Small Amount Of Water Research Articles

Water Content-Controlled Formation and Transformation of Concomitant Pseudopolymorph Coordination Polymers.

Two concomitant pseudopolymorph coordination polymers {[Cd2L2(OAc)4]·2DMSO} n (1) and {[CdL(OAc)2]·2.75H2O} n (2) were synthesized by self-assembly of 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene (L) and cadmium acetate in DMSO. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed that 1D ladder structural motifs exist for pseudopolymorphs 1 and 2 which contain DMSO and water guest molecules, respectively. Our study illustrated the active role of solvent water content in obtaining compound 2. We find that the presence of water as an impurity in the DMSO solvent creates the possibility of formation of concomitant pseudopolymorph coordination polymers which is a unique event. Furthermore, our analyses showed the effect of environmental humidity on the transformation of unstable compound 1. 1D ladder pseudopolymorphic compound 1 could be transformed to guest-free 1D linear compound [CdL(OAc)2(H2O)] n (3') (the powder form of single crystals of 3) through a scarce case of water absorption from air. Also, the crystalline material of coordination polymer 3 was transformed to coordination polymer 2 through the dissolution-recrystallization structural transformation process in DMF or DMSO. Our study clarified that the amount of water in the reaction container can control the formation of one of the compounds 2 or 3. In the presence of a significant amount of water, compound 3 (coordinated water) will be produced, whereas if a small amount of water is present, compound 2 (uncoordinated water) is prepared as an exclusive product.

Green Separation and Extraction of Isofraxidin from Acanthopanax senticosus Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Synthesized from Choline Chloride and Citric Acid

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.; AS) is a medicinal plant used in the clinical treatment of cerebrovascular diseases and central nervous system disorders, and it significantly improves blood lipid levels and endothelial cell function in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Isofraxidin, one of the active ingredients of AS, is the core of the plant’s medical effects, and its extraction depends on organic solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new green solvents synthesized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) which are non-toxic, have a high separation and extraction efficiency, and are environmentally friendly compared to traditional organic solvents. In this paper, DES was used for the extraction of isofraxidin from AS. The primary findings demonstrated that the DES had a viscosity higher than that of ethanol, and even adding a small amount of water (approximately 10%) would trigger solvent redistribution, leading to a considerable reduction in solvent viscosity. In comparison to ethanol, the extraction rate of isofraxidin by DES was 2–3 times higher. Thus, this work developed a new technique for using green extraction of isofraxidin that has some practical implications.

Influence of LaCoO3 perovskite oxides prepared by different method on the catalytic combustion of ethyl acetate in the presence of NO

Effect of preparation methods, including selective etching (LCO-E), sol–gel (LCO-S) and co-precipitation (LCO-C), on the physicochemical properties of LaCoO3 and its catalytic activity for removal ethyl acetate (EA) are investigated. The physicochemical properties of these LaCoO3 materials are characterized by XRD, N2 physicosorption, SEM, HR-TEM, H2-TPR O2-TPD, EPR and in situ DRIFTS. The preparation methods have a strong influence for LaCoO3 perovskites on crystalline size, surface area, redox ability, oxygen mobility, Co3+ content and the catalytic activity from the highest to the lowest value were LCO-E > LCO-S > LCO-C. In particular, we found that NO plays different roles in the reaction depending on the reaction temperature below or above 160 ℃, where the oxidation of NO to NO2 occurs or not. This directs a new strategy to simultaneously remove EA and NO, and even to pollutants with more complicated compositions. Moreover, it is found that the presence of small amount of water can significantly improve the reaction activity. The presence of excess water severely occupies the active sites, resulting in the decrease of activity. A mechanism for the removal of NO and EA in the presence of water is proposed.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS FAILURES IN BLISTERING IN GEL-COAT PROTECTED LAMINATES UTILIZED IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

Blisters occur when small quantities of water in form of vapour penetrate a laminate, usually within a marine environment. This reaction generates an internal pressure that causes degradation in Gel-Coating. Then, defects are made evident in the form of blisters. This study looks into the influence of this effect on different manufacturing process defects in gel-coat protected laminates utilized in marine environments

Investigation of Colored Film Indicators for the Assessment of the Occasional Radiation Exposure.

Occupational radiation exposure monitoring is well-established in clinical or industrial environments with various different dosimeter systems. Despite the availability of many dosimetry methods and devices, a challenge with the occasional exposure registration, which may occur due to the spilling of radioactive materials or splitting of these materials in the environment, still exists, because not every individual will have an appropriate dosimeter at the time of the irradiation event. The aim of this work was to develop radiation-sensitive films-color-changing radiation indicators, which can be attached to or integrated in the textile. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polymer hydrogels were used as a basis for fabrication of radiation indicator films. Several organic dyes (brilliant carmosine (BC), brilliant scarlet (BS), methylene red (MR), brilliant green (BG), brilliant blue (BB), methylene blue (MB) and xylenol orange (XiO)) were used as a coloring additives. Moreover, PVA films enriched with Ag nanoparticles (PVA-Ag) were investigated. In order to assess the radiation sensitivity of the produced films, experimental samples were irradiated in a linear accelerator with 6 MeV X-ray photons and the radiation sensitivity of irradiated films was evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The most sensitive were PVA-BB films indicating 0.4 Gy-1 sensitivity in low-dose (0-1 or 2 Gy) range. The sensitivity at higher doses was modest. These PVA-dye films were sensitive enough to detect doses up to 10 Gy and PVA-MR film indicated stable 33.3% decolorization after irradiation at this dose. It was found that the dose sensitivity of all PVA-Ag gel films varied from 0.068 to 0.11 Gy-1 and was dependent on the Ag additives concentration. Exchange of a small amount of water with ethanol or isopropanol caused the enhancement of radiation sensitivity in the films with the lowest AgNO3 concentration. Radiation-induced color change of AgPVA films varied between 30 and 40%. Performed research demonstrated the potential of colored hydrogel films in their applications as indicators for the assessment of the occasional radiation exposure.

Amino-functionalized organic polymer loaded with highly dispersed CuI for efficient catalytic conversion of CO2 with PA

The conversion of CO2 into high value-added chemicals through efficient catalysis is an ideal strategy to reduce atmospheric CO2 pollution and achieve carbon neutrality. Therefore, amino-functionalized organic polymer Cu@Co-PIL-N4 loaded with highly dispersed CuI as a novel catalyst was developed. The functionalization of the surface and the high dispersion of the active phase integrate CO2 capture and conversion into one catalytic system. The locally enriched CO2 is converted to the easily activated carbon-oxygen negative ion by the action of primary or secondary amines. Thus, it is easier to achieve efficient preparation of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates (STY = 20.8 h−1) by CO2 carboxylative cyclization under mild conditions (25 °C, CO2 pressure of 1 bar). The addition of a small amount of water to the cyclization system boosted domino reaction to convert the α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates to α-hydroxy ketones. The domino reaction also exhibited efficient catalytic activity and outstanding regioselectivity. In addition, the Cu@Co-PIL-N4 catalyst exhibited excellent substrate expansion and cyclic regeneration for both reactions. This work promises great significance for further developing cost-effective and high-performance catalysts for the chemical conversion of CO2.

Formation mechanism of surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles using controlled hydrolysis reaction in supercritical CO2

In the synthesis of surface modified nanoparticles (NPs), supercritical CO2 is one of appealing reaction fields to realize simple and green chemistry approach without using an organic solvent. In this work, surface modified iron oxide NPs was synthesized in supercritical CO2 with various amounts of water between 5.0 and 90.0 mmol to elucidate the formation mechanism of surface modified NPs with the hydrolysis reaction. The synthesis was performed at 30.0 ± 0.9 MPa of CO2, 18 h and 100 °C, where iron(Ⅲ) acetylacetonate, water and oleic acid were used as starting materials. As a result, the smaller amount of water was revealed to be key factor to synthesize more densely modified iron oxide NPs without the aggregation and iron oxyhydroxide formation while the larger amount of water caused the sever aggregation of less modified NPs and the formation of iron oxyhydroxide. Additionally, the detailed analysis of iron oleate complex and the phase state prediction suggested that the smaller amount of water allowed more dominated formation of iron oleate and subsequent its hydrolysis reaction in uniform supercritical CO2 phase, resulting in the formation of densely modified NPs without the aggregation.

Alkylboronate β‐Phenylglucoside versus Phenylboronate β‐Alkylglucoside Organogelators

AbstractLow molecular weight organogelators provide useful materials which have already found applications in various fields. Recently, phenylboronate alkylglucosides have become new members of this type of organogelators providing water‐sensitive gels. This work is focused on the impact of the position of alkyl and phenyl moieties within this type of structures. Thus, alkylboronate phenylglucoside and alkylboronate alkylglucoside counterparts were synthesized and studied. Organogels obtained in toluene and ethyl myristate were characterized by rheology and electron microscopy. In addition, we also determined the disruption rates of such organogels upon addition of a small amount of water. Alkylboronate alkylglucosides did not induce gelation of the tested solvents but all derivatives bearing a phenyl ring either on the boronate function or on the glucoside unit came out as good organogelators. However, alkylboronates were found to have higher water sensitivities than phenyl counterparts. Thus, this work has enlarged the scope of glucoside‐boronate organogelators and their water sensitivity which can represent useful materials in drug delivery systems for example.

Stabilization of CSEBs with the addition of industrial and agricultural wastes

In today’s world, most of the developing countries are trying to build houses with more durability and with low cost. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks are the best option for building cost-effective and sustainable houses. In red bricks, cement is used as a binder but in CSEBs, there is no requirement of cement. A large amount of pollution is generated during the manufacturing of cement as well as in the construction of red burnt bricks. To overcome this situation, CSEBs are used. Waste materials like fly ash, bagasse ash, rice straw etc, can be used for the construction of compressed earth blocks. The use of industrial and agricultural wastes as binders and fibres in place of cement for the construction of CSEBs can reduce the pollution caused by cement production as well as will lessen the construction cost. In this study, agricultural waste like rice straw and industrial wastes like bagasse ash and marble dust are used for the preparation of CSEBs. Rice straw acts as a fibre and marble dust acts as a binder for CSEBs. This makes these blocks economical as well as eco-friendly. This study has been done to show that CSEBs are better in strength, durability and are cost-effective than the red burnt bricks and can replace these bricks in coming future. A total of 27 combinations of percentage were taken into consideration for this study and for each combination 3 specimens were constructed. These specimens were cured in open atmosphere under the shed. And a small quantity of water was sprinkled over the specimens every day. Tests like OMC, MDD and tensile strength test were performed on these blocks after 28 days. It was noticed that tensile strength increases with rise in marble dust content. Overall, it was observed that CSEBs are better than the cement blocks as well as red burnt bricks.

High-Shear Granulation of Hygroscopic Probiotic-Encapsulated Skim Milk Powder: Effects of Moisture-Activation and Resistant Maltodextrin.

A fine, hygroscopic, and poorly flowable probiotic powder encapsulating Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was granulated using a high-shear granulation process, wherein a small amount of water (4%, w/w) was used for moisture-activation with or without 10% (w/w) resistant maltodextrin (RM). The process consisted of four steps; premixing, agglomeration, moisture absorption, and drying steps. The moisture content, water activity, and viable cell count were monitored during the granulation. The size, morphology, and flowability of the granules were determined. The powder was successfully converted to about 10-times-larger granules (mass mean diameter = 162-204 µm) by this process, and the granules had a 'snowball' morphology. The LGG cells were well preserved under the high-shear granulation conditions, and the viable cell count of the granules greatly exceeded the minimum therapeutic level recommended for probiotic powders. The addition of RM decreased the moisture content of the granules; improved cell resistance to drying stress; narrowed the particle size distribution, with reductions seen in both very fine and very large particles; and produced more flowable granules. Moisture sorption analysis and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that these positive effects of RM on granulation were primarily attributed to its water distribution ability rather than its glass transition-related binding ability.

Modified Chemoselective Reduction and Consecutive Regioselective Deuteration Reaction Catalyzed by B(C6F5)3.

An efficient chemoselective reduction of isatin derivatives using catalyst B(C6F5)3, benzyldimethylsilane, and H2O is described. Notably, a small amount of water is shown to be a highly effective reaction promoter that decreases the reaction time and temperature for the synthesis of indolin-3-ones. Moreover, using method, excellent deuterium incorporation is achieved via the catalytic α-deuteration of indolin-3-ones using B(C6F5)3 and D2O.

Simulating the effect of subsurface drainage on the thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain in Norway

Abstract. Ground temperatures in coarse, blocky deposits such as mountain blockfields and rock glaciers have long been observed to be lower in comparison with other (sub)surface material. One of the reasons for this negative temperature anomaly is the lower soil moisture content in blocky terrain, which decreases the duration of the zero curtain in autumn. Here we used the CryoGrid community model to simulate the effect of drainage on the ground thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain permafrost at two sites in Norway. The model set-up is based on a one-dimensional model domain and features a surface energy balance, heat conduction and advection, as well as a bucket water scheme with adjustable lateral drainage. We used three idealized subsurface stratigraphies, blocks only, blocks with sediment and sediment only, which can be either drained (i.e. with strong lateral subsurface drainage) or undrained (i.e. without drainage), resulting in six scenarios. The main difference between the three stratigraphies is their ability to retain water against drainage: while the blocks only stratigraphy can only hold small amounts of water, much more water is retained within the sediment phase of the two other stratigraphies, which critically modifies the freeze–thaw behaviour. The simulation results show markedly lower ground temperatures in the blocks only, drained scenario compared to other scenarios, with a negative thermal anomaly of up to 2.2 ∘C. For this scenario, the model can in particular simulate the time evolution of ground ice, with build-up during and after snowmelt and spring and gradual lowering of the ice table in the course of the summer season. The thermal anomaly increases with larger amounts of snowfall, showing that well-drained blocky deposits are less sensitive to insulation by snow than other soils. We simulate stable permafrost conditions at the location of a rock glacier in northern Norway with a mean annual ground surface temperature of 2.0–2.5 ∘C in the blocks only, drained simulations. Finally, transient simulations since 1951 at the rock glacier site (starting with permafrost conditions for all stratigraphies) showed a complete loss of perennial ground ice in the upper 5 m of the ground in the blocks with sediment, drained run; a 1.6 m lowering of the ground ice table in the sediment only, drained run; and only 0.1 m lowering in the blocks only, drained run. The interplay between the subsurface water–ice balance and ground freezing/thawing driven by heat conduction can at least partly explain the occurrence of permafrost in coarse blocky terrain below the elevational limit of permafrost in non-blocky sediments. It is thus important to consider the subsurface water–ice balance in blocky terrain in future efforts in permafrost distribution mapping in mountainous areas. Furthermore, an accurate prediction of the evolution of the ground ice table in a future climate can have implications for slope stability, as well as water resources in arid environments.

A Green Approach for Recycling Compact Discs.

Compact discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs) are mainly made by polycarbonate disc, a thin layer of aluminum or silver, a thin layer of a coating and a thin layer of a label of paper or PET. The recycling of these discs is difficult due to the removal of these non-polymeric layers and to our best knowledge, no industrial plants have been resent for their recycling. In this work, we propose a facile way to remove the non-polymeric layers and investigate the effect of the repetitive extrusion process on the processability and on the mechanical properties of the recycled polycarbonate. A few works have been published dealing with both the removal of the non-polymeric layers and the mechanical recycling of the disk of polycarbonate. In our approach, the removal of the non-polymeric layers is easily obtained through a thermo-mechanical treatment in a basic solution by ammonia. This process can be considered green because is made at a low temperature with a small amount of water and a very small amount of ammonia, saving energy and water. The properties of the polycarbonate remain good if the mechanical recycling is made after drying the post-consumer polycarbonate.

Influence of transition metal catalysts on the decomposition product distribution of PCBs and PCDD/Fs

In this study, reliable and stable polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) generation systems were used to investigate catalyst performance. The distribution characteristics of PCBs and PCDD/Fs after reaction were evaluated under different simulated flue gas conditions using NiO- and MnO2-loaded γ-Al2O3 and ZSM-5 catalysts. The results showed that the active metal of the catalyst affected mainly the decomposition efficiency, the substrate type affected the distribution characteristics of PCBs, and both the active metal and substrate type jointly determined the fingerprint distribution characteristics of PCBs. Moreover, there was an apparent marginal effect of the active metal loading on the same catalyst and the decomposition efficiency of the pollutants. In the temperature range of 100–350 °C, temperature variation had little effect on the removal efficiency of PCBs, but the gas–solid phase distribution characteristics of the pollutants changed significantly, and large amounts of di- and tri-CBs were generated in the products at 200 °C. A small amount of water generated hydrogen via the water–gas shift reaction at medium temperature, which promoted the hydro-dechlorination reaction of the chlorinated organics. However, excess water in the substrate gas competes with the pollutants for adsorption sites and reduces the reaction activity of the catalyst.

Composite extraction index to enhance impervious surface information in remotely sensed imagery

Fast and accurate impervious surface extraction is important to monitor urban dynamics and ensure people's well-being. In order to improve the extraction accuracy of impervious surface, a composite impervious surface extraction index CBI based on NDBI, NDVI and MNDWI is proposed in the paper. The impervious surface extraction images in different land cover areas were compared with the NDBI and NDISI, respectively, and were assessed by using visual and statistical analysis. The results show that CBI has good robustness, less affected by the type of ground objects and sensors. The Kappa coefficients of CBI are the highest in different sensors and OLI images with different land cover areas, and the overall accuracy is above 91%. In the area with high coverage of vegetation and water, the extraction accuracy of CBI was significantly improved. CBI is more suitable for areas with high coverage of vegetation and water and has an improved Kappa coefficient of 0.1116 than that of the areas containing only a small amount of water and vegetation. As the NDISI algorithm uses the thermal infrared band, when the area of the study area is small, its extraction accuracy is low, indicating that the accuracy of the algorithm is affected by the size of the study area.

Miscibility in systems containing (poly(oxymethylene) ethers (OME) + hydrocarbons + water)

Poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers (OME) are interesting synthetic fuels: they have better combustion properties than fossil diesel fuel and can be obtained from renewable resources. Furthermore, they can be blended with hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO) to obtain a new class of environmentally benign fuels. However, it has been observed in technical processes that initially homogeneous mixtures of (OME + HVO) split into two liquid phases after some time, which is unacceptable for use as fuels. It is assumed that this de-mixing is a consequence of the uptake of small amounts of water from the air by the mixtures. However, up to now, only qualitative information on this phenomenon was available. We have, therefore, carried out systematic experimental studies of liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) and liquid–liquid–liquid equilibria (LLLE) in ternary model systems of the type (OME + n-alkane + water) at temperatures between 265 and 293 K. The n-alkanes were (n-dodecane, n-hexadecane); two different OME were studied, OME2 and OME4, respectively. Additionally, also multicomponent mixtures containing different OME and mixtures containing additionally the aromatic hydrocarbon toluene were studied. The results were modeled using UNIFAC, a group-contribution model of the Gibbs excess energy, and a good correlation of the observed complex phase behavior was obtained. The results from the present work confirm that the uptake of small amounts of water is the reason for the phase split observed in technical (OME + HVO) mixtures. Measures to circumvent this problem are discussed.

C-H functionalization of quinoline N-oxides catalyzed by Pd(II) complexes: a computational study.

Pd(II) catalysts, particularly the acetate salt in acetic acid, tended to favor regioselective C-H activation of quinoline N-oxides (QOs) at the C2 position. However, Pd(II)Cl2 was shown to catalyze their C-H activation at C8 and, in the presence of water, C8-H activation was accompanied by the formation of 2-quinolinones. The aim of the DFT study described in this work was to shed light on the complete mechanism of these competing catalytic reactions, when PdCl2 reacts with QO and benzaldehyde in dichloroethane. C-H activation of QO was the first step of the reaction and involved either a metallacycle, with a CQO-Pd(II) σ-bond and a C(8)-H-Pd(II) agostic bond, or an η3-QO complex, with three carbon atoms of the heteroring of QO binding PdCl2. The first situation led to the unusual C8 activation and the second to C2 activation. The σ-metallacycle undergoes C8-H activation and the energy of the TOF determining the transition state to form the product is ∼17 kcal mol-1, while for the reaction through the π-metallacycle (C2-H activation) the corresponding energy is higher (∼29 kcal mol-1) and thus is not competitive under the same conditions. The reaction proceeding through the σ-complex, activating the C8 position, is preferred, in agreement with experimental results. Both reactions involve oxidation of Pd(II) to Pd(IV) and the catalyst is regenerated. When small amounts of water are added to the reaction mixture, C8-H activation (acylation) results from the same σ-metallacycle with the same barrier, but the simultaneous formation of 2-quinolinones is more complicated. It starts with OH- attack at the C2 position, and is followed by the migration of two hydrogen atoms, and the final reductive elimination step ends with Pd(0). The higher barriers for the migration and reoxidation of Pd(0) are associated with the more demanding reaction conditions. The different reactivity of Pd(II)(OAc)2 under analogous conditions is clarified, as it is only capable of forming the above mentioned π-complex and thus of activating the C2 position of QO. This catalyst can preferentially activate the C8-H bond under rather different conditions, including in particular acetic acid medium, as shown by other authors.

ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS OF THE GRASS SNAKE (NATRIX NATRIX)

The research findings show that the kidneys of the grass snake (Natrix natrix) are elongated flattened, there is no differentiation between the cortex and medulla, from the outside the organ is protected by a layer of adipose tissue. As a feature of the histological structure of the common grass snake kidneys, one can distinguish group accumulations of vascular glomeruli in the cortical substance, cellular polymphorism in the structure of the walls of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, as well as their expansion and overflow of the lumen with urates. This feature, in our opinion, may also have an adaptive value, characterized by the ability of the kidneys, in the absence of a bladder, to convert waste nitrogenous compounds into uric acid, which is a hardly soluble substance, therefore, it is excreted using a small amount of water. When studying the collecting ducts of the common snake kidneys, the presence of a highly turbid cytoplasm with an indistinguishable nucleus inside the cell was noted. The obtained results of the research complement and systematize the information about the topography and structural organization of the urinary organs of snakes, which is recommended for breeders and veterinarians to take into account when performing diagnostic and surgical procedures in this species of reptiles.

Spray Effect on the Thermal Performances of a Dry Cooling Tower

Pre-cooling the inlet air of a dry cooling tower by means of a spray can improve the tower performance during periods of high temperature. To study the spray effect on the thermal performance of natural draft dry cooling towers (NDDCTs), in this study 3-D numerical simulations of such a process have been conducted using Fluent 16.2 (a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach). The considered NDDCT is 120 m high and only half system is simulated due to its structural symmetry. Three different spray strategies have been investigated at a typical crosswind speed of 4 m/s, which is the most frequent wind speed. The results have shown that: (1) The three implemented spray strategies can improve the thermal performance of the studied NDDCT with a varying degree of success. In one case, the heat rejection rate can be increased by 35.2%, and the tower outlet water temperature can be decreased by 2.1°C when compared with the no spray case; (2) To improve the thermal performance of the NDDCT using a small amount of water, the design of the spray pre-cooling system must include more nozzles on the windward and fewer or even no nozzles on the leeward sides of the NDDCT.

A feasible protocol to profile bile acids in dried blood spots from rats using a UHPLC-MS/MS method combining a surrogate matrix.

Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is a promising method for microliter blood sample collection with the advantages of convenient transportation, storage and clinical operations. However, it is challenging to develop an analytical protocol to determine endogenous metabolites, such as bile acids (BAs) in DBSs, due to the low-blood-volume character of DBSs and the complex features of filter paper. Herein, we developed a method of fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to profile and quantify BAs in DBSs. The pretreatment methods were optimized and a two-step solvent addition method, where a small amount of water was firstly added to moisten the DBS and then methanol was added, showed high extraction efficiency for multiple BAs in DBSs. The UHPLC-MS/MS conditions were optimized and 35BAs in different types could be profiled with good resolution and quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy. Preparation of a DBS surrogate matrix without endogenous BAs has been well developed using rat erythrocytes in BSA solution and showed good performance on both the signal suppression/enhancement percentage and parallelism assessment evaluation of three different stable-isotope-labeled (SIL) BAs. The established protocol was successfully applied to profile BAs in DBSs of intrahepatic cholestasis model and healthy control rats with good repeatability. To our knowledge, it is the first time that 35 BAs in DBSs could be well profiled and an appropriate DBS surrogate matrix has been developed. This protocol presents future-oriented applications of DBSs for relevant preclinical studies to profile BAs and probe biomarkers.