Slurry Type Research Articles

Experimental study on the factors affecting cement bond strength at the second interface of oil-gas well

The second interface of cementing refers to the interface formed by the formation and the cement sheath after cementing. The bonding strength of the second cementing interface is mainly generated through the interaction between the cement sheath and the formation. This study employs sandstone and limestone as experimental materials to investigate the influencing factors on the bonding strength of the second cementing interface by altering the water-cement ratio of the cement slurry system, adding ultrafine materials, and incorporating latex materials. In a progressive experimental approach, various types of cement slurries are selected, including pure cement slurry systems under different water-cement ratios (L1, L2), cement slurry systems with added nano-silica on the basis of pure cement systems (L3), and cement slurry systems with latex added (L4). The influence factors of the bonding strength of the second cementing interface of cement sheaths are explored through self-developed bonding strength evaluation molds and micro-characterization of the bonding interface. The results indicate that increasing the water-cement ratio or adding nano-silica can promote the generation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), resulting in higher early bonding strength but lower later strength under sandstone interfaces; the reaction of latex particles themselves to form a three-dimensional network structure can enhance the bonding strength. This research provides significant insights into the bonding laws of the second cementing interface and is of great importance to the cementing construction process.

As, Pb and Cu Stabilization By a Mixture Type of Mg-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) with Oyster Shell: Laboratory and Field Evaluations

Oyster shell has been studied as effective stabilizer for heavy metals that exist as cationic forms in soil-aqueous system, but its stabilization capacity for arsenic was very low because of its anionic existence forms. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) shows excellent oxyanion As fixation capacity in soil because of interlayer anion (or complex) exchange, but has relatively low fixation capabilities for other heavy metals. Because of different main mechanism to fix arsenic in the stabilizer compared to other heavy metals, there are limitations in applying only a single stabilizer to the site contaminated with both the arsenic and other heavy metals. The use of a powdered type stabilizer in the field could also be limited because of the risk of suffering mass loss, fugitive dust generation, and low sustainability of the stabilization effect. To overcome these problems, the granular and the slurry type of Mg-Fe LDH mixed with oyster shell were manufactured as the stabilizer to fix As, Pb, and Cu in the soil at the same time and their stabilization efficiencies were investigated by field scale demonstration tests in this study. Results from experiments confirmed that when a mixed granular type stabilizer was added into the soil, the extraction reducing efficiency for all three, As, Pb and Cu, from soil was more than 75%, which indicated that the mixed stabilizer has great potential to fix all of them in soil at the same time. In field demonstration tests (a total of 3 test beds; each bed: 3 m × 3 m × 2 m), the concentration of As and Pb in groundwater from treated test beds decreased by more than 60%, and their extraction reducing efficiencies were higher than 40%. Both As and Pb fractionation transition to more stable phases in test beds by the mixed stabilizer was clearly observed, supporting the Mg-Fe LDH mixed with oyster shell could be successfully used as a single stabilizer for sites contaminated with both heavy metals and As.

Recycling of wasted wool fibers from sheep shearing for green building components: A review

It is nowadays recognized that the building sector causes the greatest environmental impact in terms of both waste production and carbon emissions. Within the context of ecologically sustainable development (ESD), the construction sector is looking for more eco-friendly materials, such as natural fibres. Natural fibers are worldwide recognized as ideal replacement for traditional construction materials, providing excellent thermal and acoustic insulation for building but also for adoption as reinforcement fibers in cement mortars, composite materials, solid boards/panels, raw biomasses, multi-layers, filled loosen/foaming types, particles, slurry types, coils, bricks, etc. The aim of this work is to provide a clear overview on the natural fibers currently employed in the green production of building components, with the main focus on wool fibers deriving from the livestock sector, where wool waste disposal is a crucial problem. This article is a review conducted using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, a globally recognized method that is not inherently innovative. The innovation of this article lies in the addressed topic, which is relatively new and has only recently gained significant attention, resulting in a limited number of highly relevant articles in the literature.A systematic literature review of the use of wool fibers for green building components is conducted herein to highlight the characteristics that make such material a usable resource in the construction sector and the limits of its use. Given the findings from the reviewed papers, the authors could document that most of the reviewed articles aimed at analyzing the mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties of building components containing wool fibres. The review highlights that the strength of the wool fiber relies on its thermal properties which can be exploited for building thermal insulation. The wool fiber is also featured to provide good resistance to flexural loads; conversely, all the studies highlighted a negative effect of wool fibers on the compressive behavior of the investigated building components. The analysis of the acoustic properties showed that given the strong capacity of the wool fiber to absorb sound, wool is a great alternative to the conventional materials derived from non-renewable resources.Nevertheless, despite the eligibility of such fiber to be employed soon in the building sector, the analysis about the economic viability of the manufacturing process suggests that the high costs for the raw material, labor, electricity, and above all the high volume of water have to be drastically reduced by prompting the development of sheep wool fiber waterless processing. The achieved results could represent a first step in planning the sustainable re-use of wool waste as natural, renewable, and biodegradable fiber in the construction sector, providing the possibility of creating a new supply chain and solving the problem of its disposal.

Pollution Load Reduction from Domestic Wastewater with Electrocoagulation Process for Agricultural Reuse

Objectives: The present study is aimed to investigate electrocoagulation of domestic wastewater and assessment of pollutants removal efficiency for potential reuse in agriculture. Methods: The electrocoagulation treatment of domestic wastewater with Fe – Fe electrodes was performed under optimal conditions of pH (8.0), current density (0.6 mA/cm2), treatment time (45 minutes), and NaCl dose (2.8 g/L) in a slurry type of reactor. The primary clarified and biotreated domestic wastewaters were subjected to electrocoagulation with Direct Current (DC) as power source. Findings: There was observed higher pollutants removal efficiency from the biotreated wastewater as compared with the primary clarified wastewater after electrocoagulation. The treated wastewaters showed significant removal of pollutants in terms of BOD (79.5% – 87.9%), COD (86.8% – 89.5%), TDS (87.4% – 89.9%), TSS (66.7% – 75.3%), conductivity (77.8% – 78.4%), turbidity (74% – 81.2%), colour (77.7% – 86.2%), nitrates (44.1% – 51.7%), and phosphates (48.7% – 55.9%) after electrocoagulation treatment. Electrocoagulation considerably improved the biodegradability index of the primary clarified (0.59 to 0.92) and biotreated (0.69 to 0.8) wastewaters. This indicates easy removal of the pollutants further by biological processes in the aquatic ecosystems. Electrocoagulation demonstrated potential for removal of pollution from the domestic wastewater for productive reuse in agriculture and urban areas. Novelty: There exist few studies of use of electrochemical process for treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater. The treated waters complied with the regulatory standards and had satisfactory quality for reuse in agriculture and urban activities. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, Domestic wastewater, Biodegradability index, Agricultural reuse, National Green Tribunal

Experimental Investigation on the Grouting Performance of Foam-CNT Composite Grouts in Vertical Inclined Fractures Under Flowing Condition

Abstract Grouting is an effective method to solve the problem of water inrush in tunnel and underground engineering. However, rock fractures are often simplified as horizontal and smooth fractures in most grouting studies, while studies on vertical inclined fractures are still rare. To investigate the diffusion law in vertical inclined fractures, a vertical inclined fracture grouting simulation device was developed. A new type of cement slurry with low weight and high flowing water resistance was developed by combining carbon nanotube (CNT) slurry with foamed cement. Physical simulation experiments were conducted to investigate various factors (initial flowing water, inclination angle, sand content, and grouting rate) on the sealing efficiency of grouting. Results show that the high foam content has a negative effect on the compressive strength of the slurry, and has a positive effect on the fluidity and water resistance. The optimum ratio of slurry is 30% foam content, 1.0% CNT content, 1.3 water/cement ratio, and 3% additive content. The inclination angle and inclination direction of the fracture have a great influence on the sealing efficiency of grouting. Foam-CNT composite grouts can meet the requirement of flowing water grouting in vertical inclined fractures.

Assessment of excavation slurry produced clayey mineral from the Bahr Al-Najaf region

AbstractThis study targeted to investigate a type of excavation slurry by local available material in Najaf region. On the other hand, chief practises is supported the deep sides of foundation in particular pile foundation and, drilling oil wells. The results of slurries are checking, for seven properties, which includes the viscosity (apparent plastic and funnel Marsh), yield stress, density, acidity, and gel power (10–0 min). Which are 11.7367, 8.8733, 38.1667, 11.5467 mPa·s, 1.1045 kg m−3, 10.9067, and 11.2683 mPa·s, respectively. On the basis of the results tests for the above properties, that is possible to produce a product that conforms to the specifications of American Petroleum Institute specifications, and according to the requirements of the standard ACI 336.3R-93:2006 without additives. The rheological behavior improvement is achieved through the breakdown of the bundles of palygorskite fibers that normally make up the texture of these mudstones by increasing the time and speed of the shear force as soon as increasing the concentration of clay powder.

Tetrahydropalmatine inhibiting mitophagy through ULK1/FUNDC1 pathway to alleviate hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells

This study explored the specific mechanism by which tetrahydropalmatine(THP) inhibited mitophagy through the UNC-51-like kinase 1(ULK1)/FUN14 domain containing 1(FUNDC1) pathway to reduce hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) injury in H9c2 cells. This study used H9c2 cells as the research object to construct a cardiomyocyte H/R injury model. First, a cell viability detection kit was used to detect cell viability, and a micro-method was used to detect lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) leakage to evaluate the protective effect of THP on H/R injury of H9c2 cells. In order to evaluate the protective effect of THP on mitochondria, the chemical fluorescence method was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species, intramitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and autophagosomes, and the luciferin method was used to detect intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate(ATP) content. Western blot was further used to detect the ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3) membrane type(LC3-Ⅱ) and slurry type(LC3-Ⅰ) and activated cleaved caspase-3 expression level. In addition, ULK1 expression level and its phosphorylation degree at Ser555 site, as well as the FUNDC1 expression level and its phosphorylation degree of Ser17 site were detected to explore its specific mechanism. The results showed that THP effectively reduced mitochondrial damage in H9c2 cells after H/R. THP protected mitochondria by reducing the level of reactive oxygen species in cells and mitochondria, increasing mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby increasing cellular ATP production, enhancing cellular activity, reducing cellular LDH leakage, and finally alleviating H/R damage in H9c2 cells. Further studies have found that THP could reduce the production of autophagosomes, reduce the LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio, and lower the expression of the apoptosis-related protein, namely cleaved caspase-3, indicating that THP could reduce apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy. In-depth studies have found that THP could inhibit the activation of the ULK1/FUNDC1 pathway of mitophagy and the occurrence of mitophagy by reducing the phosphorylation degree of ULK1 at Ser555 and FUNDC1 at Ser17. The application of ULK1 agonist BL-918 reversely verified the effect of THP on reducing the phosphorylation of ULK1 and FUNDC1. In summary, THP inhibited mitophagy through the ULK1/FUNDC1 pathway to reduce H/R injury in H9c2 cells.

Preparation, characterisation and property modification of a calcium chloride hexahydrate phase change material slurry with additives for thermal energy transportation

Efficient thermal energy distribution and rational energy management are effective solutions to address the significant and fast-ascending energy consumption in building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Phase change material (PCM) slurries with excellent thermal energy transportation and storage characteristics have been recognised as promising secondary refrigerants to simultaneously facilitate efficient heat/cold transport and effective thermal energy storage in air conditioning systems. Among various PCM slurries, salt hydrate PCM slurries have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their many inherent advantages. This paper presented the preparation, characterisation, and property modification of a CaCl2·6H2O slurry based on a methodology proposed for optimal salt hydrate PCM slurry development. Theoretical modelling was first carried out to assess the availability of salt hydrate PCM slurries based on the phase diagram and solid fraction, followed by a series of property measurements to reveal the mechanisms and address the problems behind the phase transition, crystal particle morphology, stability and rheologic characteristics, using nucleating agents, surfactants and stabilisers. It was found that the salt hydrate PCM slurry developed provides a unit volume enthalpy twice that of water over the phase change temperature range of 5°C, together with acceptable fluidity. The results also showed that the PCM particle size can be well controlled, and the slurry can be stabilised, with the assistance of surfactants and stabilisers. Compared to other types of PCM slurries, the proposed salt hydrate PCM slurry has the advantages of being cost-effectiveness, easy preparation, adjustable phase change temperature, etc., which is promising to facilitate energy saving and rationalisation in building HVAC.

Effect of raw material and application rate of biogas slurry on Cucumber growth, Fusarium wilt suppression, and soil properties

With the popularization and application of biogas engineering, byproduct biogas slurry has excellent application potential as organic liquid fertilizer, while its source and application rate significantly affect its effect. Irrational application of biogas slurry, can reduce crop yields and cause environmental problems such as soil salinization and diffuse source pollution. In this study, the impact of different types of biogas slurry from various materials (i.e., pig manure, chicken manure, vinasse, and kitchen waste) and their required application rates on the growth and incidence of cucumber were investigated by analyzing the dry weight of cucumber, soil chemical properties, soil extracellular enzyme activity, and the incidence of cucumber wilt disease. The results showed that the effects of the four selected types of biogas slurry on cucumber growth and disease were similar. It was shown that 3% was the most suitable application rate considering the dry weight of cucumber plants and the incidence of wilt disease. At this application rate, it was achievable to increase soil pH, soil AN, AK, Olsen P content, and enzyme activities without increasing the risk of salinization. In summary, despite different sources, biogas slurry showed the best growth promotion and disease suppression ability in 3% (v/w) application, without the risk of soil salinization.

Pressure infiltration behavior and fluid loss of bentonite slurry: a comparative study of two bentonite slurries

Bentonite slurry is frequently used to temporarily stabilize the excavation for slurry tunnel boring machines (TBMs) driving in permeable soils, such as sand and gravel. In this study, two types of bentonite slurries (BS1 and BS2) were subjected to a series of infiltration column tests and modified fluid-loss tests under various pressure levels. Monitoring of water discharge and pore pressures at different depths of the sand bed enabled the identification of two effective sealing patterns during infiltration: the formation of a filter cake and rheological blocking. BS1 exhibited a tendency to form a filter cake, which played a vital role in effectively transferring the applied pressure to the underlying soil skeleton. The application of higher pressure facilitated the rapid formation of a filter cake, resulting in a shorter time span for slurry invasion and minimizing fluid loss. On the other hand, rheological blocking was dominant when using BS2, and the maximum infiltration distance was found to linearly increase with the applied pressure. A comparison between the measurement and a simple prediction model derived from Darcy's law revealed an overestimation of the infiltration distance during slurry invasion. Furthermore, based on the modified fluid-loss test, higher pressure was found to densify the filter cake and result in lower hydraulic conductivity.

Slurry Activation for Enhanced Surface Redox Reactions in CMP

A novel add-on hardware device is placed near the point of slurry dispense that can instantaneously activate slurry performance during polishing via megasonic irradiation. This new technology (Flucto-CMP® is able to overcome the inherent polisher-slurry weaknesses such as wafer-level defects, process vibrations, cost of ownership, slurry waste, remval rate (RR), and RR selectivity. Flucto-CMP® has been successfully applied to various types of CMP slurries resulting in significant increases in the removal rates of copper, SiC, borosilicate hard mask, ILD, TiN, and silicon carbide through chemical alteration of the passivation layer needed for material removal. Specifically, for copper CMP, using Flucto-CMP®, we see an up to 31% boost in RR which is well correlated with the amount of reactive oxidizing species generated through irradiation as well as the measured relative indentation depth of the passivation layer. In addition to boosts in RR, for copper, we see a 50X drop in the variance of shear force and a 5X drop in the variance of normal force when Flucto-CMP® is used. This dramatic reduction in process vibration for copper soft-landing processes ought to reduce wafer-level defects. Much greater rate improvements are observed when polishing SiC, and borosilicate hard masks.

Effect of Parameters of Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) for Improving Surface Roughness for Semiconductor Material Kind Silicon

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is the polishing process where the top surface of a wafer is smoothed using a slurry containing abrasive grit as well as reactive chemical agents. The polishing process is partly mechanical and partly chemical. The mechanical element's main advantage is that it is achieved without great effort to manufacture and supplies good-quality general mechanical and electrical properties. In the current study, the invention reckons on the chemical and mechanical properties of the composition particles (abrasive slurry) utilized to polish silicon surfaces traveling through chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). MINITAB 17 software was used to estimate the influence of the (CMP) input variables on the surface roughness (Ra) of the silicon workpiece. Other process input variables were disk speed (rpm), the dose of abrasive, the grain size of the abrasive, and the type of slurry. In order to get the best response surface roughness, the current findings show that the constant coefficient of determination (R2) is 95.80%. Furthermore, the effects of disk speed (X1), abrasive dose (X2), abrasive grain size (X3), and type of slurry (X4) on achieving a superior surface roughness finish were 21.05%, 4.34%, 50.00%, and 24.59%, respectively.

Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Property and Microstructure of Clay-Cement Slurry.

As a widely used material in underground engineering, clay-cement slurry grouting is characterized by poor initial anti-seepage and filtration capacity, low strength of the resulting stone body, and a tendency to brittle failure. In this study, a novel type of clay-cement slurry was developed by adding of graphene oxide (GO) as a modifier to ordinary clay-cement slurry. The rheological properties of the improved slurry were studied through laboratory tests, and the effects of varying amounts of GO on the slurry's viscosity, stability, plastic strength, and stone body mechanical properties were analyzed. The results indicated that the viscosity of clay-cement slurry increases by a maximum of 163% with 0.05% GO, resulting in a decrease in the slurry's fluidity. The stability and plastic strength of GO-modified clay-cement slurry were significantly enhanced, with the plastic strength increasing by a 5.62 time with 0.03% GO and a 7.11 time with 0.05% GO at the same curing time. The stone body of the slurry exhibited increased uniaxial compressive strength and shear strength, with maximum increases of 23.94% and 25.27% with 0.05% GO, respectively, indicating a significant optimization effect on the slurry's durability. The micro-mechanism for the effect of GO on the properties of slurry was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a diffraction of X-rays (XRD) test. Moreover, a growth model of the stone body of GO-modified clay-cement slurry was proposed. The results showed that after the GO-modified clay-cement slurry was solidified, a clay-cement agglomerate space skeleton with GO monolayer as the core was formed inside the stone body, and with an increase in GO content from 0.03% to 0.05%, the number of clay particles increased. The clay particles filled the skeleton to form a slurry system architecture, which is the primary reason for the superior performance of GO-modified clay-cement slurry when compared with traditional clay-cement slurry.

Fourier convolution-parallel neural network framework with library matching for multi-tool processing decision-making in optical fabrication.

Intelligent manufacturing of ultra-precision optical surfaces is urgently desired but rather difficult to achieve due to the complex physical interactions involved. The development of data-oriented neural networks provides a new pathway, but existing networks cannot be adapted for optical fabrication with a high number of feature dimensions and a small specific dataset. In this Letter, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a novel Fourier convolution-parallel neural network (FCPNN) framework with library matching was proposed to realize multi-tool processing decision-making, including basically all combination processing parameters (tool size and material, slurry type and removal rate). The number of feature dimensions required to achieve supervised learning with a hundred-level dataset is reduced by 3-5 orders of magnitude. Under the guidance of the proposed network model, a 260 mm × 260 mm off-axis parabolic (OAP) fused silica mirror successfully achieved error convergence after a multi-process involving grinding, figuring, and smoothing. The peak valley (PV) of the form error for the OAP fused silica mirror decreased from 15.153λ to 0.42λ and the root mean square (RMS) decreased from 2.944λ to 0.064λ in only 25.34 hours. This network framework has the potential to push the intelligence level of optical manufacturing to a new extreme.

Calculation of Cementing ECD for Well Annuli with Narrow or Varied Radial Sizes

In this present work, cement slurry flowing in well annuli with narrow or varied radial sizes is investigated, whose purpose is to precisely calculate the equivalent circulating density (ECD) during well cementing in the petroleum industry. The theoretical Metzner-Reed (MR) method and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) are applied to calculate the cementing ECD for different types of cement slurries by considering both the Bingham and Power-Law rheological models. The cementing ECD calculated by the theoretical MR method is verified to be in accordance with the DNS result. Moreover, for the narrow annulus, the cementing ECD is demonstrated to be sensitive to the rheological model. In addition, based on the obtained DNS results, the accuracies of the cementing ECD calculated by three commercial software, including DRILL BENCH (DB), LANDMARK (LM), and PVI, are compared, to determine their corresponding adaptability for different rheological models. According to the detailed comparisons, LM shows the highest accuracy in calculating the cementing ECD for the Power-Law fluid, while PVI is optimal for the Bingham fluid. However, sharp fluctuations of the calculation errors are observed when DB is applied.

Ammonia emissions from untreated, separated and digested cattle slurry – Effects of slurry type and application strategy on a Swedish clay soil

Ammonia emissions from untreated, separated and digested cattle slurry – Effects of slurry type and application strategy on a Swedish clay soil

Synergistic effect of gold NPs modified graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes (g-CNT) with the role of hot electrons and hole scavengers for boosting solar hydrogen production

The efficient and selective photocatalysts for the evolution of hydrogen are highly demanding, however, many semiconductors are complex in nature and have lower photocatalytic efficiency. This is because of their small exposed surface area, poor light penetration, and unregulated charge recombination rate. Herein, well-designed graphitic carbon nitride with hierarchical nanotextures loaded with plasmonic gold (Au) nanoparticles has been investigated for stimulating photocatalytic H2 evolution. Hole scavengers, diffusion effects, duration, and mass transfer were used to evaluate the photoactivity activity in a slurry type continuous flow photoreactor system. Due to better charge carrier separation and enhanced light permeability, H2 evolution was boosted by two times when bulk g-C3N4 structure was alternated with graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes (g-CNT). The maximum H2 generation rate was 455 μmol g−1 h−1 with 0.3% Au/g-CNT nanotexture, which was 17.8 and 8.9 times greater than utilizing g-C3N4 and g-CNT samples, respectively. The key factors influencing this improvement in photoactivity were the unique interlayer opening, higher light penetration, more light utilization due to plasmonic effect, enhanced surface reactive active sites, and decreased charge carrier recombination. The hot electrons due to plasmonic gold was another important feature to promote H2 evolution rate under solar energy. It is possible to employ these freshly developed nanotextures, which have a gold plasmonic effect, for solar energy conversion and other energy-related applications.

Thixotropic cement slurry system types and evaluation methods

Thixotropy is one of the important contents of the rheology for dispersed systems. Thixotropy is widely used in engineering cement slurry, and the thixotropy of substances in actual engineering is often used as an auxiliary means and method of engineering technology. The concept and mechanism of thixotropy are briefly introduced. The thixotropic cement slurry system is divided into inorganic and organic types, and the shortcomings of various types of thixotropic cement slurry are pointed out. The evaluation methods of the thixotropic ring method, static shear force method, hysteresis ring total energy method, thixotropic index method, thin blade horizontal cutting method, step method, hysteresis loop method, and thixotropic coefficient method is introduced. Finally, future research on thixotropy has prospected.

Interaction Between Mycorrhizae and Organic Amendments to Improve Growth and Phosphorus Uptake in Brinjal

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient both for plants and other living organisms. However, due to its fixation with soil collides; it becomes unavailable to plants and hence cannot enter the food chain. The effect of combination of mycorrhizae and different organic amendments on P uptake and plant growth of brinjal (Solanum melongena) was evaluated in a pot trial, conducted at wire house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Each treatment was composed of one type of organic amendment (i.e. farmyard manure (FYM), biogas slurry (BGS), poultry manure and compost) at the rate of 1.5% w/w and mycorrhizae. Results showed that the combined application of mycorrhizae and organic amendment improved plant growth and enhanced P uptake. Improved root length, shoot height and leaf canopy was observed in FYM+mycorrhizae and BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. Similarly, enhanced P uptake improved photosynthetic activity and high biomass was observed in BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. The use of mycorrhizae and organic amendments appeared to be efficient in improving P uptake up to 53.45% and plant growth 64.32%. It is concluded that practicing this in the field can be cost effective approach and reduce environmental risk by reducing application of chemical fertilizers.

RESEARCHES OF CHANGES OF THE COEFFICIENT OF A FILTRATION OF THE POROUS MEDIA AT THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMATION OF A DEPOSIT. THE THEORETICAL ANALISIS AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CALCULATIONS OF CLEARING FILTERS

On the basis of analogy betweem the laminar flow of a viscous liquid in a tube and a filtration in the porous media which submits to the linear law of resistance Dar-cy the formula for calculation of coefficient of a filtration at the combined form of adjournment of a deposit is obtained. Practical recommendations for a choiсе of theoretical and approximating experimental dependences for different types of formation of a deposit are given.
 Theoretical and applied studies of filtration of heterogeneous ridins in porous mediums with changing powers took away significant development in connection with solutions to the problems of water purification in the form of finely dispersed mineral and columnar particles and speeches. Changes in the power of porous media are observed in the history of various mechanical, physical-chemical and biological processes of mass transfer which are visible on the surface of the particles of the middle (surfase – the slurry type of the settlements of the siege after adsorption), or without the middle in the port channels (volume – the dispersed type of the settlement of the siege).
 With accumulated siege (the process of colmatation), a change in porosity and filtration coefficient is observed, and with inflows (the process of suffocation) – an increase in these important parameters of the porous medium.
 When filtering rich-phase and rich components sieges, it can be settled in a mixed (complex) form, like in plivkovy so in general. In case of filfiltration of rich-phase and rich-component native sediments, it can be settled in mixed (complex) forms – like in smelt, and in general forms. The type of the process of the siege of creation and indicated on the basis of laboratory data. To lie in the nursery area on the surface of the particles of interest, adhesive and sorption power of the particles of the medium, according to the type of encroachment, district, temperature and other char-acteristics of the porous medium and pore waters.