Small Bottles Research Articles

Ultrapure Dialysate for Home Hemodialysis?

Use of ultrapure dialysate (bacteria < 0.1 CFU/mL and endotoxin < 0.03 EU/mL) is associated with a reduction in inflammation and morbidity in patients treated with conventional thrice-weekly dialysis. The improved outcomes obtained with more frequent dialysis schedules have reawakened interest in home hemodialysis. More frequent dialysis also appears to reduce inflammation, and whether combining more frequent dialysis with use of ultrapure dialysate will have an additive effect on inflammation and its consequences remains unclear. Routinely producing ultrapure dialysate in a home environment with a conventional hemodialysis machine poses technical challenges related to the design of the equipment and the intermittent nature of hemodialysis. Solutions to these problems include use of a system in which the water-treatment equipment is fully integrated with the dialysis machine, use of dry-powder cartridges or sterile prepackaged liquids for bicarbonate concentrate, and use of a bacteria-retentive and endotoxin-retentive filter for final purification of the dialysate immediately before it enters the dialyzer. Alternatively, ultrapure dialysate may be achieved with newer machines designed specifically for home hemodialysis that use a new batch of dialysate for each treatment. The volume of dialysate available with these machines, however, currently limits their use to short-daily dialysis.

Produksi Efipium Dafnia (Daphnia carinata King) dengan Pengaturan Fotoperiode dan Kepadatan Kultur

Daphnia carinata King is a planktonic crustacean commonly used as natural food for freshwater fish. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different culture densities of daphnids and photoperiod on the ephippia production. Daphnids of different densities, i.e. 15, 20, and 25 individuals per 20 ml water media were cultured in small bottles. The bottles were placed in a refrigerator and treated with two different photoperiods, i.e. 10.5 light hours : 13.5 dark hours (10.5:13.5) and 4 light hours : 20 dark hours (4:20). All refrigerators were set at 12 ° C. The experiment was arranged in a Complete Randomized Design with factorial treatments (3x2) replicated six times. The ephippia were colleted from every bottle for 45 days. The results showed that the photoperiod of 10.5: 13.5 and daphnid densities of 25 individuals per 20 ml produced most ephippia ( 12.1). Different culture density within the same photoperiod had no significant effect on ephippia production.

For hearth and altar: African ceramics from the Keith Achepohl Collection

An extraordinary collection of beautiful ceramic objects that reflect the intimate connection between pottery and village life across the African continent Practicing centuries-old techniques that have been passed through generations, African potters craft their wares by hand from terra cotta clay, firing them in the open to create vessels of amazing durability. These pieces embody an immediacy of form and a deceptive simplicity that reflect their makers' deep understanding of material, process, and embellishment. This exquisite book presents a virtuoso group of African ceramics collected by printmaker and professor Keith Achepohl over the past 20 years. Focusing on the aesthetic accomplishment of each work, Achepohl has assembled a collection that ranges in date from the 3rd to the mid-20th century, spans the African continent, and displays the full range and artistry of African ceramics. Beginning with a small group of archaeological pieces that demonstrates the historical roots of ceramic traditions in Africa, the book also offers a larger selection that highlights the continuing connection between pottery and village life, secular and sacred, in Africa. Among the featured works are large, dramatic storage and water containers; mid-sized vessels designed to hold personal belongings, serve food, and brew beer and palm wine; and small bottles and embellished containers made as luxury items and for religious and ritual use.

EVALUATION OF A SELF-DETECTION TOOL FOR TAPEWORM CARRIERS FOR USE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

The current study was designed to evaluate a tool for the self-identification of tapeworm carriers. Clinical and animal health care practitioners and schoolteachers were trained regarding the life cycle, risk factors, and control measures related to infection with Taenia solium. More than 120 small glass bottles with a few tapeworm segments fixed in formaldehyde and an instructional guide were distributed among all clinical practitioners (physicians and nurses) working in health centers. The guide contained 10 key points on how to ask questions about tapeworm infections. Information on taeniosis and cysticercosis was also provided to the general population via different media. Seven tapeworm carriers were recorded in the official epidemiology surveillance system the year previous to the study, compared with the year after the study, when 41 tapeworm carriers (37 Taenia saginata; 4 Taenia solium) were recorded. Six times more tapeworm carriers were notified after the study. All four persons with Taenia solium were treated, thereby eliminating the parasite and subsequently preventing any new cases of human and swine cysticercosis that might have arisen from them.

Low-Cost "Vacuum Desiccator"

Described are individualized, low-cost, and safe that can be efficiently and rapidly made with an inexpensive kitchen aid sold for shrink-wrapping food. The device can be used for enclosing small vials or bottles and also jars that are too large to be placed in conventional glass or plastic desiccators. This shrink-wrapping device is proposed for producing vacuum desiccators in large undergraduate chemistry laboratories or in graduate and research laboratories.

Tools of the trade

For a week in June, the elevator door on the second floor in the Camp Hill Veterans' Memorial Building — the geriatric facility in Halifax's sprawling QEII Health Sciences Centre — opened to reveal a unique scene: an exhibit of new designs for some of the more common implements used by health care practitioners. Tools for Health brought together the results of an ongoing collaboration between hospital staff and the faculty and students of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD), whose first-ever product design course yielded functional and creative innovations for everything from reflex hammers to staff uniforms and linen carts. Each of the roughly 25 prototypes aimed to find solutions to specific problems or flaws in the delivery of health care and to make the experience less stressful and more humane for both practitioner and patient. Graphic design student Alan White created a self-contained handwashing station to replace the random collections of small plastic bottles of antibacterial liquid usually provided in hospitals for this purpose. White was influenced early on by his mother, a former nurse. “In a hospital, hand sanitation is paramount, but there's no direction or system to get people to do it,” he explains, adding that once you get someone, whether staff, patient or visitor, to remember to wash their hands, the next problem is to communicate good technique. White's solution was to make the station prominent without taking up excessive room. He decided to make it bright green, “because people associate that colour with cleanliness. It has a bright rapport with users. It's curved, organic and contemporary.” The station provides a clear “how-to” through a combination of clean, colourful illustrations and easily read lettering — particularly helpful for elderly patients. Functional design details include an automated faucet that allows users to avoid touching the tap. Student Margot Durling designed a belt to be worn by a patient, facilitating the caregiver's ability to lift, steady and walk a patient in smoother, less strained motions. “There were a lot of ergonomic improvements, keeping in mind both the caregiver and the patient,” Durling says, adding that she had to keep in mind that some caregivers are elderly and frail themselves. Durling padded the belt with an inner foam lining, inserted rubber mesh to increase traction and added straps to provide support along the patient's thighs, rather than just around the waist. NSCAD is planning to create courses under the rubric of Design for Health and to establish a business arm to produce and market the best of the students' work. White and Durling have already been approached about manufacturing their products and are looking into patenting their designs. Geriatrician Kenneth Rockwood, a staff physician at Camp Hill, attributes the success of the project to the “dialogue between the students, staff, researchers and patients” that resulted from the students spending course time at the Camp Hill site. Rockwood remarks, “This work is an outward and visible signal, a metaphor, saying that we can do the job better than we did before.” Sean Flinn Freelance Writer Halifax, NS Figure. Alan White's handwashing station: Semmelweis would approve Photo by: Sean Flinn

Beet necrotic yellow vein benyvirus

Beet necrotic yellow vein benyvirus

Generation of Retroviral Packaging and Producer Cell Lines for Large-Scale Vector Production and Clinical Application: Improved Safety and High Titer

For many applications, human clinical therapies using retroviral vectors still require many technological improvements in key areas of vector design and production. These improvements include higher unprocessed manufacturing titers, complement-resistant vectors, and minimized potential to generate replication-competent retrovirus (RCR). To address these issues, we have developed a panel of human packaging cell lines (PCLs) with reduced homology between retroviral vector and packaging components. These reduced-homology PCLs allowed for the use of a novel high multiplicity of transduction ("high m.o. t.") method to introduce multiple copies of provector within vector-producing cell lines (VPCLs), resulting in high-titer vector without the generation of RCR. In a distinct approach to increase vector yields, we integrated manufacturing parameters into screening strategies and clone selection for large-scale vector production. Collectively, these improvements have resulted in the development of diverse VPCLs with unprocessed titers exceeding 2 x 10(7) CFU/ml. Using this technology, human Factor VIII VPCLs yielding titers as high as 2 x 10(8) CFU/ml unprocessed supernatant were generated. These cell lines produce complement-resistant vector particles (N. J. DePolo et al., J. Virol. 73: 6708-6714, 1999) and provide the basis for an ongoing Factor VIII gene therapy clinical trial.

A Cheap Holder for Small Reagent Bottles

A Cheap Holder for Small Reagent Bottles

Dosimetry of Cobalt 60 Gamma Chamber

Ferrous sulphate-benzoic acid-xylen(tl orange (FBX) dosimetric system is linear in the range fl|0m 0.01 Gy to 10 Gy and can be used in the case of a nuclear accident, for documenting clinical doses in total-body irradiations in radiation therapy as well as for measuring daily radiation dose during external beam therapy because of its tissue-equivallency. FBX system is stable up to 15 days in the range 15 - 60 degree centigrade. It is independent of photon energy up to 3 ke V and is fairly dose rate in dependent in the range from 0.01 to 2.5 Gy/min. Besides its use in radiation therapy, external beam therapy and nuclear accidents, the present study shows that this dosimeter can be effectively used for determining positional variation inside the gamma chamber. This has been detected by placing dosimetric solutions in small bottles kept in two racks of the phantom in a symmetrical fashion. Average variations in two tracks were found to be 2.74 per cent, 0.33 per cent, 4 per cent and 4.83 per cent.

King of the One-String

Many Mississippi blues musicians--among them, Elmore James, Eddie Cusic, Big Jack Johnson, Lonnie Pitchford, and Napoleon Strickland--began their musical careers by learning as children to play a one-stringed homemade instrument sometimes called a diddley-bow.(1) diddley-bow is usually made by nailing a wire to a wall or a board and using small bottles (often snuff bottles) as bridges at both ends of the wire. instrument is ordinarily played with a slide of some sort, often a knife or a bottle. When built on a board, it is usually played on the lap, like a mountain dulcimer or lap steel guitar. diddley-bow probably evolved from a musical bow commonly found in most of sub-Saharan Africa but particularly prevalent on Africa's west coast, from which most American slaves were taken.(2) Sometimes, however, the same instrument seems to have been invented independently by poverty-stricken but musically inclined individuals with no knowledge of its African antecedents. Bluesman Lonnie Pitchford of Holmes County, Mississippi, for instance, says he figured out how to make one on his own when he was five or six years old and didn't know anyone else who made them, and blues researcher Selina O'Neal reports that white musicians in poor and isolated pockets of the Appalachians sometimes play very similar one-stringed instruments.(3) Most bluesmen left the diddley-bow behind after they got their first guitars, although Bukka White took it up temporarily when he couldn't afford guitar strings, and a few, like Pitchford, have continued to play the instrument occasionally as adults. Glen Faulkner, however, plays the diddley-bow exclusively--and masterfully (he has been recorded for a blues anthology and has toured Europe). One day last summer, photographer Tom Rankin and visited Faulkner at his home in the countryside between Senatobia and Como, Mississippi.(4) As we pulled into the driveway, Faulkner was sitting on the front porch of his brick house, looking like a bluesman, in a short-brimmed Stetson, blue jeans, and what appeared to be hand-tooled cowboy boots. He invited us in, introduced us to his wife, and took us to his living room, where his electric diddley-bow sat on a chair. Faulkner's one-string is made from a piece of plywood cut with a jigsaw into the shape of a guitar, with a pickup cannibalized from a real electric guitar. metal plate set into the body carries the legend, King of the One String. Asked what he calls his instrument, Faulkner answered, A diddley-bow or a bow-diddley, either one. (Napoleon Strickland, from the same area, calls his a jitterbug.)(5) Faulkner picked up the instrument, sat down, switched on the ancient amplifier, and began to play, using a clasp knife for a slide. But no sound came from the amp. He took a rubber mallet that was sitting nearby and gave the amplifier a few sharp whacks. Sometimes you have to hit it to get it working, he said, grinning. Then he ripped into four straight tunes, segueing directly from one to another. first was a wild version of The Star Spangled Banner. (Jimi Hendrix's rendition had nothing on Faulkner's, especially considering that Faulkner did it on just one string.) That led into the most bluesy version of Happy Birthday I've ever heard, followed by Hank Williams's I Saw the Light, and finally Johnny Cash's I Walk the Line. An unusual medley, for sure, but somehow it worked and worked well. asked Faulkner if he ever sang while playing, and he replied that he couldn't sing and almost never had anyone sing with him. He's primarily a solo instrumentalist. then asked why he chose to play the diddley-bow. He replied that when he was a boy, his uncle had played one but didn't like anyone to watch him or listen to him while he played. Naturally, Faulkner became fascinated. He also grew up around a group of Como-Senatobia musicians that included Othar Turner and Napoleon Strickland, and he had seen Strickland play a one-string. …

III. Cultivation methods of maitake (Grifola frondosa)

Artificial culture of maitake (Grifola frondosa) in Japan has a short 15‐year history. Mass production of artificially cultured mushrooms was started only about 10 years ago after the elucidation of its biology. Three artificial cultivation methods have been established: 1. Bottle culture: This method is suitable for year‐round culture and can be mechanized with minimum labor requirements. The size of the harvested mushroom is small because of the small bottles used (800–1000 ml). 2. Bag culture: This method is used most frequently in Japan. Sawdust is mixed with rice and wheat brans. After the moisture of the mixture is adjusted, the mixture is packed in a polypropylene bag and is molded into a square‐shaped culture bed. 3. Outdoor bed culture: This method was first attempted in Japan under natural climatic conditions. This method requires about 6 months from inoculation to fruiting body formation.

Day Poem

Day Poem Benjamin D. Egnatz (bio) Lunch at Sapporo, 47th street, the waiter nods and bows as I order noodles in soup, and soon his dark arm will lay across the table when he brings the food and I won’t mind, I think, as he now re-arranges the small bottles of vinegar and soy on my table, even turns once the pepper shaker. Loud are the lunch sounds at Sapporo, 47th street, waiters sightlessly yell out greetings and thanks, the many-burnered range rattles, the burning jet of gas; all day glass after glass of water being poured, clink-clunk of cubes of ice spilling into the pitcher spout; four Japanese businessmen, too, just arriving, bubble courtesies. After the waiter has brought the food, his brown eyes barely making contact, hurried sound of pencil across the check, perhaps a flap of check hitting table, that small shock coiling across the soup surface in the large bowl, I will bob my head into it and seem like the businessmen giving it my courtesy, will seem like the waiter, greeting it, thanking it. Benjamin D. Egnatz Benjamin D. Egnatz is currently a doctoral candidate in English at New York University, where he teaches freshman writing. He is also employed at the investment firm Hyperion Capital Management, Inc. Copyright © 1998 Charles H. Rowell

Risk based package design

AbstractThe shipment of hazardous chemicals can pose signficant risk to the general public and the environment. These shipments are made in a variety of packages ranging from small bottles to large tank trucks, tank cars, and barges. However, the many standards and regulations that have been established to govern the design and use of these packages define what many consider to be the minimum requirements for risk management. This paper presents a methodology that can be used to more thoroughly identify the risk minimization options and verify the design of a package for a particular service. This method is based on the concept of a threat analysis of the proposed movement of the hazardous chemical. The threat analysis looks for unusual (but realistic) threats to the package that may result in the release of the hazardous chemical to the environment. Such unusual threats may include events such as: Dropping of the package during loading; Accident enroute; External fire during shipment; Random acts of vandalism (using the package as a practice target); Puncture (fork lift collision with package, rail/truck accident); Crushing (sudden starting or stopping). By conducting an engineering analysis of the strength and ability of the container to withstand these unusual events, a package design that can withstand the threats indentified in the threat analysis can be defined.

Microbiological quality of bottled water in Saudi Arabia

Abstract The microbiological quality of sixty six bottled water samples representing 14 locally produced and six imported brands in Saudi Arabia have been examined for total coliform and heterotrophic plate count using membrane filtration method. Three local brands of large capacity (10–20 liters) were also used to observe the storage effect for 75 days. No coliform was detected in any of the samples. Very low plate counts (0–1/ml) were found in small bottles (0.5 ‐ 1.5 liters capacity) whereas comparatively high plate counts (3–276/ml) were found in large bottles. It was also observed that storing the large bottles for certain time causes an increase in bacterial count.

Finite Element Modelling of the Inflation Process in Blow Moulding

The blow molding process historically has been used for the production of small bottles. Recent applications are also in the field of more technical products. Increasing requirements on the quality of molded parts and on the transparency of the process require the optimization of the process in an early stage of die design.

Characterisation of polymer masterbatches by modern thermal methods of analysis

Thermoplastic masterbatches are a complex blend of the base thermoplastic resin, a pigment and a range of additive materials. End use applications of masterbatches include agricultural film, packaging film, injection moulding of small and large bottles, boxes and crates and extrusion of pipe and sheet.

Methane flux measurements from paddy fields in the tropical Indian region

Methane flux measurements have been made from paddy fields in the Thanjavur region in southern India from September 1991 to January 1992. This is a major rice growing area having plenty of river and rain water. A perspex chamber was used to cover the plants. Samples from this chamber were collected using a metal bellows pump in small sample bottles. The methane flux values estimated from the analysis of these samples are mostly in the range of 15–25 mg m −2h −1. These preliminary results, from natural fields, give higher flux values than estimates from some other regions in India, as well as average values for the mid-latitude region, but values lower than from China.

Histoire de la collection de verreries du musée Calvet à Avignon

This Calvet collection dates back to the 18th century (which is quite rare in a district museum such as Avignon). Esprit Calvet (1728-1810) creator of the foundation which bears his name, and member of many scholar societies had relationships with the most famous antique dealers of his time, and more particularly the Count of Caylus and the Abbot of Sade. His cluster of correspondents kept him aware of the findings which happened and allowed him to buy archeological objects among which glass issued mainly from graves. In the 19th century, the museum organized under the state's supervision excavations in Vaison-la-Romaine (1838-1842) and in Apt (1840-1842) ; it received gifts, brought some objects, (more especially glass) and exchanged others (glass basket in 1840). There are over 30 urns, unguent bottles, small bottles and table crockery coming mainly from the Vaucluse. Few objects bought or exchanged come from Italy (Capoua) or the Middle-East (Tyre).

Effects of bottle size in determinations of primary productivity by phytoplankton

Determinations of primary productivity were made by the radiocarbon method at regular intervals over a year in samples, taken from the eutrophic waters of the Menai Strait, North Wales, and contained in bottles of capacities from 135 ml up to 2290 ml. Fixation per unit volume in particulate matter retained by 0 · 45 μm pore size membrane filters was independent of bottle size over most of the year. There was a consistent divergence, however, during the period of rapid phytoplankton growth in the spring, when small bottles gave up to three times higher values than large ones. Possible effects of bottle size on primary productivity determinations are discussed but the cause of this particular result is not apparent.