Small Bath Research Articles

Optimizing Nickel Electroplating in Low-Ni Environments for Efficient Source Production in Small Plating Baths

Electroplating nickel-63, a radioactive isotope used in betavoltaic batteries and random number generators, requires precise control due to its limited availability and the generation of radioactive waste. To minimize waste and ensure effective plating, small plating baths are employed, optimizing the process within constrained conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to determine the optimal plating conditions and limiting conditions for nickel electroplating in a small plating bath. This study focuses on the use of low-concentration nickel solutions and small plating equipment, in contrast to the common industrial practice of using high concentrations of nickel. Here, it is important to optimize the plating parameters, especially the nickel concentration, current density, and bath temperature. An average thickness of 1.8 μm was found when plating with a nickel concentration of 0.06 M, a current density of 5 mA/cm2, and a solution temperature of 40 °C, while ideal conditions were found to achieve the theoretical maximum energy and 90% release rate when plating with nickel-63 instead of Ni.

A Technique to Deliver Conformal External Beam Radiation for Squamous Carcinoma of the Penile Glans and Urethra

This study presents an approach to external beam radiation therapy for treating penile cancer using a small water bath. This modified technique involves the use of an acrylic, cuboid-shaped water bath with dimensions 6 × 6 × 8 cm3. The water bath is filled with readily available saline solution maintained at room temperature. The patient is positioned in the prone position, and the penis is placed within the water bath. The isocenter is set at the center of the water bath, and bilateral beams are positioned at 89.1° and 270.9°. The proposed technique was evaluated based on dose calculations, demonstrating a clinical target volume dose with a Dmax of 103.5% and a Dmin of 100.0% of the prescribed dose. Additionally, the method showed a low organs-at-risk dose, with a Dmean of only 1% for the testicles. The treatment zone inside the water bath also showed a uniform dose distribution. This technique not only offers high treatment efficiency and more accurate dose distribution to the targeted area but also provides additional benefits, including reduced toxicity to organs at risk and increased device utilization efficiency. In conclusion, the proposed modified external beam radiation therapy method presents a promising alternative for patients with penile cancer, enhancing treatment precision and safety.

Stability and dynamics of many-body localized systems coupled to a small bath

It is known that strong disorder in closed quantum systems leads to many-body localization (MBL), and that this quantum phase can be destroyed by coupling to an infinitely large Markovian environment. However, the stability of the MBL phase is less clear when the system and environment are of finite and comparable size. Here, we study the stability and eventual localization properties of a disordered Heisenberg spin chain coupled to a finite environment, and extensively explore the effects of environment disorder, geometry, initial state, and system-bath coupling strength, using the steady-state value of magnetization as a probe. Focusing on nonequilibrium dynamics and steady-state properties, our results indicate that within system sizes amenable to exact diagonalization, a strongly localized system interacting in a junction configuration retains remnant information on its initial state at long times despite coupling to a finite ergodic environment. In contrast, in a ladder configuration, strong dependencies on the initial state and coupling strength are observed, which can lead to either the loss or retention of information. Finally, we highlight and discuss discrepancies that can arise when similar methodologies are employed to infer localization or thermalization, revealing the need for careful interpretation.

Design of the reactive dyes containing large planar multi-conjugated systems and their application in non-aqueous dyeing

The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes. Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multi-conjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1, R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.

Design and performance of a small bath cryostat with NMR capability for transport of hyperpolarized samples

As of today, dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dDNP) is the only clinically available hyperpolarization technique for 13C-MRI. Despite the clear path towards personalized medicine that dDNP is paving as an alternative and/or complement to Positron Emission Tomography (PET), the technique struggles to enter everyday clinical practice. Because of the minute-long hyperpolarization lifetime after dissolution, one of the reasons lies in the need and consequent complexities of having the machine that generates the hyperpolarization (i.e. the dDNP polarizer) on site. Since some years, research groups are working to make hyperpolarization transportable. Two different methods have been developed that allow “freezing” of the nuclear spin state prior to samples extraction from the polarizer. Nevertheless, so far, all attempts of transport have been limited to a very small scale and to the level of proof-of-principle experiments. The main reason for that is the lack of adequate hardware, strategy, and control on most of the crucial parameters. To bridge the technical gap with PET and provide MRI facilities with hours long relaxing hyperpolarized compounds at controlled conditions, a new generation of low cost/small footprint liquid He cryostats equipped with a magnetically enforced cryogenic probe is needed. In this paper, we detail the theoretical and practical construction of a hyperpolarized samples transportation device small enough to fit in a car and able to hold a sample at 4.2 K for almost 8 h despite the presence of a cryogenically-demanding purpose-built probe that provides enough magnetic field upon insertion of the sample and NMR quality homogeneity at storage position. Should transportable hyperpolarization via DNP become a reality, we herein provide important details to make it possible.

Localization of a mobile impurity interacting with an Anderson insulator

Thermalizing and localized many-body quantum systems present two distinct dynamical phases of matter. Recently, the fate of a localized system coupled to a thermalizing system viewed as a quantum bath received significant theoretical and experimental attention. In this work, we study a mobile impurity, representing a small quantum bath, that interacts locally with an Anderson insulator with a finite density of localized particles. Using static Hartree approximation to obtain an effective disorder strength, we formulate an analytic criterion for the perturbative stability of the localization. Next, we use an approximate dynamical Hartree method and the quasi-exact time-evolved block decimation (TEBD) algorithm to study the dynamics of the system. We find that the dynamical Hartree approach which completely ignores entanglement between the impurity and localized particles predicts the delocalization of the system. In contrast, the full numerical simulation of the unitary dynamics with TEBD suggests the stability of localization on numerically accessible timescales. Finally, using an extension of the density matrix renormalization group algorithm to excited states (DMRG-X), we approximate the highly excited eigenstates of the system. We find that the impurity remains localized in the eigenstates and entanglement is enhanced in a finite region around the position of the impurity, confirming the dynamical predictions. Dynamics and the DMRG-X results provide compelling evidence for the stability of localization.

Propagation of many-body localization in an Anderson insulator

Many-body localization (MBL) is an example of a dynamical phase of matter that avoids thermalization. While the MBL phase is robust to weak local perturbations, the fate of an MBL system coupled to a thermalizing quantum system that represents a "heat bath" is an open question that is actively investigated theoretically and experimentally. In this work we consider the stability of an Anderson insulator with a finite density of particles interacting with a single mobile impurity -- a small quantum bath. We give perturbative arguments that support the stability of localization in the strong interaction regime. Large scale tensor network simulations of dynamics are employed to corroborate the presence of the localized phase and give quantitative predictions in the thermodynamic limit. We develop a phenomenological description of the dynamics in the strong interaction regime, and demonstrate that the impurity effectively turns the Anderson insulator into an MBL phase, giving rise to non-trivial entanglement dynamics well captured by our phenomenology.

Participatory Landscape Design and Water Management—A Sustainable Strategy for Renovation of Vernacular Baths and Landscape Protection in Szeklerland, Romania

Szeklerland is a historical-ethnic region located on the eastern border of the Carpathian Basin, in the central region of Romania. In Szeklerland, thanks to its varied topography and a network of small settlements, landscape management is still carried out using traditional methods. Szeklerland is a macro-region rich in natural resources. Among its natural treasures, the mineral water springs with healing properties are of particular importance: around 40 percent of Romania’s mineral water resources are found here. This richness in hydrogeological features is due to the fact that the post-volcanic activities in the young tertiary mountain ranges in the region still produce large quantities of carbon dioxide, which dissolves beneficial minerals from the earth. When dissolved in water, these minerals produce mineral waters that can be used to cure various types of diseases. For centuries, the medicinal properties of the mineral waters of Szeklerland have been regularly used by the local population. In addition to their consumption, small and larger vernacular baths were built in the settlements with medicinal springs, and their regular use led to the development of a traditional, local cold-water bathing culture in the region. However, the vernacular baths were destroyed in the world wars, and their traditional use was abolished by the apparatus of the 20th century communist regime, which had no respect to natural and cultural heritage. After the political change in 1989, the attention of the society turned back to tradition and values. Alongside (or as part of) nature and landscape conservation initiatives, the reinterpretation and restoration of the intangible and practical values of vernacular baths in Szeklerland also began. Over the past decades, the renovation of vernacular baths, which started as a professional–civic initiative, has grown into an independent heritage conservation programme: dozens of vernacular baths have been renovated in Szeklerland over the past twenty years with public participation initiated and led by professionals. In the course of the renovations, baths used by local communities have been rebuilt using nature- and environment-friendly techniques, materials and in a way that they are also related to the physical environment and the mythology of the region. The project has won prestigious awards both in Romania and internationally, and has become a successful and exemplary movement in landscape heritage conservation.

Simple and portable on-site system for nucleic acid-based detection of Clostridium difficile in stool samples using two columns containing microbeads and loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

It is challenging to employ nucleic acid-based diagnostics for the in situ detection of Clostridium difficile from complex fecal samples because essential sample preparation and amplification procedures require various experimental resources. In this study, a simple and effective on-site nucleic acid-based detection system was used to detect C. difficile in stool samples. Two columns containing different microbeads, namely, glass and functionalized graphene oxide-coated microbeads, were designed to remove relatively large impurities by filtration and concentrate bacteria, including C. difficile, from stool samples by adsorption. The bacterial nucleic acids were effectively extracted using a small bead beater. The effectiveness of enzyme inhibitors remaining in the sample was efficiently reduced by the direct buffer developed in this study. This sample preparation kit consisting of two simple columns showed better performance in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and equivalent performance in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) than other sample preparation kits, despite 90% simplification of the process. The amplification-ready samples were introduced into two microtubes containing LAMP pre-mixtures (one each for E. coli as an external positive control and C. difficile) by a simple sample loader, which was operated using a syringe. LAMP, which indicates amplification based on color change, was performed at 65 °C in a small water bath. The limit of detection (L.O.D) and analytical sensitivity/specificity of our simple and effective kit were compared with those of a commercial kit. C. difficile in stool samples could be detected within 1 h with 103 cfu/10 mg using LAMP combined simple on-site detection kit.

Mode‐to‐Mode Collision Energy Transfer from Vibrationally Excited C6F6 to NO/N2 Mixed Bath with the Development of New Potential Energy Functions

AbstractChemical dynamics simulations are performed to study collisional intermolecular energy transfer (IET) from highly vibrationally excited C6F6 to NO/N2 mixed baths equilibrated at 300 K. Two baths with a respective total of 200 and 1000 molecules are considered. The simulations are performed with very accurate intramolecular and intermolecular potential energy parameters either taken from literature or developed. A new simulation methodology is implemented to prepare a three‐component bath system. There is a rise in temperature during the IET dynamics in the smaller bath. The rotational ΔT is observed as 85 K in this bath and is much higher than 20 K obtained at 600 ps from the large bath simulation. However, both the simulations show less average energy transfer as compared to the one obtained from pure N2 bath simulation done previously [J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 140, 194103]. The deviation is less for the large bath simulation. The rotational degree of freedom for NO is found less effective towards IET compared to N2, whereas, the center‐of‐mass translational and vibrational modes behave similar to those of N2.

Composition and Shape of Hadrianic Domes

In-depth studies on the design of the domes of the Octagonal Hall of the Small Baths and the Vestibule of the Golden Court at Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli have been conducted starting from 3D surveys carried out with active and passive sensors. Through the comparison of the ichnographia and orthographia of these emblematic examples of architectural experimentation, common elements and features have emerged which, thanks to the integrated use of new measurement technologies, have allowed us to hypothesise dimensioning systems of the vertical structures together with possible criteria for defining the intrados–extrados relationship. Hadrian’s architects’ use of precise grid-based designs to facilitate the achievement of target quantities (required areas and volumes) as well as modules aimed at defining alignments of horizontal and vertical structures emerge clearly, providing useful elements for an integrated reading of the individual buildings to support the archaeological investigation.

Two-dimensional optomechanical crystal cavity with high quantum cooperativity

Optomechanical systems offer new opportunities in quantum information processing and quantum sensing. Many solid-state quantum devices operate at millikelvin temperatures—however, it has proven challenging to operate nanoscale optomechanical devices at these ultralow temperatures due to their limited thermal conductance and parasitic optical absorption. Here, we present a two-dimensional optomechanical crystal resonator capable of achieving large cooperativity C and small effective bath occupancy nb, resulting in a quantum cooperativity Ceff ≡ C/nb > 1 under continuous-wave optical driving. This is realized using a two-dimensional phononic bandgap structure to host the optomechanical cavity, simultaneously isolating the acoustic mode of interest in the bandgap while allowing heat to be removed by phonon modes outside of the bandgap. This achievement paves the way for a variety of applications requiring quantum-coherent optomechanical interactions, such as transducers capable of bi-directional conversion of quantum states between microwave frequency superconducting quantum circuits and optical photons in a fiber optic network.

Mobility edge and intermediate phase in one-dimensional incommensurate lattice potentials

We study theoretically the localization properties of two distinct one-dimensional quasiperiodic lattice models with a single-particle mobility edge (SPME) separating extended and localized states in the energy spectrum. The first one is the familiar Soukoulis-Economou trichromatic potential model with two incommensurate potentials, and the second is a system consisting of two coupled 1D Aubry-Andre chains each containing one incommensurate potential. We show that as a function of the Hamiltonian model parameters, both models have a wide single-particle intermediate phase (SPIP), defined as the regime where localized and extended single-particle states coexist in the spectrum, leading to a behavior intermediate between purely extended or purely localized when the system is dynamically quenched from a generic initial state. Our results thus suggest that both systems could serve as interesting experimental platforms for studying the interplay between localized and extended states, and may provide insight into the role of the coupling of small baths to localized systems. We also calculate the Lyapunov (or localization) exponent for several incommensurate 1D models exhibiting SPME, finding that such localization critical exponents for quasiperiodic potential induced localization are nonuniversal and depend on the microscopic details of the Hamiltonian.

Block-type military balneum in Timacum Minus its spatial arrangement, social impacts, and architectural analogies

The remains of a Roman bath are situated northeast of the remains of the Timacum Minus castrum. The discovered building is small in size, with a total area of about 242 m?. According to the specific layout of rooms, with a reduced spatial organization of its plan, the building belongs to the reduced block-type of military small baths - balneae. In the territory of Serbia, no military balneae of this type have been discovered so far, which are otherwise common for border areas throughout the Roman Empire. The specific spatial relationship between the individual rooms and the characteristic building forms registered in the building plan indicate that the origin of the architecture of the military balneum in Timacum Minus should be associated with the Roman architecture of the balneae that belong to the villae rusticae in Central Europe.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGGUNAAN BAK MANDI DENGAN RISIKO TERJADINYA PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI WINONG KOTAGEDE YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2015

Background: Bath Tub is one of breading places of DBD (Dengue Fever) Vector. Presence or absence of Aedes mosquito larvae in a bath tub is depend on the type, color, material,condition and volume of bath tub.Purpose: the purpose of this study was to know the relationship of bath tub volume with presence of Aedes Aegypti Morsquito larvae and relationship between bath tub volume with dengue fever case in Winong Kotagede Yogyakarta.Methods: the method of this study was observational analysis with statistical chi square. Data collecting was done by using larvae survey of bath tub in the house and also larvae single method. The result of statistic tes used pearson chi square.Result: there was a different significant between the biggest, big, middle bath tub of larvae (H1= 74, 28 %, C1= 76,79 %) There was a significant between bath tub volume with larvae. There was a relationship between bath tub volume with dengue fever by using pearson chi square.it showed that the value of 16, 308 and sig P=0,001. Spearmen correlation showed value of 0,515 and sig p=0,000. The value of sig <0,05. So that, there was a different significant between the biggest volume (>500 liter), big (250-500), middle (100-249 liter) with dangue fever. The value of odds ratio (OR=4,417) it means that the family who have the biggest, bath tub middle and small will get 4,4 times dengue fever. Then the other who have a small bath tub.Conclusion:the smallest bath tub can be minimized of larvae and less the dengue fever risk. There was different significant between bath tub volume with Aedes Aegepthi Mosquito Larvae and dengue fever case. There advised to seek regular cleaning of bath tub, so it does’nt arise dirt/ moss which causes the impression of being a dark bath tub.Â

Exploration of the stability of many-body localized systems in the presence of a small bath

When pushed out of equilibrium, generic interacting quantum systems equilibrate locally and are expected to evolve towards a locally thermal description despite their unitary time evolution. Systems in which disorder competes with interactions and transport can violate this expectation by exhibiting many-body localization. The strength of the disorder with respect to the other two parameters drives a transition from a thermalizing system towards a non-thermalizing one. The existence of this transition is well established both in experimental and numerical studies for finite systems. However, the stability of many-body localization in the thermodynamic limit is largely unclear. With increasing system size, a generic disordered system will contain with high probability areas of low disorder variation. If large and frequent enough, those areas constitute ergodic grains which can hybridize and thus compete with localization. While the details of this process are not yet settled, it is conceivable that if such regions appear sufficiently often, they might be powerful enough to restore thermalization. We set out to shed light on this problem by constructing potential landscapes with low disorder regions and numerically investigating their localization behavior in the Heisenberg model. Our findings suggest that many-body localization may be much more stable than anticipated in other recent theoretical works.

Fourth-order spin correlation function in the extended central spin model

Spin-noise spectroscopy has developed into a very powerful tool to access the electron spin dynamics. While the spin-noise power spectrum in an ensemble of quantum dots in a magnetic field is essentially understood, we argue that the investigation of the higher-order cumulants promises to provide additional information not accessible by the conventional power-noise spectrum. We present a quantum-mechanical approach to the correlation function of the spin-noise power operators at two different frequencies for small spin bath sizes and compare the results with a simulation obtained from the classical spin dynamics for large number of nuclear spins. This bispectrum is defined as a two-dimensional frequency cut in the parameter space of the fourth-order spin correlation function. It reveals information on the influence of the nuclear-electric quadrupolar interactions on the long-time electron spin dynamics dominated by a magnetic field. For large bath sizes and spin lengths the quantum-mechanical spectra converge to those of the classical simulations. The broadening of the bispectrum across the diagonal in the frequency space is a direct measure of the quadrupolar interaction strength. A narrowing is found with increasing magnetic field indicating a suppression of the influence of quadrupolar interactions in favor of the nuclear Zeeman effect.

Emergent statistical bubble localization in aZ2lattice gauge theory

We introduce a clean cluster spin chain coupled to fully interacting spinless fermions, forming an unconstrained Z2 lattice gauge theory (LGT) which possesses dynamical proximity effect controlled by the entanglement structure of the initial state. We expand the machinery of interaction-driven localization to the realm of LGTs such that for any starting product state, the matter fields exhibits emergent statistical bubble localization, which is driven solely by the cluster interaction, having no topologically trivial non-interacting peer, and thus is of pure dynamical many-body effect. In this vein, our proposed setting provides possibly the minimal model dropping all the conventional assumptions regarding the existence of many-body localization. Through projective measurement of local constituting species, we also identify the coexistence of the disentangled nonergodic matter and thermalized gauge degrees of freedom which stands completely beyond the standard established phenomenology of quantum disentangled liquids. As a by product of self-localization of the proximate fermions, the spin subsystem hosts the long-lived topological edge zero modes, which are dynamically decoupled from the thermalized background Z2 charges of the bulk, and hence remains cold at arbitrary high-energy density. This provides a convenient platform for strong protection of the quantum bits of information which are embedded at the edges of completely ergodic sub-system; the phenomenon that in the absence of such proximity-induced self-localization could, at best, come about with a pre-thermal manner in translational invariant systems. Finally, by breaking local Z2 symmetry of the model, we argue that such admixture of particles no longer remains disentangled and the ergodic gauge degrees of freedom act as a "small bath" coupled to the localized components.

Magnetic field dependence of the electron spin revival amplitude in periodically pulsed quantum dots

Periodic laser pulsing of singly charged semiconductor quantum dots in an external magnetic field leads to a synchronization of the spin dynamics with the optical excitation. The pumped electron spins partially rephase prior to each laser pulse, causing a revival of electron spin polarization with its maximum at the incidence time of a laser pulse. The amplitude of this revival is amplified by the frequency focusing of the surrounding nuclear spins. Two complementary theoretical approaches for simulating up to 20 million laser pulses are developed and employed that are able to bridge between 11 orders of magnitude in time: a fully quantum mechanical description limited to small nuclear bath sizes and a technique based on the classical equations of motion applicable for a large number of nuclear spins. We present experimental data of the nonmonotonic revival amplitude as function of the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the optical axis. The dependence of the revival amplitude on the external field with a profound minimum at $4\;$T is reproduced by both of our theoretical approaches and is ascribed to the nuclear Zeeman effect. Since the nuclear Larmor precession determines the electronic resonance condition, it also defines the number of electron spin revolutions between pump pulses, the orientation of the electron spin at the incidence time of a pump pulse, and the resulting revival amplitude. The magnetic field of $4\;$T, for example, corresponds to half a revolution of nuclear spins between two laser pulses.

Refractory Corrosion Resistance in Molten Lead-Niobium Glass

It is shown that chromium-containing refractories containing more than 80% Cr2O3 are most corrosion-resistant in molten lead-niobium glass at 1440°C. Alongside good corrosion resistance fusion-cast high-chromium refractories are capable of providing prescribed glass electrophysical properties, obtained on contact with chromium refractory. The data provided point to the possibility of replacing platinum melting equipment during preparation of lead-niobium glass with use of a small bath electric melting furnace with a lining of fusion-cast high-chromium refractory.