optical trap (MOT) design based on millimeter ball lenses, contained within a metal cube of 0.75$^{\prime \prime}$ side length. We present evidence of trapping approximately $4.2\times 10^5$ of $^{85}$Rb atoms with a number density of $3.2\times 10^9$ atoms/cm$^{3}$ and a loading time of 1.3 s. Measurement and a kinetic laser-cooling model are used to characterize the atom trap design. The design provides several advantages over other types of MOTs: the laser power requirement is low, the small lens and cube sizes allow for miniaturization of MOT applications, and the lack of large-diameter optical beam pathways prevents external blackbody radiation from entering the trapping region.

Surgical approaches of drug-free in vitro activation and laparoscopic ovarian incision to treat patients with ovarian infertility

To demonstrate our procedures of drug-free invitro activation (IVA) for treating patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), as well as the laparoscopic ovarian incision (LOI) procedure for treating patients with resistant ovary syndrome (ROS). Step-by-step video demonstration of the surgical procedures. Fertility clinic and reproductive medicine department. Women were diagnosed with POI based on recent amenorrhea before 40 years of age or with DOR according to the Bologna criteria, showing growth of a few antral follicles after ovarian stimulation. ROS patients were diagnosed based on amenorrhea with hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenism but showing age-appropriate number of antral follicles under transvaginal ultrasound. The drug-free IVA consists of the following 4 steps: removing a part of the cortex from one or both ovaries; cutting ovarian cortical pieces into small cubes invitro; making pockets for ovarian tissue grafting; and grafting ovarian cortical cubes. The LOI procedure consisted of only one step: cutting ovarian cortex in situ. Both procedures were followed by ovarian hyperstimulation for at least 1 year. Informed consent was obtained from patients and approval was granted by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the International University School of Medicine and the Rose Ladies Clinic. The present clinical trial was carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Follicle growth. These procedures can be completed within 1 hour under laparoscopic surgery. There were no complications. In 13 of 15 patients treated with drug-free IVA, increases in antral follicle numbers were found, followed by a higher number of retrieved oocytes for invitro fertilization. In addition to one spontaneous pregnancy, embryo transfer allowed four live births and one ongoing pregnancy. Five additional patients and one miscarriage patient have cryopreserved embryos for future transfer. We also found follicle growth to the preovulatory stage in seven of 11 ROS patients who have not responded to any endogenous and exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone stimulations for follicle growth prior to LOI treatment, allowing the retrieval of mature oocytes for invitro fertilization. Four ROS patients became pregnant, followed by the delivery of three healthy infants and one ongoing pregnancy. A drug-free IVA approach provided an infertility treatment for recent POI or DOR patients. This procedure promoted growth of residual ovarian follicles following ovarian tissue fragmentation invitro, leading to Hippo signaling disruption. Although ROS patients exhibited symptoms of hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenism similar to that of POI patients, they still had multiple secondary follicles. Hippo signaling disruption invivo based on cutting ovarian cortex using LOI could promote follicle growth. UMIN000029807.

Covering of High-Dimensional Cubes and Quantization

As the main problem, we consider covering of a d-dimensional cube by n balls with reasonably large d (10 or more) and reasonably small n, like n = 100 or n = 1000. We do not require the full coverage but only 90% or 95% coverage. We establish that efficient covering schemes have several important properties which are not seen in small dimensions and in asymptotical considerations, for very large n. One of these properties can be termed ‘do not try to cover the vertices’ as the vertices of the cube and their close neighbourhoods are very hard to cover and for large d there are far too many of them. We clearly demonstrate that, contrary to a common belief, placing balls at points which form a low-discrepancy sequence in the cube, results in a very inefficient covering scheme. For a family of random coverings, we are able to provide very accurate approximations to the coverage probability. We then extend our results to the problems of coverage of a cube by smaller cubes and quantization, the latter being also referred to as facility location. Along with theoretical considerations and derivation of approximations, we provide results of a large-scale numerical investigation.

CUISENAIRE RODS В МОЯТА КЛАСНА СТАЯ

The report presents a teaching methodology for primary school how to use Cuisenaire Rods to teach English. First Primary School „St. Cyril and St. Methodius” successfully works under the European program „Erasmus”. In 2017, I participated in the training course at the Executive Training Institute in Malta by the Erasmus program on the topic „Language learning, entertainment and games – a methodology for primary school.” This report introduces some ideas and techniques of teaching English with Cuisenaire Rods, after my education. They are small wooden cubes of different lengths and colors. They are used as a resource in the classroom to visually present different areas of the language. Cuisenaire Rods are an important tool for promoting handson learning. Provokes in children energy, vitality during the lesson. Creates a feeling of joy. Most importantly, it makes them feel confident in their knowledge and ability to use the language. This practical teaching method also provoke the teacher’s imagination to put children close to reality situations, turning the lesson into a game.

Hyperspectral Image Classification With Attention-Aided CNNs

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely used for hyperspectral image classification. As a common process, small cubes are firstly cropped from the hyperspectral image and then fed into CNNs to extract spectral and spatial features. It is well known that different spectral bands and spatial positions in the cubes have different discriminative abilities. If fully explored, this prior information will help improve the learning capacity of CNNs. Along this direction, we propose an attention aided CNN model for spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images. Specifically, a spectral attention sub-network and a spatial attention sub-network are proposed for spectral and spatial classification, respectively. Both of them are based on the traditional CNN model, and incorporate attention modules to aid networks focus on more discriminative channels or positions. In the final classification phase, the spectral classification result and the spatial classification result are combined together via an adaptively weighted summation method. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, we conduct experiments on three standard hyperspectral datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed model can achieve superior performance compared to several state-of-the-art CNN-related models.

EFFECT OF LEMON PEEL AND PULP EXTRACT ON SOME LOCAL KURDISH RAM MEAT QUALITIES AND ITS SHELF LIFE

To investigate the effectiveness of adding lemon peels and pulp extracts on some quality properties and shelf-life of the sheep longisimussdorsi muscle during refrigerated storage at 4±1°C for 0, 4, and 8 days for this purpose am meat trim of visible fat and connective tissue, they cut in small cubes. The meat samples divide into four equal proportions and mix with different concentrations of lemon peel and pulp extract according to the following formulations: Control; T1 1%; T2 2% and T3 3% of lemon peel and pulp extract, by applied immersion method. The results showed acceptable results of moisture content, Water-holding capacity cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid, met-myoglobin, myoglobin, and sensory traits of the samples treated with lemon peel in comparison to the control group. The phiso-chemical traits changed during the storage periods but the meat sample treated with lemon extract was more stable than control groups. These results suggested that using lemon peels and pulp extracts to maintain physio-chemical properties of ram meat and extend shelf-life during refrigerated storage, which may have implications of meat processors.

EFFECT OF LEMON PEEL AND PULP EXTRACT ON SOME LOCAL KURDISH RAM MEAT QUALITIES AND ITS SHELF LIFE

To investigate the effectiveness of adding lemon peels and pulp extracts on some quality properties and shelf-life of the sheep longisimussdorsi muscle during refrigerated storage at 4±1°C for 0, 4, and 8 days for this purpose am meat trim of visible fat and connective tissue, they cut in small cubes. The meat samples divide into four equal proportions and mix with different concentrations of lemon peel and pulp extract according to the following formulations: Control; T1 1%; T2 2% and T3 3% of lemon peel and pulp extract, by applied immersion method. The results showed acceptable results of moisture content, Water-holding capacity cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid, met-myoglobin, myoglobin, and sensory traits of the samples treated with lemon peel in comparison to the control group. The phiso-chemical traits changed during the storage periods but the meat sample treated with lemon extract was more stable than control groups. These results suggested that using lemon peels and pulp extracts to maintain physio-chemical properties of ram meat and extend shelf-life during refrigerated storage, which may have implications of meat processors.

An Improved Surface Charge Model for the Static Force Calculation Among the Permanent Magnets in Magnetic Bearings or Magnetic Springs

This article presents an improved surface charge model for the static force calculation among the permanent magnets (PMs). Generally, there is an error source of the classical surface magnetic charge model due to the assumption of the unit relative permeability. This error source can be ignored for the ferromagnetic actuators but will bring a significant deviation to the ironless devices, such as the magnetic bearings or magnetic springs. To calculate the static force among the PMs more accurately, the estimation for the actual working point of each PM is required. The magnetic field iteration method is used in this article, in which the inner magnetic field intensity of one PM is decided by itself and the external magnetic field sources. By dividing one cuboid magnet into amounts of small cubes, the integral operation can be simplified into the numerical superposition when calculating the average working point. The influences of the number of nodes and iteration times on the model accuracy are analyzed. Finally, two magnetic springs are manufactured and well tested. The static force calculation is based on the expressions of Yonnet and the improved surface charge model. Compared with the classical model, the model error of the improved model can be reduced and the static force values are closer to the 3-D finite-element method (FEM) and experiment results. Furthermore, the improved model has remarkable advantage over the 3-D FEM in aspect of computation time, which is suitable for the design and analysis of the magnetic bearing or magnetic springs.

X-ray tomography for the advancement of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing.

X-ray computed tomography is a powerful tool to nondestructively inspect additively manufactured parts. Additive manufacturing of metals, especially laser powder bed fusion, is increasingly being adopted for serial production of critical components in aerospace, automotive and various other industries. The technology holds huge potential for more efficient material usage and light weighting of components, among the many advantages. As this new production method is being ramped up and refined in various industry sectors, X-ray tomography is critical to the advancement of the quality of the produced components. X-ray tomography allows the nondestructive evaluation of the structural integrity of the parts produced, which in turn provides confidence in the expected performance of the parts. Besides final inspection of parts for porosity/defects and dimensional tolerances for a pass/fail decision, X-ray tomography also has a critical role to play in advancing and improving the additive manufacturing processes. This process improvement refers to the inspection of small representative coupon samples on a microscopic scale, in order to optimize the process parameters such as laser power, speed, scan strategy and various others. In this work, we describe the evaluation of small solid cube coupon samples and lattice structure coupon samples. These examples are meant to improve the understanding of the potential of X-ray tomography in advancing additive manufacturing processes (in contrast to its usual use for nondestructive testing of final parts), thereby providing support towards qualification of these processes and the parts produced in these processes. X-ray tomography, therefore, plays a key role in the adoption and qualification of high-quality metal additive manufacturing.

수학 학습을 위한 3차원 코딩 환경의 개발 및 활용

In this study, we developed a 3D coding learning environment for integrated learning of mathematics and CT, and presented a teaching-learning plan that can be used in theme selection activities of the free-semester. First, based on the design theory of constructionism, we developed a 3D game-making environment <MathCraft> that can build structures with small cube blocks and implement interactive game elements through coding. Using this concept, we developed free-semester teaching-learning content in the form of game-making that included mathematics learning elements in the middle school curriculum and applied it to 40 students and 20 math teachers. As a result, the developed environment and free-semester program provided students with valuable learning opportunities in mathematics and CT, and had positive impact on improving the affective characteristics of mathematics and coding. Based on the application results, the learning environment and teaching-learning content were corrected and supplemented. Based on the research process and the results, implications for the integrated education of mathematics and CT using coding are suggested.

Phthalocyanine-modified surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate and its self-assembly in solution

Firstly, a novel functional double-chain cationic surfactant was designed and prepared in this study. Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) was bonded onto the dodecyl (11-hydroxy-undecyl) dimethylammonium bromide (DHDA), obtaining the novel surfactant ZnPc-O-DHDA. Then, the surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate (POM) complex (ZnPc-O-DHDA/PW12) was prepared by using the double-phase co-precipitation method, through ion replacement with the Keggin-type polyoxometalate H3PW12O40 (PW12). The composition and structure of the complex were characterized using FT-IR, 1HNMR and elemental analysis (EA). ZnPc-O-DHDA has a good absorption and emission spectral performance in the visible region. When ZnPc-O-DHDA combined with PW12 to form a complex, and its Q-band fluorescence emission was enhanced because of the increased singlet–triplet energy gap of ZnPc. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and EA data indicated the ratio of ZnPc-O-DHDA and PW12 in the complex was 2.8:1. ZnPc-O-DHDA/PW12 can self-assemble in DMSO/H2O (v:v = 4:1) solvent to form a spherical structure with a size of about 500 nm. The resulting aggregates could be successfully transferred into water to produce pellets of about 50 nm, while transferred into ethanol to produce small cubes of about 150 nm. The successful synthesis of this functional surfactant ZnPc-O-DHDA and its POM complex provide a new approach for the further design and preparation of functional POM aggregates.

Influence of Pasteurization on the Quality of Pineapple, Watermelon and Banana Pulps-based Smoothie Flavoured with Coconut Milk

Effect of pasteurization on the quality of pineapple, watermelon and banana pulps-based smoothie flavoured with coconut milk was reported. The fruits were sorted, washed thoroughly with clean salt water, peeled, sliced and diced into small cubes, while coconut heads were processed into milk. Smoothies from blends of pineapple (P), watermelon (W) and banana (B) pulps were formulated and coconut milk (C) was added as a flavourant. The blends: PWBC1 (50:40:10:10), PWBC2 (50:10:40:10) and PWBC3 (50:30:20:10), were of different ratios with each pasteurized to obtain three more samples (A1, A2 and A3). The three non-pasteurized products served as control. Chemical, microbial and sensory analyses were carried out on all smoothie samples. Significant (p>0.05) differences did not exist in proximate composition between treatments; but within samples, moisture (65.15-73.68%), crude protein (0.45-1.08%), fat (3.04-3.34%), fibre (6.82-10.14%), ash (1.50-2.80%) and carbohydrate (14.21-18.79%) contents. All the samples had significantly (p-1), pro-vitamin A (63.64-250.72 mg 100ml-1), potassium (98.73-200.59 mg 100ml-1) and calcium (17.79-19.10 mg 100ml-1) contents. Pasteurization treatment gave smoothies of comparable nutritional and organoleptic properties with the conventional non-pasteurized smoothies. The pasteurized samples (A2 and A3) had higher scores in overall acceptability for the sensory attributes. With pasteurization, safe smoothie beverages prepared and consumed regularly can assist in the enhancement and sustainability of household food and nutrition security.

Material transitions within multi-material laser deposited intermetallic iron aluminides

Laser Metal Deposition is a near-net-shape processing technology, which allows remarkable freedom in multi-material processing. In the present work, the multi-material processing of two intermetallic iron aluminides, Fe28Al(at.%) and Fe30Al5Ti0.7B(at.%), was investigated. It has been shown that multi-material processing of the two alloys via discrete as well as via gradual material transition is possible without any cracks for manufacturing small cubes. Cross-sections of manufactured parts and tracks showed that a preheating temperature of at least 400 °C is necessary to process crack free samples. EDX-analyses indicated that if a discrete material transition is required in multi-material processing, the material transition should be implemented in the vertical build-up direction because the mixing zone in this direction is significantly smaller than the mixing zone in the horizontal direction. Due to the stronger mixing effects in the horizontal direction, a gradual material transition by a linear progression should be implemented in this direction rather than in the vertical direction. The mixing effects are mainly caused by melt flow, while diffusion effects can be neglected.

In situ heat accumulation by geometrical features obstructing heat flux and by reduced inter layer times in laser powder bed fusion of AISI 316L stainless steel

Material qualification for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processes are often based on results derived from additively manufactured (AM) bulk material or small density cubes, although it is well known that the part geometry has a tremendous influence on the heat flux and, therefore, on the thermal history of an AM component. This study shows experimentally the effect of simple geometrical obstructions to the heat flux on cooling behavior and solidification conditions of 316L stainless steel processed by L-PBF. Additionally, it respects two distinct inter layer times (ILT) as well as the build height of the parts. The cooling behavior of the parts is in-situ traced by infrared (IR) thermography during the built-up. The IR signals reveal significant differences in cooling conditions, which are correlated to differences in melt pool geometries. The acquired data and results can be used for validation of computational models and improvements of quality assurance.

Fast and coarse registration of point cloud in ICP three-dimensional space

The traditional ICP algorithm has a large amount of computation in the process of searching for corresponding points[1].This is the bottleneck of the traditional ICP algorithm[2],and the standard ICP is looking for the corresponding point[3].The point where the Euclidean distance is closest is the corresponding point[4].Unreasonable,there will be a certain number of wrong points[5].In order to improve the accuracy and speed of 3D point cloud data registration,this paper combines the coarse registration of the center of the box and the circular domain search method of the rasterized small cube to further improve and optimize the traditional ICP algorithm[6].

Effect of particle size on in vitro intestinal digestion of emulsion-filled gels: Mathematical analysis based on the Gallagher–Corrigan model

Free fatty acid (FFA) release from the in vitro digestion of an emulsion-filled gel using three different particle size distributions and its modeling using the Weibull function and Gallagher–Corrigan model were investigated. To produce the emulsion-filled gel, an oil/water mix was prepared and blended with sodium alginate to finally produce small calcium alginate gel cubes. Three different particle size area distributions were generated by comminuting the cubes applying 5, 10, and 15 cycles of compression/shearing. The particles were intestinally in vitro digested, and the fraction of FFA released was calculated and analyzed using the Weibull function and Gallagher–Corrigan model. The FFA release showed a sigmoidal behavior for the three particle distributions; the Weibull function did not show a good fit. The Gallagher–Corrigan model presented a good fit to the FFA data, reinforced with a random error distribution. The model parameters were able to explain the kinetic processes related to both surface emulsion release and emulsion release by matrix dissolution. In addition, some parameters were linearly correlated (R2 > 0.99) with particle size, which established a relationship between particle size and the kinetics of release attained during the first stage of the digestion curve.

Iconography of Marine Vessels Depicted in Mosaics and Its Importance to Marine Archaeology

This article deals with the iconography of ancient ships, depicted in mosaics of the Eastern Mediterranean coast, from Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel to Egypt. As shipping was one of the most important transports for trade, and not only in the Mediterranean Region, artists frequently used ships as a subject of their artworks. Ships are depicted on frescoes (e.g. a drawing of a sailing boat in the Church of St. Vartan in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Gibson 1994: 34-42), mosaics, coins, even engraved on walls, such as on the wall at the crusader castle in Akko Israel. It is important to mention that in ancient times artists tried to convey a precise image of the objects they represented, thing that helps us to understand the exact appearance of the researched boats; a trend not common in contemporary mosaic art. The mosaics we are referring to here were predominantly made from tesserae cubes measuring 1 sq. centimeter, but often smaller cubes were used to depict faces (Figs. 11, 12). Mosaics depicting ships have been discovered in various places such as churches (Fig. 12), public and private houses (Figs. 8, 11, 12), even under a threshing- floor (Fig. 5). In buildings, they were frequently included in stories (Fig. 8) often from Greek mythology (Thesaurus on a boat with Ariadne, Daszewski 1977: pl. 30) and in churches in medallions (Fig. 13). The earliest mosaic we describe in this article is the reed boat from El-Amarna, Egypt (Fig. 14), from the 1st century BC. Unlike wooden boats, remains from ancient reed boats have not been found, since they decay with time. Nevertheless, their uses are known to us from literature and artworks. Furthermore, from the 2nd century AD and onwards, decorating churches (Fig. 13) and rich houses (Figs. 8, 11, 12) with mosaic floors started to become a common custom in this region.

Linear and Nonlinear Random Walks in 1d, 2d and 3d Space.

The regular octahedron [1] refers to the number of five Platonic figures. It can be composed of eight equal equilateral triangles or twelve identical segments. "The octahedron is dual to the cube" [2]. The regular octahedron can also be composed of many identical small cubes just as in Ancient Egypt were pyramids of stone blocks. The construction of an octahedron using small cubes can be obtained by considering a random walk in three-dimensional (3D) space. In [3] we considered a visual model of a 3D random linear and nonlinear walk in an octahedron. In [3,4] we reviewed and systematized the visual models of 1D, 2D and 3D random linear and nonlinear walks too.

Revisit Division Property Based Cube Attacks: Key-Recovery or Distinguishing Attacks?

Cube attacks are an important type of key recovery attacks against stream ciphers. In particular, they are shown to be powerful against Trivium-like ciphers. Traditional cube attacks are experimental attacks which could only exploit cubes of size less than 40. At CRYPTO 2017, division property based cube attacks were proposed by Todo et al., and an advantage of introducing the division property to cube attacks is that large cube sizes which are beyond the experimental range could be explored, and so powerful theoretical attacks were mounted on many lightweight stream ciphers.In this paper, we revisit the division property based cube attacks. There is an important assumption, called Weak Assumption, proposed in division property based cube attacks to support the effectiveness of key recovery. Todo et al. in CRYPTO 2017 said that the Weak Assumption was expected to hold for theoretically recovered superpolies of Trivium according to some experimental results on small cubes. In this paper, it is shown that the Weak Assumption often fails in cube attacks against Trivium, and moreover a new method to recover the exact superpoly of a given cube is developed based on the bit-based division property. With our method, for the cube I proposed by Todo et al. at CRYPTO 2017 to attack the 832-round Trivium, we recover its superpoly pI(x, v) = v68v78 · (x58⊕v70) · (x59x60⊕x34⊕x61). Furthermore, we prove that some best key recovery results given at CRYPTO 2018 on Trivium are actually distinguishing attacks. Hopefully this paper gives some new insights on accurately recovering the superpolies with the bit-based division property and also attract some attention on the validity of division property based cube attacks against stream ciphers.