Small Cattle Research Articles

Factors affecting multiple borrowing among microfinance clients: evidences from Bangladesh

PurposeAlthough microfinance had experienced rapid growth in most developing economies, multiple borrowing remains a growing concern for practitioners and researchers in recent years. Hence, the main purpose of the study is to evaluate the factors affecting multiple borrowing among microfinance clients.Design/methodology/approachThe primary survey data of 400 microfinance clients from Bangladesh was collected to execute the research objective. Considering the types of dependent variable, this study employed logistics, probit, ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson regression techniques to analyze the data.FindingsAmong others, it was discovered that the expected (requested) loan amount is positively associated with multiple borrowing, while the level of training, small cattle farming business and marital status (widow/separated) exhibited negative effects under logistic regression. These results are robust with respect to the regression method, the specification and the definition of the outcome variable. Also, supply-side incentives (e.g. training) were found to partly influence the multiple-borrowing behavior of microfinance clients. These findings reiterate the contribution of both demand and supply-side factors to the multiple-borrowing behavior of clients. Consequently, policy implications and future research direction are advanced.Originality/valueThe authors have examined some individual-level characteristics as well as some supply-side incentives to better understand the underexplored issue of multiple-borrowing behavior among microfinance clients.

Transmission dynamics of a Brucellosis model with incubation period

Brucellosis is a major worldwide problem in public health. In this paper, we established and analyzed the Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Vaccinated for small ruminant–Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Vaccinated for cattle–Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered for human (SEIV–SEIV–SIR) model of Brucellosis with an incubation period which considered that human was infected through direct contact with infected humans, infected small ruminant, infected cattle and indirect contact with Brucella in the environment. The basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] of the model is computed by the spectral radius of the next-generation matrix. We proved that the disease-free equilibrium exists and we analyzed that the disease-free equilibrium point and endemic equilibrium point are global stability by constructing the [Formula: see text] function and applying the [Formula: see text] invariant principle. Numerical solutions and analytical reveal that the prevention and control measures for Brucella should be to detect infected livestock in time, reduce contact with infected livestock and increase the cure rate of infected humans.

СЕРОГРУППОВАЯ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТЬ β–ГЕМОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ СТРЕПТОКОККОВ, ИЗОЛИРОВАННЫХ ОТ РАЗНЫХ ВИДОВ ЖИВОТНЫХ И ПТИЦ В СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ БИОТОПАХ КАБАРДИНО-БАЛКАРСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

The serogroup affiliation of β-hemolytic streptococci isolated from clinically healthy farm animals of various species, from pathological material from sick, dead and forcedly slaughtered animals, as well as those isolated in premises where farm animals are kept in farms of various forms of ownership of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic was studied. The hemolytic properties of streptococci were studied on blood (5% sheep erythrocytes) agar. The determination of the serogroup affiliation of streptococci was carried out by us in accordance with generally accepted methods, in accordance with which 639 cultures were tested that showed β-hemolysis on blood agar, including: from cattle - 207 (32.3%), from small cattle - 167 (26.1%), from horses - 65 (10.1%), from pigs - 39 (8.3%), from dogs - 73 (11.1%), synanthropic rodents - 40 (6.1%) %), synanthropic birds - 24 (3.7%), as well as 24 (3.7%) cultures isolated from air samples and washings from walls and floors in livestock buildings. Of 639 cultures of β-hemolytic streptococci, serogroup affiliation was determined in 549 (86.9%). At the same time, 30 (5.5%) were assigned to group A, 131 (23.8%) to group B, 158 (28.7%) to group C, 81 (14.7%) to group G , to group F - 24 (4.3%), to group E - 23 (4.1%), to group P - 15 (2.7%), to group U - 16 (2.9%) and 71 (13.1%) cultures could not be identified as belonging to one or another serological group. Streptococci with β-hemolytic properties are widely distributed among cattle, horses, small cattle, dogs and pigs living in agricultural biotopes.

Microbiological examination of the meat of animals affected by echinococcosis

The purpose of our research was to monitor the safety and quality of slaughter products of cattle and small cattle obtained in the conditions of the Aktobe region. Under certain conditions, animal slaughter products can be a source of not only typical infectious and invasive diseases in humans (echinococcosis, cysticercosis, etc.), but also various food diseases, which include toxicoinfections and toxicoses. Toxicoinfections and toxicoses are a large group of mainly acute food diseases of people. The very names “food diseases”, “food toxicoinfections”, “food toxicoses” indicate that the main role in their occurrence is played by food products. The consistency of the meat, the smell, the state of the muscles on the cut, the transparency and aroma of the broth, the pH of the meat of a healthy animal and a sick animal, the calculation of CMAFAnM, the amount of BGCP in 0.1 grams of the test product, the number of Salmonella bacteria in 25 g of the test product were determined. According to the results of the organoleptic examination, a conclusion was made about the freshness of the meat. Meat of cattle and small cattle, classified according to the results of organoleptic evaluation and bacteriological examination as meat of questionable freshness, is subjected to chemical and microscopic analyses. At present, with a variety of producing enterprises, various forms of ownership with a possible violation of technological production modes and violation of sanitary standards, poor-quality meat of cattle and MSS can enter the consumer market, which can become a source of various infectious and invasive diseases. Therefore, the quality expertise of this product group is very important and relevant.

Анализ фармацевтического рынка антисептических лекарственных средств для ветеринарного применения

This paper presents an analysis of the range of veterinary antiseptic drugs registered in the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation occupies a leading position in the development and production of antiseptic preparations registered on its territory. As of February 1, 2022, 93 antiseptic preparations have been entered into the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use. It was found that the largest number of drugs are presented in liquid dosage forms (43 drugs – 46,24 %). It was revealed that the most common active substance in the studied preparations is iodine (contained in 27 preparations – 29,67 %). When distributing antiseptic preparations to target animals, it was found that the largest number of preparations is intended for cattle, small cattle, horses, pigs, birds, dogs and cats (33 preparations – 35.48 %). The average annual registration of antiseptic drugs is 9,68 % – 9 drugs per year. When evaluating the dynamics of the state registration of antiseptic drugs for veterinary use, it was noted that it was uneven.

Эндопаразитофауна сельскохозяйственных жвачных животных в регионах Северного Кавказа

When studying the endoparasite fauna of agricultural ruminants, it was found that the most diverse fauna of endoparasites in small cattle on the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic in the sheep breeding farm LLC "Muhu", where parasitism of one species of trematodes was found: Dicrocoelium lanceatum, one species of cestodes: Moniezia benedeni, one suborder, five genera and three species of nematodes: Strongylata, Protostrongylus, Nematodirus, Bunostomum, Nematodirella, Trichocephalus, Muellerius capillaris, Dictyocaulus filaria and Strongyloides papillosus and one genus of protozoa – Eimeria. All of these pathogens parasitize both in the form of mono- and mixed invasions. In the Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, two genera and one species of trematodes were identified: Fasciola, Paramphistomum, Dicrocelium lanceatum, one suborder and two genera of nematodes: Strongylata, Trichocephalus, Protostrongylus, and one genus of protozoa, Eimeria. The dominant invasions on the territory of the North Caucasus are strongylatoses of the gastrointestinal tract.

Факторы, способствующие поддержанию эпизоотического неблагополучия по бруцеллезу в Российской Федерации

The scientific article presents generalized results of laboratory studies on brucellosis of animals in order to study the epizootic situation and identify the main causes of epizootic outbreaks in Russia for the period from 2019 to 2021. The data source is the materials of annual reports submitted by the state veterinary laboratories of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the reporting form 4-vet, other official statistical data of the veterinary and medical services of the country. In the Russian Federation, new epizootic foci of brucellosis are detected annually. Different animal populations (cattle, small cattle, pigs, reindeer, dogs) are involved in the epizootic process of brucellosis. So, for the period from 2010 to 2020, 4,283 unfavorable points for brucellosis of cattle were identified in the country, 398 for brucellosis of small cattle, which contained 95 979 and 15 880 heads of sick animals, respectively. According to the results of laboratory diagnostics of brucellosis of animals by bacteriological methods performed by state veterinary laboratories of the subjects of the Russian Federation for the period from 2019 to 2021, the culture of the causative agent of the disease was isolated in 44 cases. When conducting mass lifetime studies by serological methods, animals that respond positively to brucellosis are detected annually, from 7920 to 13 059 individuals. The main causes of epizootic outbreaks of brucellosis of animals: incomplete and untimely identification of sick individuals; violation of the deadline for slaughtering positively reacting to brucellosis and sick animals (overexposure in the farm); non-compliance by business entities with the requirements of Veterinary rules on brucellosis of animals; concealment by animal owners from the state veterinary service of the true number of livestock, which does not allow to cover all animals specific vaccination and diagnostic tests. It can be concluded that the epizootic situation of brucellosis remains quite tense on the territory of the Russian Federation. Untimely and incomplete detection of the causative agent of the disease is the cause of infection of animals and causes a long course in disadvantaged areas.

Эпизоотическая ситуация по болезни Ауески на территории Российской Федерации с 2019 по 2021 г.

This article analyzes statistical data on the diagnosis of the AD virus by state veterinary laboratories of the Russian Federation for the period from 2019 to 2021. Veterinary specialists determine the presence of the virus in the biological material by molecular genetic methods, immunofluorescence reaction and using a biological test on white rabbits, the presence of antibodies by post-infection and post-vaccination serological methods of research. The AD virus has many hosts, so annual epidemiological monitoring is carried out in various animal species: pigs, cattle and small cattle, cats, dogs and fur-bearing animals. During the analyzed period, according to the annual reports of state veterinary laboratories in the form 4 vet, the Aujeszky's disease virus was detected by PCR in 0,26 %, while post-infection antibodies were detected in 6,43 %. The level of post-vaccination immunity in the population of vaccinated animals from 2019 to 2021 averaged 92 %. The ELISA method was used 15 times more often than PCR, which is due to the use of the method for ease of screening and lower labor costs for mass monitoring.

Study of Swine Brucellosis Infection Rate in the Avan Community of Aragatsotn Region

Investigations on the swine brucellosis has been conducted for the first time within 2021-2022 throughout the recent 60 years. Probably, the infection carrier small and large cattle have become the cause of brucellosis infection. Joint housing and zoohygienic conditions, as well as the remnants of infected dairy products have served as predisposing factors formorbidity. Rose-Bengal test and agglutination reaction were used to detect antibodies in blood serum. As a result of epidemiological analysis, the indicators of morbidity and insecurity rates have amounted to 0.0025 (0.25 %), 0.0075 (0.75 %), respectively, while the economic damage has made AMD 1 mln 310 thousand.

CATTLE NECROBACTERIOSIS IN THE LIVESTOCK FACILITIES OF THE ALMATY REGION

Necrobacteriosis affects many species of animals. The most susceptible and sensitive to Fusobacterium necrophorum are reindeer, cattle and small cattle, pigs, and rabbits. A constant carriership of the causative agent of necrobacteriosis in the rumen and intestines of ruminants has been established, causative agent is found in food particles during chewing, as well as in feces. The causative agent of necrobacteriosis is widespread in the environment (livestock buildings, walking yards, manure, soil, pastures, stagnant reservoirs, etc.). Infestation of animals occurs when the pathogen enters the injured areas of the skin or mucous membranes of animals. Disturbed blood circulation, cracks and peeling of the horn happen as a result of long-term keeping of animals in damp premices, grazing them in damp, swampy areas, and also maceration of the limb tissues.
 Four cultures of the causative agent of cattle necrobacteriosis Fusobacterium necrophorum were isolated from sick animals with symptoms of lameness, their biological properties were studied. The pathogenicity of the isolated cultures was studied in laboratory animals. The work was conducted in laboratory and production conditions in "KazSRVI" LLP and at the dairy farm at "Arkabay" human settlement (village) of Talgar district of Almaty region, where stall keeping of animals is practiced. Slices from the diseased hoof of cows were taken at the border of the diseased and healthy tissue. Samples of the selected biological material were plated on Kitt-Tarozzi medium at the sampling site on the farm. The biological material taken from sick animals was studied within several hours after sampling in accordance with the guidelines for laboratory diagnosis of necrobacteriosis. Material for laboratory research (sections from the horny tissue of the hoof on the border with the healthy one) were taken fresh and inoculated on a nutrient medium for anaerobes. 
 The results of cultivation of the necrobacteriosis causative agent on liquid and solid nutrient media under anaerobic conditions are presented. To get rid of the accompanying microflora and obtain a pure culture of F. necrophorum, a bioassay was set on laboratory animals - rabbits. All isolated cultures were highly pathogenic for rabbits. On the 14-15th day after infection, the experimental rabbits died. A pure culture of F. necrophorum, not contaminated with extraneous microflora, was sown from the internal organs of rabbits. It was found that rabbits are the optimal biomodel for purification of the F. necrophorum culture. 
 The biochemical properties of the isolated cultures have been studied. It was found that epizootic cultures of the causative agent of necrobacteriosis emitted hydrogen sulfide and had hemolytic properties. In experiments in vitro and in vivo, it was found that the isolated cultures of F. necrophorum showed hyaluronidase activity. Cultures of F. necrophorum had a high catalase activity, they split hydrogen peroxide with the formation of oxygen (gas bubbles). When studying biochemical properties, it was found that F. necrophorum releases ammonia within 2-3 hours. Four cultures of F. necrophorum isolated from biological material from cattle were identical in biological properties.

Genomics Confirm an Alarming Status of the Genetic Diversity of Belgian Red and Belgian White Red Cattle.

Simple SummaryGenetic diversity of livestock is vitally important as it enables the adaptation of future populations to changing environments. Therefore, preserving a sufficiently large genetic diversity is key. However, for many local cattle populations, little is known about their genetic diversity such as inbreeding level, effective size etc. We studied the genetic diversity of two local Belgian red cattle populations (Belgian Red and Belgian White Red cattle) using state-of-the-art genomic techniques. These tools assessed diversity at the population and individual level, and allowed the positioning of these two breeds in an international context of 52 other (European) cattle breeds. Accordingly, we contribute to the general knowledge of European red cattle, and more specifically we help the breeders, breed organization and the government to manage the genetic diversity of both breeds.Genetic diversity is increasingly important for researchers and society. Small and local populations deserve more attention especially, as they may harbor important characteristics. Moreover, small populations are at greater risk and their genetic management is often more challenging. Likewise, European red cattle populations are threatened, as they are outcompeted by more specialized cattle breeds. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of two local Belgian red cattle breeds: Belgian Red and Belgian White Red cattle. A total of 270 animals were genotyped via medium density SNP arrays. Genetic diversity was assessed using runs of homozygosity screening, effective population size estimation and Fst analyses. Genomic inbreeding coefficients based on runs of homozygosity were estimated at 7.0% for Belgian Red and 6.1% for Belgian White Red cattle, and both populations had a low effective population size (68 and 86, respectively). PCA, Fst and admixture analyses revealed the relationship to 52 other international breeds, where they were closest related to some Belgian, French, Scandinavian and Dutch breeds. Moreover, Fst analyses revealed for Belgian Red cattle a signature of selection on BTA6, adjacent to the KIT gene. This study gains important knowledge on the genetic diversity of these two small local red cattle breeds, and will aid in their (genetic) management.

Monitoring of bacterial agents isolated from small cattle on the territory of certain regions of the Russian Federation

The paper presents the results of bacterial screening of goat and sheep breeding enterprises in certain regions of Russia (Tver, Moscow, Smolensk regions, as well as the Republic of Mari-El and Tatarstan), conducted in the period from 2018 to 2021. In the course of this work, 556 samples of sectional material (heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidneys, liver, lymph nodes, breast, flushes from the genitourinary system, as well as exudate from purulent lesions) were subjected to a comprehensive bacteriological study. As a result of the conducted studies, 1223 isolates belonging to 25 families (111 bacterial species) were isolated and identified (by the method of time-of-flight mass spectrometry MALDI-ToF). According to the data obtained, the incidence of Escherichia coli isolation was 10.95%, Trueperella pyogenes – 5.47%, Staphylococcus aureus – 5.31%, Proteus mirabilis – 4.08%, Mannheimia haemolytica – 4.00%, Enterococcus faecalis – 3.76%, Enterobacter cloacea and Staphylococcus haemolyticus – 3.59%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae – 3.51%, Pasteurella multocida – 3.27%, Acinetobacter lwoffii – 2.78%, Staphylococcus cohnii – 2.61%, Bibersteinia trehalosi – 2.29%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa – 2.12%, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus – 1.96%, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus equorum – 1.88%, Aerococcus viridans – 1.80%, Corynebacterium xerosis – 1.72%, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus pyogenes – 1.39%, Staphylococcus chromogenes and Streptococcus entericus – 1.14%, respectively. The incidence of isolation of other types of microorganisms was below 1%. The data obtained indicate the circulation of a wide range of bacteria in goat and sheep breeding enterprises of the Russian Federation, some of which should be positioned as pathogenic flora (for example, Pasteurella multocida, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, etc.), some as conditionally pathogenic (Trueperella pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bibersteinia trehalosi, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, etc.), as well as the normal flora of the animal body. It is worth focusing on these data when conducting a survey of livestock enterprises in order to establish an objective epizootic situation, including taking into account the possibility of circulating pathogens of factor diseases.

Correlation of Genomic and Pedigree Inbreeding Coefficients in Small Cattle Populations.

Simple SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the consistency of different methodologies and sources of information used to estimate inbreeding coefficients in small populations by analyzing the correlation between them in the Holstein population of Mexico and to choose the best option in order to aid breeding programs to improve the productive traits of Holstein cattle in small-specialized populations.This study aimed to identify inbreeding coefficient (F) estimators useful for improvement programs in a small Holstein population through the evaluation of different methodologies in the Mexican Holstein population. F was estimated as follows: (a) from pedigree information (Fped); (b) through runs of homozygosity (Froh); (c) from the number of observed and expected homozygotic SNP in the individuals (Fgeno); (d) through the genomic relationship matrix (Fmg). The study included information from 4277 animals with pedigree records and 100,806 SNP. The average and standard deviation values of F were 3.11 ± 2.30 for Fped, −0.02 ± 3.55 for Fgeno, 2.77 ± 0.71 for Froh and 3.03 ± 3.05 for Fmg. The correlations between coefficients varied from 0.30 between Fped and Froh, to 0.96 between Fgeno and Fmg. Differences in the level of inbreeding among the parent’s country of origin were found regardless of the method used. The correlations among genomic inbreeding coefficients were high; however, they were low with Fped, so further research on this topic is required.

Исследование состояния животноводства периода Киевской Руси по материалам раскопок памятника Игрень-8

1733 bone fragments were excavated at the Rus layer of the archeological site Igren-8 placed near the Samara river falling into the Dnipro river in 2018. 1103 fossils were identified by their anatomical and species affiliation. Such sample is considered to be statistically sufficient to characterize the condition of animal husbandry in the settlement. Zoological material characteristics show that the cattle made up the absolute majority of the meat production consumed by the settlers. Hunting was paid insignificant attention. The cows take the first place according to the number of the found fossils (581 bone fragments). The small cattle take the second place (387 bone fragments). The swine take the third place (78 bone fragments). The fourth and the fifth places are taken by the horse (8 bone fragments) and the dog (3 bone fragments) accordingly. The elk, deer, hare, wolf, beaver and ferret fossils were identified too, with 46 bone fragments. The sex and age characteristics of the cattle suggest milk cattle breeding. The small cattle were bred for milk and wool both. The age of the killed animals and their teeth condition denotes the sufficient feed base at the site. The height of the cows at the withers ranges from 109 cm to 122.7 cm. The height of the sheep at the withers ranges from 58.6 cm to 65.9 cm. The height of the horse was 138.8 cm; also it was medium-legged according to the leg thickness.

Животноводство и охота у северян

The aim of the study is to analyze the role of animal husbandry and hunting among the Siverians. The database is composed of osteological remains of mammals from 20 residential sites and products that characterize the importance of animal husbandry and hunting. The total number of the sites is 28. Thirteen of the twenty complexes involved in the analysis contain materials on animal husbandry, eight on hunting and 14 allow a complex analysis. Cattle predominated in animal husbandry, small cattle and pigs ranked second to third, horses were approximately 1/10. The age composition of the herd indicates a developed animal husbandry and a good forage base. The tools of animal husbandry confirm tender care and active life-saving use. Hunting depended on game and hunter skills. The most common prey were deer. Fur is represented mainly by fox. Probably some bone arrowheads represent fur hunting. We do not exclude the existence of the bear totem, as well as the importance of the beaver. The ratio of animal husbandry (reproductive form) and hunting (appropriative form) indicates the active use of the gifts of nature not because of the lack of meat from animal husbandry, but because of the rational use of food sources.

272 Effect of Frame Size and Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Cattle Finished on Novel Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Pastures

Abstract Objectives were to investigate the effects of frame score (FS) and supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of cattle finished on novel endophyte-infected fescue pastures. This 2-yr experiment used 80 Angus-sired, crossbred steers and heifers bred for divergent FS. Cattle were allotted to 5 treatments: 1) non-supplemented small frame (S-NON; FS = 3.0 ± 0.9), 2) supplemented small frame (S-SUPP), 3) non-supplemented large frame (L-NON; FS = 4.7 ± 0.6), 4) supplemented large frame (L-SUPP), and 5) grain-based control feedlot ration (CON; FS = 4.2 ± 0.6; target ADG = 1.36 kg/day). Daily rations were delivered individually using Calan gates. Pasture supplement contained corn gluten feed, a commercially available rumen-protected prilled vegetable fat, and dried molasses fed at 0.5% of BW. Treatments started on 7/8/2019 and 5/21/2020, and ended in November of each yr when cattle were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Results were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with main effects of treatment, sire, sex, yr, and yr x treatment, with contrast statements comparing large vs. small frame, pasture supplemented vs. non-supplemented, and control vs. pasture groups. As expected, CON had greater (P < 0.001) growth performance (final BW and ADG) and carcass characteristics (HCW, subcutaneous fat, marbling, dressing percentage (DRESS%) than pasture groups, and tended to have greater (P=0.053) REA. Relative to pasture groups, CON had greater (P < 0.001) Minolta L* and a* lean tissue values, and decreased (P < 0.001) b* values for fat tissue. While non-supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.016) yield grades (YG), supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.050) final BW, ADG, subcutaneous fat, HCW, marbling, and DRESS% compared to non-supplemented cattle. Small framed cattle tender to have decreased (P = 0.056) YG; but, large framed cattle had greater (P = 0.006) HCW, and tended (P = 0.060) to have greater ultrasound subcutaneous fat. Results support low-level supplementation in pasture-finishing systems to improve carcass value.

ECHINOCOCCOSIS AND CYSTICERCOSIS OF SHEEP AND GOATS IN THE FARMS OF THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

The article provides data on the spread of echinococcosis and cysticercosis of sheep and goats in the farms of the South of Ukraine.
 The aim of the study was to monitor echinococcosis and cysticercosis of small cattle in farms in the southern and northern regions of Odessa region.
 The research was carried out at the slaughter points of the Odessa region. In order to identify larval cestodoses, carcasses and organs from 322 sheep and 84 goats were examined. In the south of the Odessa region at slaughter points with. Tatarbunary of the Tatarbunar district and Olefirenko LLC of the Liman district, 217 sheep and 45 goats were examined. 105 sheep and 39 goats were examined at the slaughter points of cattle in the Kodimsky district and LLC "Segros" in the Shiryaevsky district of the northern part of the Odessa region.
 For the period from 2016 to 2020, four causative agents of larvaceous cestodoses were registered, which include: echinococcosis, cysticercosis ovis (phinosis), tenuikolny and coenurosis (whirligig). Echinococcus infestation of sheep in the southern regions of the Odessa region was in the range from 10.1 % to 14.7 %, and in goats - 10.7-11.1 %, while in the northern regions the infection of sheep was 7.4-8.9 %, and goats - 6.5-7.9 %. The incidence of Cysticercus tenuicollis sheep in the southern regions ranged from 13.8% to 15.7 %, while in the northern regions - from 18.5% to 22.3 %, which is 29.6 % more. In 95 % of sheep, Cysticercus tenuicollis was found on the omentum, in 3 % on the omentum and liver, and in 2 % an only on the liver with an intensity of 3 to 16 cysts per animal. In goats, all cysts were exclusively on the omentum.

Prospects for increasing the utilization of cattle embryo transfer by small-scale milk and meat producers in tropical regions.

Small community cattle farmers in the tropics are facing challenges to deliver quality products whilst under pressure to increase milk and beef yields per cow. These challenges could be partially met by crossbreeding Bos taurus with Bos indicus (F1) cattle utilizing embryo transfer (ET) technology. The Bos taurus infusion would increase milk production, whilst the Bos indicus influence can improve resistance to the harsh environment of the tropics. Here, individuals from existing herds can be used to produce F1 embryos which benefit from hybrid vigour. Resultant female offspring would in turn receive an F1 embryo on reaching breeding maturity. This approach would help to provide a cost-effective, systematic approach to improve productivity in dairy and beef cattle in the tropics.However, full usage of ET, including in vitro applications, in the tropics will require improvements in procedures, resources and education.

Osteological materials from the mausoleums of the Babishmolа oasis

  The article analyzes the osteological materials found in the mausoleums of the Babishmolinsky oa- sis. During archaeological excavations in two mausoleums, 151 specimens of mammalian remains and one bird bone were found. When studying the collection, the following were described:: the composi- tion of the elements of the skeleton of each species, the fragmentation of each element, the state of the epiphysis (accretion-not accretion), the state of the dental system. Biometric measurements of the Korsak skull (Vulpes corsac) were performed. As a result of the archaeozoological analysis of the bone remains, 8 animal species, one bird and elements of human bones were identified. According to the number of bones in the first place, there are the bones of horses, the bones of small cattle (sheep-goats) in the second place. All kinds of domestic animals are found in the Akshunkyr mausoleum, although the total bone material is small. Two types of domestic animals, as well as the bones of carnivorous animals and birds, were found from the Egistik mausoleum. According to the authors of the article, the remains of animals found in the mausoleums of Akshunkyr and Egistik are associated with the rites of ancient times. The question of finding the bones of predatory animals and birds, along with domestic animals, remains open. A comparative analysis of animal bones in similar burials and their specific features is carried out. Key words: Chirikrabat culture, Zhanadaria, Babishmolа oasis, mausoleum, burial rite, animal bones, archeozoology, mammals, osteometry.

The influence of zeolite-mineral feed additives on the growth and development of young cattle in Yakutia

This article presents the results of the study to determine the effect of zeolite-mineral feed additives when feeding young Simmental cattle in the conditions of Yakutia. Scientific and economic experiments to determine the optimal norms of local mineral feed additives were carried out in the conditions of Central Yakutia. The experiment was performed on young bulls of the Simmental cattle breed during the age of between 12 and 18 months. The experimental animals were selected by the analog method, which took into account the indicators of age, live weight and clinical indicators. During the experiment animals were kept under identical conditions. The difference was that the experimental groups were additionally given a mineral feed supplement – hongurin in different doses and Kempendyai salt with the daily basic diet. Animals in the cold season were kept in a small cattle house, fastened. During the experiments the optimal rate of inclusion of a zeolite-mineral feed additive was established, which allowed to maximize the growth rates of live weight while maintaining all clinical and physiological norms of the body. Thus, at the end of the experiment the animals of the II and III experimental groups were heavier than their peers from the test group by 2.93% and 4.28%. As a result, the animals of the experimental groups reached a live weight of 382.5 and 385.3 kg versus 371.6 kg in the test group. Growth rate indicators in test group bulls equaled 564.44 g, and for bulls in the II and III experimental groups 630 g and 650.56 g, respectively (indicators are higher by 11.62% and 15.26%). Thus, the use of zeolite-mineral feed additives in feeding young Simmental cattle in Yakutia has shown efficiency.