Extraction Of Sm Research Articles

Metabolomics analysis reveals the effects of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge extract on ameliorating acute myocardial ischemia in rats induced by isoproterenol

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is a widespread herbal therapy for myocardial ischemia (MI). Nevertheless, the therapeutic signaling networks of SM extract on MI is yet unknown. Emerging evidences suggested that alterations in cardiac metabolite influences host metabolism and accelerates MI progression. Herein, we employed an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) rat model to confirm the pharmacological effects of SM extract (0.8, 0.9, 1.8 g/kg/day) via assessment of the histopathological alterations that occur within the heart tissue and associated cytokines; we also examined the underlying SM extract-mediated signaling networks using untargeted metabolomics. The results indicated that 25 compounds with a relative content higher than 1 % in SM aqueous extract were identified using LC-MS/MS analysis, which included salvianolic acid B, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid A, and caffeic acid as main components. An in vivo experiment showed that pretreatment with SM extract attenuated ISO-induced myocardial injury, shown as decreased myocardial ischemic size, transformed electrocardiographic, histopathological, and serum biochemical aberrations, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibited oxidative stress (OS), and reversed the trepidations of the cardiac tissue metabolic profiles. Metabolomics analysis shows that the levels of 24 differential metabolites (DMs) approached the same value as controls after SM extract therapy, which were primarily involved in histidine; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate; glycerophospholipid; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolisms through metabolic pathway analysis. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the levels of modulatory effects of SM extract on the inflammation and OS were related to alterations in endogenous metabolites. Overall, SM extract demonstrated significant cardioprotective effects in an ISO-induced AMI rat model, alleviating myocardial injury, inflammation and oxidative stress, with metabolomics analysis indicating potential therapeutic pathways for myocardial ischemia.

LiNO3-assisted electrochemical extraction of metallic Sm from a molecular liquid-based electrolyte

Developing efficient, green, and cost-effective methods for extracting rare earth (RE) metals is essential to accelerate breakthroughs in critical technologies in the field of RE-based functional materials. In this study, a low-cost aprotic polar molecular liquid, N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), was used for electrowinning metallic Sm with upstream SmCl3 as the raw material, inspired by previous applications of diverse specialised ionic liquids for the electrochemical recovery of RE metals. Cyclic voltammetry and electrodeposition experiments demonstrated that metallic Sm cannot be obtained from the binary DMF-SmCl3 system, but can be electrodeposited with LiNO3. Therefore, the mechanism underlying the observed electrochemical behaviour is elucidated and discussed in detail. Sm and Sm–Co metallic elements were successfully electrodeposited on an Al substrate at a relatively high current density, characterised, and evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, a unique two-step method involving electrodeposition and direct smelting is prospectively described for the continuous preparation of bulk RE-containing alloys to stabilise highly active RE elements. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into practical solvometallurgical processes for RE metal extraction, refinement, and recycling.

Solanum melongena extract supplementation protected skeletal muscle and brain damage by regulation of BDNF/PGC1α/irisin pathway via brain function-related myokines in high-fat diet induced obese mice

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of SM on skeletal muscle and brain damage by regulation of BDNF/PGC1α/irisin pathway via brain function related myokines in high-fat diet-induced OB mice. OB was induced by high-fat diet for 6 weeks. SM extract (SME) was administered with 200 mg/kg BW (LSM) and 500 mg/kg BW (HSM) by oral gavage every day for 12 weeks. Behavior tests such as grip strength, Y-maze, and passive avoidance test were conducted to analyze muscle and cognitive function. Histopathological changes in skeletal muscle and brain were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the protein levels of biomarkers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, protein degradation, neuro-plasticity, and cell cycling were measured by western blot. SME regulated morphological changes (muscle cross-sectional area: 1.23%, 1.40%; density of neurons in hippocampus:1.74%, 1.73%) in T2DM mice. Importantly, SME supplementation significantly increased several muscle-derived myokines which might influence the expression of neuronal markers in OB mice (FGF21: 1.27%, 1.34%; PGC1α: 1.0%, 1.32%; IRISIN: 1.9%, 1.08%; BDNF: 1.35%, 1.23%). Accordingly, SME activated hippocampal neurotrophic factors including BDNF (1.0%, 1.2%) and its associated PGC1α/irisin pathway (PGC1α :1.1%, 1.1%; IRISIN:1.1%, 0.9%) significantly. This study demonstrated the possibliy that protective myokines increased by SME supplementation may contribute to neuro-protection in OB mice. Taken together, the current study suggests that SME can be used to prevent skeletal muscle and brain damage in OB by protecting against oxidative stress and inflammatin via modulation of the BDNF/PGC1α/irisin pathway in the therapeutic approach of obese patients.

Optimal Extraction and Separation of Europium and Samarium from Nitrate Medium Using Binary Mixture of Cyanex 572 and Tertiary Amine Extractants

ABSTRACT Extraction and separation of rare-earth elements (Eu(III) and Sm(III)) from nitrate solutions were studied using Cyanex 572 and Alamine 336 type extractants, as well as their binary mixtures in kerosene. Separate studies were carried out on the parameters that influence the extraction process. According to the slope analysis method, the composition of extracted species in the organic phase is [MNO3A2(HA)2][R3NH.NO3]2(Org). The mixture loading capacity towards Eu(III) and Sm(III), as well as the stripping of their loads from the organic phases, were also tested. After being treated with a NaOH solution, the stripped binary mixture was regenerated. The FT-IR spectra of the binary mixture organic phase, the organic phase loaded with metals, the stripped organic phase, and the regenerated organic phase were identified and compared. The separation method is based on a combined reduction-precipitation process in which europium is reduced to its bivalent state by commercial zinc metal, followed by the precipitation of its sparingly soluble europous sulphate. The developed method was used to separate a synthetic mixture of Eu(III) and Sm(III) from an analogous solution in nitrate medium to that expected from spent nuclear fuel leach liquor. Extraction and separation processes for Eu(III) and Sm(III) were detailed in a flowchart.

A Study on Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory of Salvia microphylla Ethanol Extract

Purpose: This study was aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of <ji>Salvia microphylla (SM) extract (SME).Methods: Powdered SM was treated with ethanol and decocted to acquire SME. The antioxidant activities of SME were assessed by evaluating its total polyphenolic, and flavonoid , contents and performing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activities of SME were verified by examining the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.Results: The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in SME were 102.26±0.39 mg GAE/g and 377.42±0.77 mg QUE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS assays revealed the antioxidant activities of SME by exhibiting their ability to scavenge radicals in a concentration-dependent manner (50-1000 μg/mL). The cell viability of SME exceeded 99% at 50-1000 μg/mL. The concentration-dependent reduction in the expression of the inflammation mediator iNOS and subsequent NO production indicated an approximately 100% inhibition efficacy at 600 μg/mL (0.00±1.34%). These results confirmed the potential of SME as a component of cosmeceuticals.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, SME is explicitly acknowledged for its applicability as a natural preservative possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as a raw material for cosmeceuticals intended to alleviate skin irritation.

Sm/Co Magnetic Materials: A Recycling Strategy Using Modifiable Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Trioctylphosphine Oxide.

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) are widely used as extractants. Usually, when preparing HDES, only the extraction ability of one component is taken into account, with the second serving as an "inert" component, whose effect on the extraction process is not taken into account. The present study demonstrates the possibility of controlling the selectivity of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based on trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) by varying the substance that acts as a hydrogen bond donor, but which does not have an extractive ability. In the course of the work, the influence of the "inert" component on the physicochemical and extraction properties of HDES was confirmed by experimental, spectroscopic, and also calculation methods. A number of phenols with different structural features were chosen as the HDES' hydrogen bond donors to modify: phenol (Ph), para-tert-butylphenol (PTBP) and thymol (Th). Using the example of separation of the Sm/Co pair, the influence of the structure of a hydrogen bond donor on the extraction ability of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent was established, where the degree of extraction of Sm (III) increased in the series Th:TOPO < PTBP:TOPO < Ph:TOPO. HDES based on TOPO and phenols can potentially be used to separate Sm and Co from the process leach solutions generated during the hydrometallurgical processing of waste SmCo magnets.

The wound healing potential of Hedychium spicatum Sm. and Zinnia peruviana (L.) ethanolic extracts against excision wound model in rats.

Medicinal plants used for wound healing, are key to unlock the doors for combating the resistance of pathogens by provision of new source of compounds. This study is aimed to evaluate and compare the wound healing properties of ethanolic extract of Hedychium spicatum Sm. rhizome and of Zinnia peruviana's leaves and roots. Albino rats were divided into 10 groups (n=6), control, positive control, negative control, untreated, Hedychium spicatum Sm. (125mg/kg), Hedychium spicatum Sm (250mg/kg), Zinnia peruviana (L.)(Leaves) (125mg/kg), Zinnia peruviana (L.) (Leaves) (250mg/kg), Zinnia peruviana (L.)(Roots) (125mg/kg), Zinnia peruviana (L.)(Roots) (250mg/kg) respectively. Excision wound of 1.5cm wound was inflicted on the dorsal side of each rat except control group. 5% CMC gel, fusidic acid and extract gels were applied topically once daily on the wound area which was measured at intervals of 3 days until epithelization and complete wound closure. Different biochemical markers were analyzed in both blood and skin to validate the wound healing potential of these plants. Topical application of an ethanolic extract of Hedychium spicatum Sm. (250mg/kg) had significant (p ˂ 0.001) rate of wound healing and reduced epithelization period. Marked amelioration of hydroxyproline content, remarkable results on histopathological changes, reduction in oxidative stress was observed with Hedychium spicatum Sm. ethanolic extract at dose level of 250mg/kg in comparison with untreated group. This study concluded that the Hedychium spicatum Sm. rhizome ethanolic extract gel is effective in wound repair and may possess potential for the development of dermatologic preparation for topical diseases.

Parametric optimization of Sm(III) extraction from nitrate media by employing hollow fiber membrane using Taguchi analysis

ABSTRACT The present work elaborates studies on samarium (Sm) extraction and transport behavior from aqueous stream by employing hollow fiber membrane. Percentage extraction and percentage transport of Sm(III) have been investigated under wide range of experimental parameters such as type of organic extractant, concentration of organic extractant, aqueous phase acidity, flow rate in the module, strip phase acidity and metal ion concentration. Taguchi method utilizing L-18 orthogonal array has been adopted to identify the most influential process parameters responsible for higher degree of extraction and transport of Sm(III) from nitric acid feed medium. A total of 18 experimental runs (each repeated thrice) were carried out under the combination derived from Taguchi array. In Taguchi analysis, the extraction of Sm(III) ions was directed into a precise signal-to-noise ratio for a “high is better” response. Analysis of variance indicated that the selection of organic extractant is the most influential factor controlling extraction and transport, followed by aqueous phase acidity. The experiment performed under the optimum conditions as predicted by Taguchi method resulted in 99.9% extraction of Sm(III) from the feed solution and 98.8% transport of Sm(III) across the membrane with minimum standard deviation.

Abstract 5251: Skeletonema marinoi algae extract and carotenoid fucoxanthin are endowed with potential chemopreventive and angiopreventive properties for prostate cancer

Abstract Background: Research and production of natural anti-oxidants is growing and is developed both in experimental laboratories and in nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical industries. Marine microorganisms represent underestimated sources of bioactive compounds endowed with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective and anti-angiogenic properties, all beneficial effects on human health. Methods: Chemopreventive and anti-angiogenic activities of extracts from the marine coastal diatom Skeletonema marinoi (Sm) and carotenoid fucoxanthin, that is present in Sm, were evaluated in prostate cancer (PCa) and endothelial cell lines in in vitro. Morphogenesis assay was carried out to evaluate effects on HUVEC ability to form capillary-like structure on Matrigel. Gene expression analysis was performed by qPCR, measuring different inflammation and angiogenesis gene expression in cells treated with Sm extract and fucoxanthin. Membrane antibodies arrays were used to see alterations at protein level of pro- or anti-angiogenic factors. Results: Sm extract and fucoxanthin were able to decrease cell viability, in MTT and Crystal violet assays. Furthermore, we observed that fucoxanthin enhanced the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (Cis-Pt), two of the most commonly used anti-cancer drugs. Sm extract and fucoxanthin hindered vascular mimicry of PCa cells and also inhibited capillary structure formation in endothelial cells. Finally, Sm extract and fucoxanthin shown a down-regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis associated genes. Conclusions: Our study suggests promising potential chemopreventive and angiopreventive activities of Skeletonema marinoi extract and fucoxanthin for prostate cancer. Microalgae derived drugs can be a potential and relevant source of novel nutraceutical and preventive compounds, which can be considered as dietary supplements or in combination treatments in cancer prevention approaches. Citation Format: Adriana Albini, Luana Calabrone, Douglas M. Noonan, Marco Festa, Cinzia Ferrario, Valentina Carlini, Debora Macis, Luigi Pistelli, Christophe Brunet, Clementina Sansone. Skeletonema marinoi algae extract and carotenoid fucoxanthin are endowed with potential chemopreventive and angiopreventive properties for prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5251.

Electrochemical behavior of Sm(III)/Sm(II) and extraction of Sm on reactive electrode from molten LiF-BeF2

The electrochemical behavior of Sm(III)/Sm(II) in 2LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) molten salt is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), chrono amperometry (CA) and Tafel method in the temperature range of 773 to 973 K. The coexistence of Sm(III) and Sm(II) and the concentration ratio of Sm(III)/Sm(II) are determined by SWV test. The redox reaction of Sm(III)/Sm(II) couple on an inert tungsten electrode is demonstrated to be a quasi-reversible process with diffusion controlled mass transfer. The diffusion coefficients of Sm(III) and Sm(II) determined by chrono amperometry are in the range of 1.17 × 10-6 to 1.09 × 10-5 cm2 s−1 for Sm(III) and 2.49 × 10-6 to 3.90 × 10-5 cm2 s−1 for Sm(II) at 773 K to 973 K and the diffusion activation energy is 8.63 and 10.1 kJ mol−1 for Sm(III) and Sm(II) respectively. The coordination and transport characteristics of the Sm(III)-F and Sm(II)-F are also studied by the first principles molecular dynamics simulations. The Gibbs free energy of the SmF2 is calculated to be −1004.4 kJ mol−1 at 873 K by experimental data, and the standard reduction potential of E0SmF2/Sm is about −0.583 V vs E0BeF2/Be at 873 K. Thermodynamic evaluation and experimental results indicates that the metallic Sm could be extracted as M−rich SmxMy intermetallics (M = Cu, Ni, Al) from FLiBe based molten salts.

Skeletonema marinoi Extracts and Associated Carotenoid Fucoxanthin Downregulate Pro-Angiogenic Mediators on Prostate Cancer and Endothelial Cells.

The exploration of natural preventive molecules for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical use has recently increased. In this scenario, marine microorganisms represent an underestimated source of bioactive products endowed with beneficial effects on health that include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, differentiating, anti-tumor, and anti-angiogenic activities. Here, we tested the potential chemopreventive and anti-angiogenic activities of an extract from the marine coastal diatom Skeletonema marinoi Sarno and Zingone (Sm) on prostate cancer (PCa) and endothelial cells. We also tested one of the main carotenoids of the diatom, the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin (Fuco). Fuco from the literature is a potential candidate compound involved in chemopreventive activities. Sm extract and Fuco were able to inhibit PCa cell growth and hinder vascular network formation of endothelial cells. The reduced number of cells was partially due to growth inhibition and apoptosis. We studied the molecular targets by qPCR and membrane antibody arrays. Angiogenesis and inflammation molecules were modulated. In particular, Fuco downregulated the expression of Angiopoietin 2, CXCL5, TGFβ, IL6, STAT3, MMP1, TIMP1 and TIMP2 in both prostate and endothelial cells. Our study confirmed microalgae-derived drugs as potentially relevant sources of novel nutraceuticals, providing candidates for potential dietary or dietary supplement intervention in cancer prevention approaches.

Investigation of the extraction of samarium and gadolinium from leaching solutions of phosphorus-containing raw materials using solid extractants

In accordance with the State Program of the Russian Federation «Development of Industry and Its Competitiveness», as well as the absence of balance deposits of rare earth metals on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is urgent to study methods for the extraction and separation of rare earth metals from technological solutions obtained during the processing of apatite concentrates. The article is devoted to the study of the kinetic features of solid-phase extraction of samarium (III) and gadolinium (III) from simulated industrial phosphoric acid solutions. Levextrel resine (co-polymerization product of styrene and divinylbenzene) containing Di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) – was used as a solid-phase extraction agent. Significant dependence of samarium (III) and gadolinium (III) extraction rate constant on the stirring rate was revealed using the formal first-order kinetic equation. Based on the linear dependences of the logarithm of the reaction rate constant on the reciprocal temperature, the activation energies for the extraction of Gd and Sm from phosphate model solutions were established, which, respectively, were 42.47 and 28.48 kJ/mol. The obtained values of the activation energies indicate that the limiting stage of the extraction process on a solid extractant can be considered a chemical reaction between ions of rare-earth metals and functional groups of the extractant. Separation of elements at the extraction stage is possible at temperature of 333 K under non-equilibrium conditions with separation coefficient up to 1.8 in 5 min.

Food Service Kitchen Scraps as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Disposal Survey, Optimized Extraction, Metabolomic Screening and Chemometric Evaluation.

Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool with high resolution and the capability to characterize a wide range of bioactive natural products from fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB). Thus, this approach was applied in the study to evaluate the phenolic compounds (PC) by metabolomic screening in five FVB after optimizing their extraction. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity analyses were able to select the best extractor (SM) and ultrasonication time (US) for each FVB; methanol was used as a control. Although ultrasonication yielded a lower number of PC identifications (84 PC), the US extract was the most efficient in total ionic abundance (+21% and +29% compared to the total PC and SM extracts, respectively). Ultrasonication also increased the phenolic acid (+38%) and flavonoid classes (+19%) extracted compared to SM, while the multivariate analyses showed the control as the most dissimilar sample. FVB extracted from the same parts of the vegetable/fruit showed similarities and papaya seed presented the most atypical profile. The application of the metabolomics approach increased the knowledge of the bioactive potential of the evaluated residues and possibilities of exploring and valorizing the generated extracts.

Study on Characterization and Pesticidal Evaluation of Diterpenes Isolated from Chloroform Extract of Hedychium spicatum Sm. Rhizomes

A chemical study on the rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum resulted in the isolation and identification of labdane diterpenes, hedychilactone A (1), and B (2). The chemical structure of known compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated based on extensive spectral data analyses and identified by comparing their experimental spectral data with the reported data in the literature. The isolated labdane diterpenes were evaluated for their pesticide effects like nematicidal activity on Meloidogyne incognita, insecticidal activity on Spodoptera litura, and herbicidal activity on Raphanus raphanistrum seeds. The bioactivity of both compounds was predicted with the help of in silico PASS studies. The proteins/enzymes undertaken for docking studies by AutoDock4.2 to validate nematicidal activity was acetylcholinesterase (PBD ID: IC2O), for insecticidal activity was enzyme carboxylesterase (PDB ID: 1CI8), and for herbicidal activity was acetohydroxyacid synthase (PBD ID: 1YHZ). These compounds could be deduced as a viable alternative source of natural pesticidal agents and pave the way for further studies on its mechanistic approaches and field trials to ascertain its pesticidal studies.

Selective extraction of Sm from LiCl-KCl molten salt into wasteforms via liquid bismuth

The electrorefining of spent nuclear fuels in a molten LiCl-KCl salt electrolyte recovers the valuable actinides but also releases radioactive fission products in the salt. To minimize the nuclear waste volume, dissolved fission products such as rare earths (REs) must be removed from the electrorefining salt and immobilized into proper wasteforms. Here we propose a two-step approach for treating the electrorefining waste salt by (i) the electrolytic recovery of REs from the salt using a liquid metal cathode; and subsequent (ii) oxidative extraction of REs from the liquid metal into durable wasteforms. Experimental demonstration using rare earth element samarium (Sm) and liquid metal (Bi) was successful. The Sm ions dissolved in the salt can be selectively recovered as dendrite Sm-Bi intermetallic products on the top of liquid bismuth cathode through electrolysis at appropriate applied currents or potentials. Then the Sm in the Sm-Bi alloy was efficiently extracted into both zinc-in-titania (ZIT) glass ceramic and lanthanide aluminoborosilicate (LABS) glass wasteforms through selective oxidation at Sm2O3 loadings of 18–25 wt% and 50 wt%, respectively. Recycling of the electrorefining salt with minimum nuclear waste generation is foreseeable with the use of this simple, efficient, and highly compatible process.

Electrochemical extraction of the fission element samarium from tin electrodes and its kinetic analysis in an electrolytic refining process in LiCl-KCl molten salts

Abstract The key fragment element samarium (Sm) has a large neutron absorption cross section, which can hinder the absorption of neutrons by uranium and negatively affect the nuclear reaction. In order to realize the nuclear fuel cycle, the extraction of Sm was studied on the basis of electrolytic refining after the dry process. The electrochemical properties of SmCl3 and SnCl2 in LiCl-KCl molten system were systematically investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and open circuit potential (OCP). The diffusion coefficients of the Sn(II) and Sm(III) electrode processes were calculated to be 3.55–5.93 × 10−5 and 2.33–3.97 × 10−5 cm2 s−1, respectively. The co-reduction of Sm(III) and Sn(II) ions was studied. Sm was recycled by constant current electrolysis on the liquid Sn electrode, and the average extraction rate was about 94.23%. The samples were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM), and the results showed that Sm extraction from liquid tin is feasible.

Formulation of double emulsions of mango seed extract (Mangifera indica L.) 'Ataulfo' incorporated into a mango by-product flour drink: Release kinetics, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of cyclooxygenases

The encapsulation and release of bioactive compounds obtained from by-products are aspects of exponential boom for several decades, as it seeks to maintain or enhance their activity. A double emulsion (W1/O/W2) was developed with mango seed extract (MS) 'Ataulfo', said extract contains gallic acid and pentagalloyl glucose as major compounds (80.16%). The double emulsion was subjected to release kinetics for 3 h in phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), presenting a release constant (k) of 35,350 ± 6,031 μg/mL/min, in addition to antioxidant capacity by the DPPH and FRAP method of 168,663 ± 4,273 and 39,718 ± 1,019 mMol/g of double emulsion respectively at 120 min of kinetics, the time of 120 min was determined as the latency time (l). The release behavior corresponds to zero-order kinetics since the release of the extract remains constant until the minimum concentration is reached to exert the antioxidant capacity mentioned above. The mechanism of release of the SM extract contained in the double emulsion is governed by diffusion (Fickian behavior), this was determined thanks to the equations of the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model, obtaining a regression adjustment (R2) of 0.9252 for said model and R2 of 0.8126 for zero-order kinetics. The double emulsion was added to a mango peel drink formulation, to which the antitopoisomerase activity was determined in strains of S. cerevisiae (JN394 and JN362a), however, no inhibitory activity was presented towards any strain. The cyclooxygenase inhibition (COX) assay was performed on the 120-minute released fraction and the MS extract, showing that this fraction only showed 18.97% inhibition in COX-II, however, the SM extract obtained an inhibition percentage of 38.14% in COX-II.

GC-MS (Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy) analysis of methanol leaf extract of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. of District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites or chemical constituents with interesting biological activities. Therefore, a thorough validation of the herbal agents has emerged as a new branch of science emphasizing and prioritizing the standardization of the natural drugs and products because several of these phytochemicals have complementary and overlapping mechanism of action. Mass spectrometry coupled with chromatographic separations such as Gas chromatography (GC-MS) is generally used for direct analysis of components existing in traditional medicines and medicinal plants. Gas chromatography separates the components of the mixture and mass spectroscopy analyses each of these components separately. In recent years, GC-MS studies have been increasingly applied for the analysis of medicinal plants as this technique has proved to be a valuable method for the analysis of non-polar components, volatile essential oils, fatty acids, lipids, alkaloids etc. The present study was aimed to find out the bioactive compounds present in methanol extract of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. by using Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy. GC-MS chromatogram showed 10 peaks indicating the presence of ten phytochemical constituents in this plant. The results revealed Limonene (18.48%), Caryophyllene (13.01%), 3-Heptanoicacid methyl ester (11.00%) and Phenol, 2-(2-methyl-2-propenyl) (5.52%) as the major components in the methanol extract. The results support the use of R. arboreum in traditional medicines for controlling bacterial, degenerative and other diseases. Thus, the present study approves the medicinal value of this plant and scientifically validates it for use as a component of medicinal preparations.&#x0D; Keywords: Rhododendron arboreum, methanol, leaf extract, phytochemicals, Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)

Recovery of samarium(III) and cobalt(II) in synthetic nitric acid solutions using carboxyl functionalized ionic liquids and application to recycling SmCo permanent magnets

Samarium (Sm), as one of the lanthanide elements, has a broad application prospect in the synthesis of samarium cobalt permanent magnet materials with high temperature stability, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. Due to the unlimited demand of Sm(III), recycling of Sm(III) waste is an effective method to balance economy and supply. In this paper, three novel morpholine carboxylic acid ionic liquids (ILs) were rationally designed and successfully synthesized for the extraction of Sm(III). The effects of alkyl chain length of the ionic liquids, solution acidity, contact time, extractant concentration and temperature were tested in terms of the extraction performances. The results revealed that [(CH2)7COOHmor][NTf2] had the optimal extraction capacity, as well as the extraction efficiency of Sm increased with the increase of pH, reaching >99.9% when the pH was 1.8. In addition, the extraction equilibrium could be achieved within 1 min. Moreover, the slope analysis and FTIR spectral studies proposed a cation exchange extraction mechanism for Sm(III) by [(CH2)7COOHmor][NTf2]. The loaded Sm(III) in organic phase was easy to strip with 0.05 mol/L of HNO3, and the [(CH2)7COOHmor][NTf2] remained stable after 5 cycles. The research of transition metal extraction revealed that Sm(III) could be selectively separated from Ni(II) and Co(II) by adjusting the pH value of the solution. Finally, under the optimized extraction conditions, Sm2O3 with 83.9% yield was obtained by the extraction-stripping-precipitation-calcination process, through the large-scale recovery applications of the simulated waste liquid.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Different Parts of Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Free radicals are molecules with reactive unpaired electrons which are produced during cell metabolism and create the oxidative stress inside tissue resulting in tissue damage. The aim of the present study was qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity of different parts of ethnomedicinally used Rubus ellipticus Sm. plant. Root, stem, and leaves of Rubus ellipticus Sm. were collected from Annapurna Rural Municipality, Kaski, Western Nepal. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the plant parts were obtained by subsequent maceration process. The phytochemical screening of most of the extract showed the presence of phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and glycosides. The ethanolic extract of stem showed the higher phenolic content with the value of 343.75 ± 2.21 µg GAE/mg. Ethanolic extract of stem had the highest amount of flavonoid content (1563.17 ± 10.79 µg QE/mg of extract), whereas all the ethyl acetate extracts of root, leaves and stem showed comparable flavonoid content. Ethanolic extracts of leaves showed potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 5.03µg/ml while ethyl acetate extract of stem showed the maximum free radical scavenging properties. The result depicted that the ethanolic extract of Rubus ellipticus Sm. showed the potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals.