Small Amounts Of Quartz Research Articles

The use of wadi gharandel clay deposits for the manufacture of various ceramic products. I. Assessment of the raw materials

The reconstruction of Sinai, A.R. Egypt, has now become one arised now of the main problems on the national scale. The authors tried to make use of the huge and extensive deposits of wadi gharandel clay formations for making building bricks, ceramic tiles, pipes, etc. The mineral and chemical constituents of three samples were determined using DTA, TG and X-ray diffractometry in addition to chemical analysis. Briquettes were made by hand moulding and extrusion and fired at 900°C. The evaluation of the raw materials was carried out by determining the physical properties of the fired bodies. Results indicate that the investigated clays are of the illitic type with varying amounts of montmorillonite and kaolinite as well as a small amount of quartz. In addition, samples I, II and III contain some feldspar, while only samples II and III contain calcite and gypsum contaminations. Firing properties suggest that sample I could be used for the production of stoneware, mainly tiles. Samples II and III, however, are suitable for making building bricks.

Mineralogical and geochemical studies on Abou-Sabouna phosphorites (Mahamied-Sharawna), upper Egypt, A. R. E.

The Phosphate Formation of the Campanian-Maestrichtian in the Abou-Sabouna-Mine on the eastern side of the Nile Valley near Mamied was investigated mineralogically and geochemically. The phosphorite deposits are of the bedded type, containing collophane, francolite, smaller amounts of quartz, calcite, geothite and chlorite, rarely zircon. The phosphate material contains F− (F/P2O5=0.089−0.094), as is characteristic for francolite.

SEM Study of Marine Ferromanganese Micronodules from the Atlantic Ocean

Recently there has been increased research on deep ocean ferromanganese n odule deposits due to interest in mining them for their Ni, Co and Cu content (up to 1%). In addition to the scattered surficial deposits of nodules (dia > 10 mm) there are also micronodules (dia < 1 mm) which are much more widespread and seldom studied. Several cores sampled for the present study were taken in the abyssal plain and hills region (depth > 5000 m) of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (obtained 1973 by S.K.A. aboard R/V Conrad cruise R-16). The micronodules were separated by sieving the coarse fraction > 62 μm), which composed up to 10% by dry weight of the surface sediment, decreasing to 1% at depth (9m) and consisting mainly of ferromanganese micronodules with small amounts of quartz and biogenic material. An initial survey has been completed utilizing reflected light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (JEOL JSM-U3 equipped with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer) in preparation for a more extensive study of the microstructure, mineralogy and chemistry of the micronodules and sediment.

Some properties of the krasnozems of Southern Victoria, Australia

Data are presented for mechanical composition, pH, organic matter, exchangeable cations, iron oxide distribution, and types of clay minerals in a range of profiles representative of the krasnozems in southern Victoria. Variability in these properties is discussed in the paper. Seven of the krasnozems are developed on Eocene (older) basalts, three on Pliocene-Pleistocene (newer) basalts, and one on Silurian mudstones. In all of the profiles, the clay minerals detected were kaolin, chloritized vermiculite, oxides of iron, variable amounts of illite, and small amounts of quartz. The degree of chloritization of the vermiculite component in the krasnozems derived from basalt is greatest in the most weathered profiles.

Palaeontological and geochemical facies in the Gastrioceras subcrenatum marine-band and associated rocks from the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield

Vertical sections through the Gastrioceras subcrenatum marine-band and associated shales exposed at three different localities on the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield have been studied palaeontologically and geochemically. On the basis of quantitative palaeontology four palaeoecological phases are distinguished which are related to marine transgression and regression. Lingula can be divided into two types: those associated with goniatites and bivalves are considered to be marine, and the other type, without goniatites or bivalves, brackish. Differences in the chemical composition of the shales, after correcting for detrital quartz, can be correlated with the palaeoecological phases. Offshore sediments are characterized by higher amounts of organic carbon, carbonate, sulphur, phosphorus and uranium, together with smaller amounts of quartz. Most of the uranium is contained in organic material and collophane, while thorium occurs mainly in the clay fraction. Boron exibits a poor correlation with the palaeosalinities based on palaeontological criteria. The reasons for this are discussed. The amounts of detrital quartz, organic carbon, and the ratios of quartz to carbon, thorium to uranium, and sodium to potassium are shown to provide useful indicators of relative sedimentation rates. The quantitative distribution and type of fauna is mainly controlled by the sedimentation rate. Marine bivalve populations, like their modern representatives, exhibit a close relationship to the organic carbon content of the associated bottom sediments. While absolute values of redox potential during deposition of the shales cannot be determined, present variations in the ferric to ferrous iron and thorium to uranium ratios give some indication of relative differences. The depositional and post-depositional geochemical evolution of the shales has been controlled to a large extent by their organic carbon content.

Petrography Of Red Peak Member, Chugwater Formation (triassic), West-Central Wyoming

ABSTRACT In west-central Wyoming the Red Peak Member (Triassic) of the Chugwater Formation is predominantly composed of red and drab, silty, very fine-grained sandstone and well-sorted and poorly-sorted siltstone. If the sandstones and siltstones are classified according to sandstone nomenclature, they are arkoses, subarkoses and impure arkoses. The average well-sorted siltstone contains smaller amounts of quartz, quartzite and chert, and larger amounts of coarse mica, opaque minerals, rock fragments and authigenic carbonate than the average very fine-grained sandstone. Compared with well-sorted siltstone, the average poorly-sorted siltstone contains smaller amounts of authigenic carbonate and larger amounts of coarse mica and matrix. Plagioclase:potassium feldspar ratios from siltstones and silty claystones are nearly three times larger on the east than they are on the west, based on X-ray data. There is a general westward increase in the amount of potassium feldspar, which is probably either the result of a size bias or the reflection of different or new source areas. Quartz:feldspar ratios are about the same at each locality, suggesting that there is little difference in the maturity of the siltstones and silty claystones. Quartz: feldspar ratios calculated from the modal analyses are close to the ratios for graywacke and arkosic sandstones, indicating that the rocks are generally immature. The Al2O2:Na2O ratios of four siltstones and very fine-grained sandstones are close to the Al2O3:Na2O ratios for graywacke and arkosic sandstones. Based on X-ray data, there is a northwestward increase in percentage of dolomite cement. The carbonate relations probably indicate that waters were less saline on the east and southeast, and more concentrated on the west and northwest. Increased gypsum on the west partly confirms this interpretation. The clastics were mainly derived from sedimentary, acid plutonic and gneiss-schist terrains from source areas on the north, east and southeast. The climate of the depositional sites and the source areas is inferred to have been semi-arid to arid.

Interstratified Mineral of Illite and Montmorillonite

A YELLOWISH-GREY tuff, about 1 m thick, is distributed over a considerable area of the Sorachi coal field, Hokkaido, Japan1, as a member of the Noborikawa coal-bearing formation. The tuff contains a small amount of quartz and plant fragments, but is generally homogeneous. Having dispersed some of the material in water, the minus-two-micron fractions of the tuff were separated by the sedimentation method; Fig. 1 shows its electron micrograph. The X-ray powder patterns and data on the well-oriented specimens are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 1. The specimens were dried in air, heated at 150° C, 300° C, 450° C, 600° C, 750° C, for 1 h, and treated with ethylene glycol, glycerol and ammonium nitrate. The chemical compositions and differential thermal analysis curves of both natural and piperidine-treated specimens are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3.

Weathering Relationships Between Gibbsite, Kaolinite, Chlorite, and Expansible Layer Silicates in Selected Soils from the Lower Mississippi Coastal Plain

AbstractClays from two Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils from the southern Mississippi Coastal Plain were fractionated and the mineral associations and weathering transformations were examined. The clays were found to be dominated by well-chloritized expansible layer silicates, gibbsite and kaolinite, with smaller amounts of quartz, mica and anatase. The abundance of gibbsite appeared to be related to the presence of expansible layer silicates and to soil pH variations. This mineral and kaolinite were found in appreciable amounts in even the finest clay fractions. Quartz and mica decreased to insignificant amounts with soil depth and decreasing particle size whereas gibbsite content of the clays rose suggesting an interrrelationship between these minerals.

The Effects of Small Amounts of Quartz in Experimental Pneumoconiosis

The Effects of Small Amounts of Quartz in Experimental Pneumoconiosis

Characteristics of 14 Å Clay Minerals in the B Horizons of Podzolized Soils of Alberta

AbstractRecent investigations of soils from widely distributed sites reveal the presence of clay minerals with 14 Å d spacings in the B horizons of podzolized soils in Alberta. The minerals appear to be concentrated in the 2.0–0.2 micron clay fraction, the fraction less than 0.2 micron being comprised primarily of material amorphous to X-ray. Despite the presence of montmorillonite in the eluvial horizon and soil parent material only interstratified minerals of this group appear in association with the 14 Å mineral. Smaller amounts of quartz, kaolinite and illite are also noted in these B horizons.The data available reveal that the 14 Å mineral is derived from montmorillonite and that formation occurs in situ in the B horizons.It is apparent from the investigations conducted that weathering of associated feldspars under mildly acid conditions, releases hydrated alumina ions. These ions not only move into the interlayer regions of montmorillonite of fine clay size, where they exist in a discontinuous manner, but are also adsorbed onto the surfaces of these minerals binding adjacent particles into aggregates of coarse clay size. Adsorbed hydrated alumina hydroxy ions in the interlayer region are responsible for the observed 14 Å d spacings.

A Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Selected Brunizem, Reddish Prairie, Grumusol, and Planosol Soils Developed in Pre‐Pleistocene Materials

AbstractA study was made of the role parent materials have played in determining the physical and chemical properties of four soil series of southeastern Kansas. The soils of this region are dominantly Brunizems; but Planosols, Grumusols, and Reddish Prairie soils also occur. These soils have developed in residuum and colluvium of sandstone, limestone, and shales. The soil series studied were the Taloka, Newtonia, Bates, and Summit—each sampled and studied in duplicate. The physical and chemical properties investigated were clay mineral composition, exchange capacity, total exchangeable cations, pH, percent organic matter, and particle size analysis.Qualitative and semiquantitative estimations were made of the minerals occurring in the clay fractions of the soils and underlying parent materials. The predominant clay mineral in the Taloka, Newtonia, and Bates soils is montmorillonitic, whereas interstratified illitic and montmorillonitic clays are predominant in the Summit soils. Smaller amounts of quartz, illitic, kaolinitic, and vermiculite minerals are present in many of the clay fractions of the soils. The clay mineral contents of the developed soil profiles and their underlying parent materials were compared to determine the extent to which the clay minerals in the soil have been altered by weathering.

Studies on American Fire Clays from Missouri and Kentucky Districts for the Manufacture of Blast Furnace Brick

Eight kinds of American refractory clays, occured in Missouri and Kentucky districts were studied in laboratory and in actual manufacturing course for the purpose of making blast furnace brick.The results are summarizied as follows;1) By chemical studies; Missouri flint clay is the purest (high alumina and low iron content) and Missouri semi-flint clay has nearly the same composition as Kentucky flint clay. The soft clays, both from Missouri and Kentucky, have more silica than the flint clay owing to the presence of impurities.2) By mineralogical studies (X-ray analyses); -Missouri flint clay is pure Kaolinite, but Kentucky flint clay and Missouri semi-flint clay consist of mainly low grade kaolinite minerals with small amount of quartz. The soft clays consist of kaolinite minerals and considerable amount of quartz.3) By physical studies (thermal expansion, thermo-balance, viscosity, and change porosity or density after firing); -these clays are classified in three groups, i.e. (i) Missouri flint clay, (ii) Kentucky flint and Missouri semi-flint clay, and (iii) soft clay.4) Blast furnace bricks, both for bottom and stack linings, were also made from these clays in the industrial plant, and their characteristics were compared with that of other American and German Blast furnace bricks.

Orbicular diorite from Akka, Northern Kitakami Mountainland

An orbicular diorite was discovered from Kawaguchi, Akka Village, Iwate Prefecture. This is the first occurrence of orbicular rock from Kitakami Mountainland. The host rock is biotite-hornblende-quartz-diorite, which belongs to the Kawaguchi type of the Tanohata granite. The orbicular rock consists of orbicules and schistose matrix, the latter has similar petrographical properties to the former and gradually merges to the host rock. Most of the orbicules show ovoidal form elongated parallel to the schistosity of the matrix, the boundary between the orbicules and the matrix being sharp. The orbicules consist of plagioclase, green hornblende, brown biotite, and small amounts of quartz and potash feldspar as essential minerals, of magnetite as accessory minerals. Several types of orbicules are observed, though their petrographical features are not so different from each other. The most typical orbicule consists of four concentric parts, namely nucleus, inner zone, radial zone, and outer zone. The nucleus is mediumgrained and dioritic, the inner zone being fine grained and dioritic. The radial zone is characterized by the radial arrangement of plagioclase, while in the outer zone plagioclase and mafic minerals are arranged tangentially. Two kinds of plagioclase are noted. The coarse-grained crystal is so-called mantleblast with calcic core (bytownite-anorthite) and sodic rim (oligoclase-andesine). The fine-grained crystal is granular and occurs often as mosaic aggregates. Twinning after albite-Carlsbad and Carlsbad law is common. In the radial zone, polysynthetic twins after albite or pericline law are combined with Carlsbad twins, showing very complex and interesting feature twinning. It is assumed that the orbicular rock under question is derived from some gabbroic rock by some migmatitic action under the addition of granitic matter, and its concentric structure is formed during the process of metasomatism probably by so-called metamorphic differentiation. At later stage the orbicular rock and the host was deformed under stress condition due to the flow movement of the mass.

The action of variable amounts of quartz on the lungs of rats; the extent of pathological change in relation to the amount injected.

It is generally agreed that once a foreign body has come to rest in the lung alveoli the chief mechan ism of its elimination is the lymphatic system. Foreign bodies are first engulfed by the phagocytes and these, migrate along the walls of the air spaces until they reach the nearest lymph vessels, from which they ultimately reach the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes. Therefore, small amounts of quartz which the lung can eliminate through its lymphatic system into the lymph nodes should not produce silicotic lesions in the lung parenchyma, but might cause them in the nodes, where most of the silica will ultimately be trapped. Larger quantities of quartz, however, might be expected to overload the lymphatic drainage system, and, being retained in the lung, produce silicosis there. To test the truth of this assertion we have administered 2 mg., 5 mg., 10 mg., 30 mg. and 75 mg. doses of quartz of small particle size by intratracheal injection. The sample of quartz used was from a commercial source.* On analysis it was found to contain 97-1% of Si02. (The balance consisted of H20, Ca, Fe, and Mg carbonates.) The size distribution of the particles, determined by the method of Nagelschmidt (1943), is shown in Table 1. The silica solubility was determined by the procedure described by King (1945, 1947), and was found to be 3-4 mg. SiO2/100 ml. (buffered Ringer solution (/?H 7-4) for 48 hours at 37?C).

CLAY MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SOME SEDIMENTS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN OFF THE CALIFORNIA COAST AND THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

This report presents the results of a study of the clay mineral composition of a series of bottom core samples collected by the staff of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography of the University of California in Pacific Ocean off the California coast and in the Gulf of California. The clay minerals were studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, optical, chemical, and electron microscopic methods following particle size fractionation by sedimentation and supercentrifuge procedures. All of the samples from the Pacific Ocean and from the Gulf of California contained illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite; generally illite was most abundant and kaolinite least abundant. A chloritic clay mineral could be identified definitely in some samples. The clay minerals were in very complex mixtures, including mixed crystallizations as well as mechanical mixtures of discrete phases. In general the crystallinity was lower, the individual size smaller, and the intergrowth more intimate than in ancient sediments which have been studied by the authors. Small amounts of quartz were associated with the clay minerals in the 1 to 0.1 and minus 0.1 micron fractions. Small amounts of another nonclay mineral crystalline phase that is probably a feldspar were also found in the finest size fractions of many samples. The analytical data suggest that kaolinite is slowly lost during diagenesis under marine conditions, perhaps being changed to an illite or chloritic clay mineral. The data also afford evidence that potash is taken up by the clay and suggest that it is taken up largely by partially degraded illite which is carried into the sea. Magnesium also appears to be taken up by the clay, perhaps by the illite. The widespread occurrence of montmorillonite indicates that this clay mineral is not lost quickly if at all during diagenesis under marine conditions.

Contributions to the Petrology of Barnavave, Carlingford, I.F.S.—2. An Occurrence of Quartz-bearing Syenite and its Xenoliths

On the eastern side of Barnavave, at the immediate junction of the igneous mass with the surrounding limestone and about a quarter of a mile south of the fault which crosses the mountain, there is an isolated outcrop of a fine-grained, speckled rock which clearly invades the limestone at this point. The rock includes xenoliths broken from the limestone and also others of igneous origin.-and smaller dimensions. Microscopical examination proves the rock to be a syenite of unusual character which carries a small amount of quartz. It is possibly the rock referred to by Harker.