Small Conical Papillae Research Articles

Morphological adaptation of the tongue of okapi (Okapia johnstoni Artiodactyla, Giraffidae)-Anatomy, histology, and ultrastructure.

The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the tongue of the okapi, and to compare the results with other ruminants including browsers, intermediates and grazers. The material was collected post-mortem from two animals from a Zoological Garden. The structure of the okapi tongue, focusing of the shape of the tongue, lingual surface, its papillae and lingual glands, was examined using gross morphology, light and polarized microscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The okapi tongue was characterized by dark pigmentation on the lingual dorsum (except lingual torus) and on the whole ventral surface. Two types of filiform papillae were observed, with additional, even 6-8 projections at their base. The round fungiform papillae were present at a higher density, up to 16/cm2, on the ventro-lateral area of the lingual apex. Round and elongate vallate papillae were arranged in two parallel lines between the body and root of the tongue. Numerous taste buds were detected within the epithelium of their vallum, while fungiform papillae had sparse taste buds. A lack of foliate papillae was noted. Very small conical papillae, some lenticular in shape, were present on the lingual torus. Thick collagen type I fibers were dominant over collagen type III fibers in the connective tissue of the lingual papillae. The mucous acini units were dominant among lingual glands, indicating that the secretion of okapi lingual glands was mostly mucous. In many aspects, the tongue of okapi resembles the tongue of other ruminants. The specific lingual shape and lingual surface, together with the lingual glands, support the processing of plant food, such as young and soft leaves. Although okapi tongue is characterized by smaller conical papillae compared to other ruminants, its high number of vallate papillae is similar that found in other browsers, intermediate and grazers. Thus the number of gustatory papillae rather indicates that this feature is not related to the type of feeding.

Gross Anatomical Features of Tongue of Khaki Campbell Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) At Different Postnatal Ages

The present study aims to investigate the gross morphological structure of the tongue of the khaki Campbell duck at different postnatal ages. The ducks were from four age groups (A total of 25 ducks): day one (1), one (1) month, two (2) months, three (3) months, and four (4) months, having five ducks in each group. The tongues were collected immediately after the ethical killing of the birds for gross anatomical observations. The tongue of the Khaki Campbell duck was located on the floor of the oropharynx. In all examined ages, the tongue did not extend to the total limits of the lower beak. The elongated shaped tongue was divided into three parts, i.e., apex, body, and root. The spatula-shaped apex of the tongue was smooth dorsally and devoid of lingual papillae. On the ventral surface of the apex, there was a flat, triangular, white plate of the lingual nail. The dorsal surface of the body of the tongue was divided into two symmetrical parts by a median groove, which became more prominent at the advancement of age. Large and small conical papillae were found symmetrically along both body edges. The root of the tongue was the smallest part which was located adjacent to the laryngeal prominence. Papillae were found on both sides of the root. A fold of membrane, the frenulum linguae present on the ventral aspect of the body. The length and width of the tongue increased with the advancement of age. The present study revealed the gross anatomical structure of the tongue of the Khaki Campbell duck at different postnatal ages and helped to compare the findings with other avian species.

Histomorphometrical study of the tongue epithelium of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).

The aim of this study is to examine the dorsal lingual epithelium of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) of the family Falconidae. The tongue in its dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces is covered with a non-keratinized multilayered stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria is present beneath the epithelial layers. Morphometrically, thickness of the apex tongue epithelium is more than that in the tongue body. Thickness of the ventral surface of the tongue is less than that in the dorsal one. Thickness of the lateral surface of the tongue was thicker than that in the ventral one and tongue body. Large and small conical papillae appeared on the posterior dorsal surface of the lingual body. There are lingual glands in certain areas of tongue body with numerous openings through the dorsal surface.

The tongue of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens Cuvier, 1825)-a stereoscopy, light microscopy and ultrastructural analysis.

In the light of recent molecular studies, there are two phylogenetic species of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens): Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani. The red panda belongs to the endangered species living in the wild only in Asia and is included in the CITES list. Although the biology and diet of this species has been extensively described, the histological structure of the tongue and lingual glands has not yet been characterized in detail in relation to the lifestyle of this mammal under specific conditions and as a basis for comparative anatomical studies of the biodiversity of endemic species. Study samples were collected from two adult males of Ailurus fulgens f. held in Wrocław Zoological Garden. Both tongues were examined macroscopically; moreover, samples with lingual papillae for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were collected from the apex, body and root of the tongue. Both tongues of the Ailurus fulgens f. males were approximately 9 cm long. The dorsal lingual surface was covered with mechanical and gustatory lingual papillae. Filiform papillae were observed on the apex and the body of the tongue, while small conical papillae were observed on the root of the tongue. An elongated, 1–1.5 cm long cylinder-shaped lyssa was observed in the ventral part of the apex. Moreover, most numerous and largest round in shape fungiform papillae were observed on the apex and on the border of the body and root of the tongue, located directly rostrally to 12–13 round and oval in shape vallate papillae. The SEM study showed that filiform papillae on the apex had several long secondary processes, while filiform papillae on the body of the tongue were taller and their secondary papillae were shorter than the equivalent structures on the apex of the tongue. The SEM study showed numerous taste pores on the surface of the fungiform papilla, while irregular surface of the vallate papillae, however some of them had smoother surface. Mixed glands (comprised of mucous acini and serous acini) were present within the vallum (within the connective tissue core) of the vallate papilla. Beneath the papillae more serous glands were observed, while the posterior lingual glands in the caudal part of the root of the tongue were mucoserous (mucous units were prevalent). A characteristic feature of the tongue of Ailurus fulgens f. was the presence of lyssa, which is comparable to other representatives of Carnivora, but the number of vallate papillae was individually variable. The lack of strongly developed mechanical conical papillae probably may be related to the type of plant food that is particularly dominant in red panda. Further differences between Ailurus fulgens f. and Ailurus fulgens s. cannot be excluded. The results of these studies may be useful especially for veterinarians specializing in working with exotic animals and people dealing with wildlife conservation.

Ultrastructure of the tongue in the African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), comparison within the family Erinaceidae

AbstractThe African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is commonly considered as a pet animal, which makes it widely studied. This study focused on lingual morphology due to its relation to the type of food consumed. Light and scanning electron microscopy on the tongues of 3 adult male hedgehogs was performed. Five types of papillae were distinguished on the dorsal lingual surface: filiform (fork‐like), conical, fungiform, vallate and foliate. Small conical papillae covered the dorsal surface of the apex, filiform (fork‐like) papillae were found on the corpus, fungiform papillae were scattered among conical as well as fork‐like papillae. Three vallate papillae localized on the lingual radix were arranged in an inverted V shape. Taste buds were opened to the circumpapillary sulcus. Histochemical analysis of seromucous salivary glands in the radix and purely serous glands in the vicinity of the vallate papillae showed the composition of their secretions in more detail. A comparison of the ultrastructure of the tongue within the family Erinaceidae was performed, as well as to species with similar feeding habits.

Morphology of the tongue and laryngeal entrance in the Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus); a light and scanning electron microscopic study.

The present work was carried out to describe morphological features of the tongue and laryngeal entrance of the Common pheasantPhasianus colchicus, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The lingual apex was taper-shaped with a shallow median sulcus. A V-shaped papillary crest with 15-20 caudally directed conical papillae was located between the radix and corpus linguae. The second row of papillae consisting of three caudolaterally directed conical papillae was arranged caudal to the main papillary crest. The mons laryngealis was equipped caudally with a double-layer of large conical papillae as pharyngeal crest, and few small conical papillae were seen around the glottis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that the apex linguae and corpus were covered with compact filiform papillae, while the radix linguae were free of papillae. Numerous openings of salivary gland can be seen on the radix linguae and mons laryngealis at higher magnification. On histological sections, all parts of the tongue and mons laryngealis were covered with a keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The keratinised layer became thinner rostro-caudally. The simple alveolar salivary glands were distributed in the submucosa from the apex linguae to the radix linguae as well as the mons laryngealis. PAS staining revealed mucin-secreting activity of this glands. According to the findings, although the tongue and laryngeal entrance of the Common pheasant is characteristics of a galliform bird, it has some features similar to passeriformes and falconiformes.

Surface ultrastructural descriptions of the oropharyngeal cavity of Anas querquedula.

The current work considers the first anatomical description of oropharyngeal cavity of Garganey, which was performed on eight heads with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The round apex of elongated tongue has anterior spatula-like named lingual nail. SEM of dorsal surface of lingual nail carry microtubercles and micropores on its rostral part, while its caudal part carry numerous microridges and micropores, while lateral apical surface only without lingual nail carrying filiform papillae, but its ventral surface carry exfoliated scales-like projections. Lateral lingual tip carries numerous laterally directed hairs-like structures. Rostral part of body carry region of small conical papillae in between them small hairs-like papillae on its lateral surface. Middle part of body carry lingual comb on its dorsal surface, while its lateral surfaces carry region of small conical papillae in between them hairs-like papillae in addition to filiform papillae, and large conical with small filiform papillae begin to appear laterally to the heads of lingual comb. Lateral surface of lingual prominence carry region of large conical and small filiform papillae on its rostral part, while its caudal part occupied by laterally situated spinated border from the root. Lingual root has two triangular smooth middle and spinated lateral and caudal. Laryngeal entrance divided into papillary and nonpapillary regions. Roof of oropharyngeal cavity divided into lamellar and papillary regions. Choanal cleft divided into rostral narrow ¼ and wide caudal ¾ parts. In conclusion, feeding process depend on the filter feeding mechanism that performed by the help of lateral situated papillae with lingual prominence.

Histomorphological features of the tongue of the Eurasian teal (Anas crecca).

This study presents the histomorphological features of tongue in Eurasian teal (Anas crecca); the smallest extant dabbling duck. Heads of four adult males and four adult females were used in this study. The results illustrate a tongue with three different parts; the apex with a lingual nail in ventral surface, the body with a lingual prominence in caudal part and some large and small conical papillae in lateral sides and the root, that was covered with many conical papillae in different sizes. Histological results revealed two types of keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium covering parts of the tongue. The lingual salivary glands were observed in the lamina propria of the body and root of the tongue showed strongly periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction. The yellow adipose tissue was located under the lamina propria on the body and root of the tongue. The filiform papillae between the conical papillae of the body were arranged densely. The sensory organs, which contain sensory receptors (Grandry and Herbst corpuscles), were located in the lamina propria of the body of the tongue. In conclusion, the anatomical and histological structure of the Eurasian teal' tongue was generally similar to its family members such as domestic goose and duck but showed some differences that may be adoptions to the bird's habitat and mode of feeding.

Comparative Morphological, Ultrastructural and Histological Studies on the Tongue of Eurasian Wigeon )Anas penelope) and Northern Shoveler )Anas clypeata)

The aim of this work is to examine the morphological features of the tongue of two adult species of the Family Anatidae, Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope) and Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), using light and scanning electron microscopy. The tongue is divided into apex, body and root. Here, our study shows that, the small hair-like filiform lingual papillae are found in the lateral sides of the apex region of the tongue of Eurasian Wigeon. The body region of the tongue of the Eurasian Wigeon has several numbers of mechanical conical papillae on its lateral sides, while the northern shoveler has two rows of small conical papillae, each single row consists of several pairs of the conical papillae on the dorsal surface. In the body and root regions of both Eurasian Wigeon and Northern Shoveler, there are large units of glands located in the lamina proparia. The anatomical characteristics of the tongue of Eurasian Wigeon and Northern Shoveler adapt to their life in the aquatic environment.

Development of mechanical papillae of the tongue in the domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica) during the embryonic period

Three types of mechanical papillae, i.e., conical, filiform, and hair-like papillae, are present on the tongue in the domestic goose. Within conical papillae, we distinguish three categories: large and small conical papillae on the body and conical papillae on the lingual prominence. The arrangement of mechanical papillae on the tongue in Anseriformes is connected functionally with different feeding mechanisms such as grazing and filter-feeding. The present work aims to determine whether morphology of three types of mechanical papillae in goose at the time of hatching is the same as in an adult bird and if the tongue is prepared to fulfill feeding function. Our results revealed that the primordia of the large conical papillae start to develop during the differentiation stage. The primordia of the small conical papillae and conical papillae of the lingual papillae start to develop during the growth stage. At the end of the growth stage, only large conical papillae, three pairs of small conical papillae, and conical papillae of the lingual prominence have similar arrangement as in an adult bird. The shape and arrangement of the remaining small conical papillae probably will be changed after hatching. During embryonic period, the filiform papillae and hair-like papillae are not formed. The embryonic epithelium that covered the mechanical papillae undergoes transformation leading to the formation of multilayered epithelium. During prehatching stage, epithelium becomes orthokeratinized epithelium. In conclusion, the tongue of the domestic goose after hatching is well prepared only for grazing. The filtration of food from water is limited due to the lack of filiform papillae.

Pathological changes in cattle naturally infected by Calicophoron daubneyi adult flukes

Local host response and parasite distribution were studied in the forestomachs, abomasum, duodenum and regional lymph nodes of cattle suffering from bovine paramphistomosis. The parasites were found attached, by its ventral sucker, to small conical papillae of the rumen and reticulum. Affected papillae, showed morphological changes denoted by very narrow stalks and expanded heads. Histologically, these changes were characterized by epithelial acanthosis–hyperkeratosis of the epithelium. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was often related with the epithelial changes, although it was also found in the duodenal mucosa and submucosa. These cells were arranged as aggregates or follicles but sparse infiltration of eosinophils, globule leukocytes, mast cells or macrophages was also observed in the lamina propria. Tissue damage and inflammatory reaction were more severe in the ruminal atrium, where the largest number of flukes and affected papillae were observed. In contrast, lesions in the ruminal dorsal sac were absent or mild. Statistical correlation between lesion severity and parasite burden was confirmed.

Morphology of the lingual papillae of the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas).

We examined the dorsal lingual surface of an adult black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) by using scanning electron microscopy. The filiform papilla on the lingual apex exhibited a crown-like shape with several pointed processes. The connective tissue core of the filiform papilla was U-shaped. The filiform papillae on the lingual body had several pointed processes. The connective tissue core of the filiform papillae consisted of one large and several small conical papillae. The fungiform papillae on the lingual apex and body had a smooth surface. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papillae was not hollow and did not have processes. The vallate papillae were surrounded by a groove and pad with many processes on the surface. The connective tissue core of the vallate papillae had many ditches. Thus, the tongue of the black-backed jackal more closely resembles that of the bush dog than those of the raccoon dog or fox.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Oriental Scops Owl (Otus scops)

The dorsal lingual surface of an adult owl (Otus scops) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of the adult owl was about 1 cm long. Three parts were distinguished in the dorsal surface of the tongue: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue. The conical region between the lingual apex and lingual root was very wide area. The conical papillae of the lingual body were inclined toward the posterior of the tongue. At low magnification of scanning electron microscopy, the desquamated cells were observed in the entire dorsal surface of the lingual apex. The connective tissue cores of the epithelium of the lingual apex showed the rod-shaped protrusions. The border between the lingual apex and body was clear and the small conical papillae were observed in the lingual body. The small and large conical papillae were observed on the lingual body. The many openings of the lingual glands existed in the lingual body and lingual root.

SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of the lesser dog-faced fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotis.

The dorsal lingual surface of the lesser dog-faced fruit bat was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Filiform (Fi), fungiform (Fu) and vallate papillae (V) were observed. The Fi papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. The Fi papillae notably differed in morphology by their location on the tongue and could be classified into 5 types: 1) crown-like papillae, 2) giant trifid papillae, 3) scale-like papillae, 4) small conical papillae, and 5) large conical papillae. The Fu papillae were present rounded bodies on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The lesser dog-faced fruit bat showed the triangular arrangement of the three V, with the apex of the triangle directed posteriorly.

Morphology of the dorsal lingual papillae in the bush dog (Speothos venaticus).

The dorsal lingual surface of a bush dog (Speothos venaticus) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tongue was about 7 cm in length. Filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were found. The filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. Each filiform papillae on the apical surface of the tongue had several conical processes, in the midportion were larger than those on the apex in size. In the region of the vallate papillae, the filiform papillae had not the conical processes and more larger than those on the midportion of the tongue. The fungiform papillae were present rounded bodies and more densely distributed on the tip of the lingual apex. There were 5 vallate papillae on both sides. The vallate papillae were located on both sides of the posterior end of the lingual body. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove and a crescent pad. In the dorsal surfaces of the papillae, small conical papillae were observed.

An investigation into the distributive pattern, classification and functional role of the conical papillae on the posterodorsal surface of the cat tongue using SEM

In order to examine the relationship between their distributive patterns, classification and functional roles, three-dimensional structures in the microvascular network of the conical papillae (CoP) on the posterior third of the central dorsal surface of the cat tongue were observed by the corrosion cast method under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). CoP can be classified into two types: small conical papillae (SCoP) and large conical papillae (LCoP), according to their shape, size and distributive pattern. On the posterior third of the central dorsal surface of the tongue, SCoPs are arranged in the form of six-eight straight lines running regularly from the posterior third of the central zone towards the pharynx. LCoPs are also arranged in the form of a V, with the point directed posteriorly, in oblique lines running in an orderly fashion from both the antero-peripheral zones to the central zone. To summarize CoPs play an important role in the drinking of milk and water, after mixing the food with saliva, in the transport of the food mass towards the pharynx and in swallowing it.

The distributive pattern, form and function seen in microvascular cast specimens of filiform papillae on the anterodorsal surface of the adult rat tongue

The purpose of the present study was to examine in detail the distributive pattern, form and function of small conical papillae (SCP) and of filiform papillae (FIP) in the anterodorsal part of the adult rat fore-tongue in a microvascular cast specimen (MVCS), with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to elucidate the close relationship between the morphological characteristics and the function of the tongue. From the results obtained in this study, SCP in the anterior part were subdivided into three types: SCP type I, II and III according to the shape, size, distributive pattern and form taken from the two peripheral sides as for as the median sulcus (MS) in the central portion. The results we obtained suggested that the primary role of SCP types I and II at the apex may be mainly that of touch and attachment to the food and water, while SCP types II and III in the anterior part function efficiently by taking the food and water from both peripheral sides to the MS or central portion, and finally transporting it into the oral cavity and supporting the mastication system.

Blood vessels in the tongue of the kitten: Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts

The subepithelial blood vessels of the dorsal surface of the tongue in young kittens has been studied by scanning electron microscopy of micro-corrosion casts. These vessels entwine the vallate papillae distributed in the pharyngeal part of the tongue, form hairpin loops in association with the small conical papillae along the sides and at the tip of the tongue and establish regularly distributed subpapillary conglomerations over almost its entire oral part. These conglomerations lie directly on veins. Small arterioles reach the vessels surrounding the individual subpapillary conglomerations. By contrast with the arrangement of the superficial vascular bed in the tongue of the dog and some other mammals, no anastomoses between arteries and veins were observed in the kitten between the vessels which supply and drain the subepidermal capillaries.

Some preliminary observations on the histological development of the fore-stomachs of the lamb I. Histological changes due to age in the period from 46 days of foetal life to 77 days of post-natal life

1. A general survey of the histological changes of the fore-stomachs of the lambs from 46 days of foetal life to 77 days of post-natal life is presented.2. In all the rumen foetal specimens the mucosal surface was smooth. At birth small, conical papillae were visible and from this age onwards these papillae increased rapidly in size and tended to be long and tongue-shaped in appearance. Little change occurred in the appearance of the rumen papillae after 56 days of age.3. The outlines of the reticulum reticular ribs were visible in the 100-day-old foetal specimen. At birth the normal honeycomb-like structure of the reticulum was well developed, but the papillae on and between the reticular ribs were small and had rounded tips. From 20 days of age onwards the reticulum features increased in size and the papillae became pointed in shape.4. At 46 days of foetal life the omasum wall was folded to form developing laminae and by 70 days of foetal life laminae of four orders were present. The main age changes in the appearance of the mucosal surface from this age onward was an increase in the length of the laminae, the formation of small conical papillae on the laminae, and an increase in the inter-laminae spaces.5. All three fore-stomachs showed the same general histological changes with age. The epithelium changed from a stratified cuboidal type in the foetal specimens to a keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium in the post-natal specimens. The basal layer of the epithelium became folded to form papillae, reticular ribs and laminae, and in the rumen and reticulum further folding of this layer took place to form papillary bodies.