Form Of Slurry Research Articles

Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915–2020

Tailings are the waste materials generated from mining activities and are typically stored in large man-made earthen dams in the form of slurry. Failures of such tailings dams can have deleterious effects on the environment and even impact areas that are miles away from the failed dam. In this study, we updated the existing tailings dam failure database developed by the International Commission on Large Dams and World Information Service on Energy and analyzed the impacts of dam failure over the past hundred years from a global perspective. In addition, we prepared a tailings dam spatial database. The impact of mine tailings dam failure on aquatic environments was also investigated using a proxy environmental indicator—the gray water footprint. The resulting information from the historical overview of dam failures, was used to map the risk associated with existing tailings dams as well as the magnitude of tailings dam failures. Furthermore, we integrated mining commodity production data and the tailings dam failure data. This revealed that the number of failures is rising once again, and the trajectory of dam failures has shifted from developed to developing countries. Only a few dam failure incidents have had significant impacts. Although safer technologies are available to manage mine waste, most extractive industries are yet to adopt such technologies into their standard practices. Moreover, the reluctance of mining companies for the public disclosure of information related to tailings dams and dam failures hinders efforts to establish a complete tailings dam database. We have provided up-to-date tailings dam information, which may be useful for extractive industries.

Laboratory development and pilot-scale deployment of a two-part foamed rock dust

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 30 CFR 75.402 and 75.403 require 80% total incombustible content to be maintained within 40 feet of the coal mine face via the liberal application of rock dust. Unfortunately, this application of rock dust limits miners' visibility downwind and can increase the miners' exposures to a respirable nuisance dust. Wet rock dust applied as a slurry is, at times, used to negate these negative effects. Although this aids in meeting the total incombustible limits, the slurry forms a hard cake when dried and no longer effectively disperses as needed to suppress a coal dust explosion. As a result, a dry rock dust must be reapplied to maintain a dispersible layer. Therefore, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have been working towards finding and testing a foamed rock dust formulation that can be applied wet on mine surfaces and remain dispersible once dried which minimizes the likelihood of mine disasters, including mine explosions. The initial tests were aimed at discerning dispersion characteristics of three different foamed rock dusts via the NIOSH-developed dispersion chamber and led to identification of a two-part foam with adequate dispersion characteristics. The current study was conducted to assess the robustness of the two-part foamed rock dust. Through a series of laboratory-scale experiments using the dispersibility chamber, the effects of testing conditions and product formulations on the foam's dispersibility was determined. Some of the tested variables include: exposing the foam to high humidity, varying the component levels of the foamed rock dust, altering the rock dust size distribution, and varying the rock dust types. Further pilot-scale tests examined the atmospheric concentrations of dust via personal dust monitors downwind of foamed rock dust production and application. Additionally, product consistency was recorded during pilot-scale testing at key points in the formulation and application. The results of these experiments will be discussed in this paper.

Two-phase modelling for sediment water mixtures above the limit deposit velocity in horizontal pipelines

Abstract In dredging applications, deep sea mining and land reclamation projects typically large amounts of sediments are transported through pipes in the form of hyper concentrated (40% sediment or more) sediment-water mixtures or slurries. In this paper it is investigated how well a generic Euler-Euler CFD-model is capable to model velocity, concentration profiles and the pressure gradient of sediment above deposition limit velocity in a pipeline. This Euler-Euler solver treats both phases as a continuum with its own momentum and continuity equations. The full kinetic theory for granular flows is accounted for (no algebraic form is used) and is combined with a buoyant k-ε turbulence model for the fluid phase. The influence of the mesh size has been checked and grid convergence is achieved. All numerical schemes used are of second-order accuracy in space. The pressure gradient was calibrated by adjusting the specularity coefficient in one calibration case and kept constant afterwards. Simulations were carried out in a wide range of slurry flow parameters, in situ volume concentration (9–42%), pipe diameter (0.05–0.90 m), particle diameter (90–440 μm) and flow velocity of (3–7 m/s). The model shows satisfactory agreement to experimental data from existing literature.

Analisis Daya Listrik Pada Jahe dalam Bentuk Bubur dan Larutan Ekstraksi

Electrical energy is closely related to human life today. This is because many electronic goods can be used in the presence of electrical energy. The more population and need s for the electronic goods, more greater the need s of electricity. Because this is very important, a study of electrical energy is needed. The purpose of this research is to calculate the electrical power stored in ginger, in the form of slurry and extraction solution . This research is an experimental research. The data taken is the amount of voltage and current with variations in the mass and type of ginger. The results obtained from this study are when the ginger is in the form of slurry , the largest electric power is in red ginger with a value of 180.3802 microWatt. Meanwhile, when it is in the form of extraction solution , the greatest value is found in emprit ginger with a power of 106, 3404 microWatt.

Extraction of clean coal from washery rejects and its effect on coking properties: an approach toward sustainable development

ABSTRACT Since coal washeries generate huge quantities of high-ash rejects as waste, effective utilization of coal rejects help in sustainable coal preparation. Out of different coal rejects, tailings from froth-flotation process can be a potential material for the extraction of clean coal due to its fine size, availability in the slurry form, presence of good carbon values, and better liberation properties. In the present study, three different methodologies i.e., chemical method, chemico-physical method, and physical method are explored to separate clean coal with >49.8% yield for their utilization in coke making process. The chemical method of demineralization by alkali-acid leaching shows a high clean coal yield of 65.4%; however, the alteration of vitrinite-group macerals makes it unsuitable for coke making process. Chemico-physical method of clean coal separation by hydrothermal extraction followed by density separation results in clean coal at 49.8% yield with an increase in vitrinite group macerals, which shows a positive impact on rheological and coking properties. The physical separation method by ultrafine grinding followed by density-gradient-centrifugation resulted in 58.2% of clean coal yield with coking properties similar to the clean coal obtained in conventional coal beneficiation plants. By adopting chemico-physical method and physical method of coal cleaning, the overall clean coal yield of the washery can be improved by >5.1%. Also, there is no deterioration in coke properties such as coke strength after reaction and coke reactivity index by using the prepared clean coal in coal blend.

Assessment of Remineralizing Effect of Bioactive Glass Based Toothpastes: an In-Vitro Comparative Study

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the enamel remineralization potential of two bioactive glass- based toothpastes: Biomin® based toothpaste in comparison with Novamin® based toothpaste with sodium fluoride. Material and methods: Forty premolars were selected and divided equally into two groups named Novamin and Biomin groups after discarding their roots. First, the samples were soaked in a demineralizing solution for three days to get white spot lesion. Then, after rinsing them with deionized water, toothpastes were applied in the form of slurry twice daily, for two minutes each. The remineralization process lasted for two weeks. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) was used to assess the remineralization degree. It was attached to Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) unit to measure the Ca, P weight percent and also the Ca: P for each sample. Three EDX readings were taken for each sample; baseline, after demineralization and after remineralization. Results: The results showed that both toothpastes have remineralization potential without statistically significant difference between them except in phosphate weight percent which was higher in the Biomin group. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study we concluded that the mineral content of the demineralized enamel significantly increase with using both Biomin and Novamin containing toothpastes twice daily for two weeks. Biomin may be more effective than Novamin in remineralization of demineralized enamel.

Interface between FGH96 Superalloy and Refractory Slurry with Different Soaking Time

In this paper, the contact interface between FGH96 superalloy melts and refractory slurry with corundum powder and silica sol at 1600°C with different soaking time in 10-240 min range was investigated. The morphology and composition of the contact interface were studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the reaction layer formed on the contact interface between the melting superalloy and the refractory slurry, and is mainly consist of Alumina and contains a small amount of other metal elements such as Ti and Cr. The reaction layer was not smooth on the micro level, and there was a peninsula-like structure protruding into the internal part of the melting superalloy on the reaction zone, and even started to fall off at some places to form islands. With the increase of soaking time, the reaction between melt of superalloy and refractory slurry increased gradually and the reaction layer began to combine with the refractory slurry substrate and form obvious interaction layered structure, resulting in the corrosion of refractory slurry substrate. With the soaking time over 120 min, the stable contact interface was destroyed. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the substitution reaction between Al in superalloy and SiO2 in refractory slurry meets the thermodynamic conditions, and the reaction can proceed forward.

Development of biogas and biorafinery systems in Polish rural communities

The article reviews selected systems and technological variants of biogas production. Biogas installations and methods of biogas production were characterized in terms of control and measurement. The required technical and technological criteria for biogas production and treatment were indicated. The conditions of biorefining in the context of the generation of new products were analysed. Based on the amount of manure produced in pig production, the potential of biogas production in Poland was indicated based on the visualization of the biogas production potential by poviats in Poland. The substrate in the form of slurry, manure and other agricultural waste for the production of agricultural biogas in Poland was analysed quantitatively. The economic aspects in the agricultural biogas plant sector were revealed, indicating the operation of the economies of scale for this industry sector. An example of a pilot biogas production for anaerobic digestion using pig slurry is presented. The paper presents pre-liminary results of experimental studies on the course of changes in the biogas volume flow for the average daily production of agricultural biogas and the qualitative composition of agricultural biogas produced from pig slurry. The results of the measurements show a clear influence of the hydrodynamic mixing system of the substrate for the evaluation of the biogas flow through the adhesive bed in the context of agricultural biogas production in the range (1–14) m3 d–1.

Amelioration of Bauxite Residues by Sequential Slurry Carbonation

Abstract The safe handling, storage, disposal, and use of the bauxite residues (BRs) has become a bug bear to alumina refineries not only because of the enormous quantity that gets generated but also because of its characteristics, namely, extremely high alkalinity and sodicity. One of the ways to negotiate with this situation would be to “neutralize the BRs,” a hypothesis that would transform them into a nonhazardous (chemically less or partially inert) material that could be used as a man-made resource for its bulk utilization in various infrastructure development and agronomical projects. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this hypothesis, BRs from an alumina refinery of India were collected in their slurry form and neutralized by resorting to sequential slurry carbonation (SSC) technique. The SSC was achieved by employing (1) gaseous phase carbon dioxide, CO2, and (2) synthetic flue gas, which has a composition like that of stack gases produced from the industries. The study observed a sharp decline in pH of the BRs slurry in the initial phase of treatment, which lasted for 120 min, and the formation of neutralized BRs, designated as NBRs. The exposure, when continued beyond 120 min to 1,440 min, yielded NBRs that exhibit almost constant pH. The exposure of NBRs to the atmosphere resulted in a pH rebound with time.

Effects of compost quality from non-dairy creamer sewage sludge-solid compost biogas-rice husk char on bok choy mustard (Brassica rapa L.)

Non-dairy creamer sewage sludge (NDCSS) has high organic matter and nutrients for compost production but NDCSS has a problem for the composting process because it has high moisture and slurry form. Therefore, the composting process of NDCSS requires mixing of other organic materials such as solid compost biogas (SCB) and rice husk char (RHC). Therefore, this study aims to determine the chemical properties of compost from a mixture combination of NDCSS, SCB, and RHC, and to assess compost quality as organic fertilizer from a mixture combination of NDCSS, SCB, and RHC through growth and yield of bok choy mustard (Brassica rapa L). Experiments were carried out in greenhouses from March to September 2019. The research treatment consisted of 7 treatments mixture combination of NDCSS, SCB, and RHC for the composting process, and each treatment was repeated 4 times. The composting process is carried out by anaerobic or fermentation methods. The research layout was used as a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The NDCSS can produce compost with the highest N content, while the RHC will produce compost with the highest P. The mixture combination of NDCSS, SCB, RHC, and the mixture combination of SCB and RC will produce compost with the highest K content. Compost from NDCSS produces the best organic fertilizer because it is able to make the best biomass wet weight and dry weight of bok choy mustard biomass.

Metode Menentukan Klor dalam Sludge Oil: Perbandingan Metode Wet dan Metode Jena

Currently, the use of alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) in the cement industry is very attractive. This is driven by demands for environmental sustainability and the efficiency of fuel and raw material costs. One of the materials that can be used as AFR is sludge oil. However, it needs to be ensured that the chlorine content in the sludge oil does not exceed the threshold so that it does not have a negative impact during the cement production process. It is known that if the chlorine content is more than the threshold, it can cause blocking or clogging of the separator and the kiln. This study aims to determine the performance of the Jena Multi EA 4000 instrument in determining the chlorine content in sludge oil quickly and accurately. Analytic Jena Multi EA 4000 is an Atomic Absorption Spectrometers (AAS) instrument that can be used for analysis of samples in the form of solids or slurries containing chlorine. As validation of the resulting analysis, the wet method is used, which as usual, to determine chlorine levels. From the statistic analysis, namely the F-test and T-test, We found that F-count equal to 0.0080 and F-table equal to 4.2839. it shows that F-count < F-table, indicating the difference in the variance of the two methods H0: s12 = s22 is accepted because there is no difference to the variability of these two tests and the value of T-count = -3.9717 and T-table = 2.1788 so that T-count <T-table is accepted because there is no difference in the average accuracy of the two methods H0: M1 = M2.

Remineralization Potential of Nanohydroxyapatite Toothpaste Compared with Tricalcium Phosphate and Fluoride Toothpaste on Artificial Carious Lesions.

Introduction Nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA) has been utilized as an alternative agent for dental enamel remineralization. This study compared remineralization potential of nano-HA toothpaste (NHT), functionalized tricalcium phosphate toothpaste (TCPT), and fluoride toothpaste (FT) on carious lesions. Materials and Methods Sixty extracted human premolars were prepared for artificial carious lesions with synthetic polymer gel. Samples were divided into four groups according to testing agents: NHT, TCPT, FT, and one group with no treatment (NT). Each group was subjected to pH-cycling with the application of toothpaste in slurry form twice a day (2-min each) for 10 days. Surface microhardness was measured before demineralization, after demineralization, and after pH-cycling. Hardness at different periods, percentage of hardness recovery (% HR), and percentage of remineralization potential (%RP) were determined and statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey comparisons (α = 0.05). Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was utilized to assess lesion depth. Results Significant remineralization of carious lesions was observed among different toothpastes compared to NT (p < 0.05). No significant difference in remineralization potential was found among NHT, TCPT, and FT (p > 0.05). No significant difference in % HR and % RP was seen among NHT, TCPT, and FT (p > 0.05). PLM indicated a greater decrease in carious depth upon using NHT compared to TCPT and FT, with minimal increase in depth for NT. Conclusions NHT has comparable capability to TCPT and FT in hardness recovery. However, decrease in carious depth was evidenced with PLM for NHT more than TCPT and FT. Thus, NHT was suggested as a potential remineralization product for treating initial carious lesions. Clinical Significance. The study showed that NHT had the potential to remineralize artificial carious lesion. It was confirmed in potential in the lesion depth reduction and forming a new enamel layer. NHT showed its capability as an alternative for dental caries therapeutic.

Geo-electrical characterization of physical and mechanical properties of zinc tailing

In the present study, an attempt is made to characterize the tailing material using the electrical resistivity method through a series of laboratory experiments. Tailing materials are a by-product of the metal extraction industry, which are usually disposed off in the form of slurry to the disposal area surrounded by tailing impoundment. Nowadays, a large amount of water is removed through the filtration process, and dry stacking of tailing is followed. Effect of various basic (physical) geotechnical properties on the electrical resistivity of compacted tailing material is investigated using fabricated soil resistivity box based on four-electrode method (ASTM G57–20). To establish the correlation between electrical resistivity and permeability, measurements were made using modified rigid wall falling head permeameter at different densities. Triaxial shear tests, i.e., consolidated undrained (CU) test and consolidated drained (CD) tests were conducted on zinc tailings specimens to study the evolution of electrical resistivity with stress-strain and effective shear strength parameters (c’ and ϕ’) using customized triaxial cell. The present study can be useful for the estimation of in-situ soil properties using electrical resistivity measurement, which will help to understand the engineering properties of the compacted tailings and thus prevent failure of tailing dams.

Natural estrogen emissions to subsurface tile drains from experimental grassland fields in Switzerland after application of livestock slurries and free compounds

Natural estrogens are present in high concentrations in livestock slurries, which are often applied to agricultural fields in large quantities. As such, the export of slurry-derived natural estrogens from tile-drained fields is a potential source for estrogenic pollution in surface waters. Yet despite the abundance of tile-drained fields in Central Europe, export of natural estrogens from agricultural fields receiving livestock slurries is rarely studied in this region. In an effort to fill this knowledge gap, here we applied natural estrogens to Swiss experimental fields in the form of cattle slurry, pig slurry or dissolved in water, and quantified them in flow-proportionally collected drainage water over 18 months. After pig and cattle slurry applications, concentration maxima in drainage water of 73, 8, 37, and 60 ng L−1 for 17α-estradiol (E2α), 17β-estradiol (E2β), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3), respectively, were observed shortly after rain events. The exported fractions of individual natural estrogens to tile drains were on average 0.26% (ranging from 0.08 to 0.41%) after cattle, and 0.18% (0.03–0.40%) after pig slurry applications. Such numbers were higher than expected from the leaching potential based on substance properties, and comparable to those of more mobile micropollutants previously studied on the same fields. Natural estrogens were mainly exported to tile drains through preferential flow. Exported fractions were lower when applied in aqueous solution than when applied in slurry, pointing to particle-facilitated transport to tile drains when applied in slurry. In Switzerland, the estimated 6.3, 0.6, 7.4, and 7.7 g of E2α, E2β, E1, and E3, respectively, exported through the tile-drained agricultural area per year contribute little to the total natural estrogen load received by surface waters. However, after slurry applications in highly drained catchments, natural estrogen emissions to tile drains can cause short term (i.e. less than 1 week) estrogenic exposure in nearby streams.

High-performance phase change material capsule by Janus particle

A new method is proposed to fabricate high-performance phase change material capsules with high thermal storage capacity and increased thermal conductivity. The capsules are achieved by free radical polymerization against the example paraffin/water emulsions stabilized with Janus particles (JPs). It is key that the highly conductive Ag-contained JP adopt parallel lying at the emulsion interface, which is responsible for increasing the interfacial thermal conductivity. Thermal storage capacity can be retained over 90% with no paraffin leakage, which is stable after many cycles of heating and cooling. The high-performance phase change material capsules are promising in effective thermal management in the form of either powder or slurry.

Survival and Pulmonary Injury After Neonatal Sepsis: PD1/PDL1's Contributions to Mouse and Human Immunopathology.

Morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal sepsis remains a healthcare crisis. PD1−/− neonatal mice endured experimental sepsis, in the form of cecal slurry (CS), and showed improved rates of survival compared to wildtype (WT) counterparts. End-organ injury, particularly of the lung, contributes to the devastation set forth by neonatal sepsis. PDL1−/− neonatal mice, in contrast to PD1−/− neonatal mice did not have a significant improvement in survival after CS. Because of this, we focused subsequent studies on the impact of PD1 gene deficiency on lung injury. Here, we observed that at 24 h post-CS (but not at 4 or 12 h) there was a marked increase in pulmonary edema (PE), neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and cytokine expression sham (Sh) WT mice. Regarding pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression, we observed that Zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) within the cell shifted from a membranous location to a peri-nuclear location after CS in WT murine cultured ECs at 24hrs, but remained membranous among PD1−/− lungs. To expand the scope of this inquiry, we investigated human neonatal lung tissue. We observed that the lungs of human newborns exposed to intrauterine infection had significantly higher numbers of PD1+ cells compared to specimens who died from non-infectious causes. Together, these data suggest that PD1/PDL1, a pathway typically thought to govern adaptive immune processes in adult animals, can modulate the largely innate neonatal pulmonary immune response to experimental septic insult. The potential future significance of this area of study includes that PD1/PDL1 checkpoint proteins may be viable therapeutic targets in the septic neonate.

Development of a Method for Producing Molded Hydrates of Natural Gas

The article proposes a method for producing natural gas hydrates in the form of cylindrical pellets with a continuous production cycle. The method involves the formation of hydrates in a natural gas atmosphere at pressures from 5 to 8 MPa and a constant temperature equal to + 5 °C, in the form of a hydrate slurry formed by stirring a hydrate-forming liquid in an environment of a hydrate-forming gas. The resulting gas hydrate slurry is collected in a perforated sleeve equipped with a filter and pressed into cylindrical pellets using a hydraulic plunger. The main feature of the developed method is to simplify the technology for obtaining the finished product in the form of cylindrical pellets of natural gas hydrates by placing all production processes within a single sealed tank.

Comparison of Biogas Production from Water Hyacinth and Poultry Waste

The study examined the comparison of biogas production using water hyacinth and poultry waste. The organic wastes: poultry dung and water hyacinth were dried and digested in an anaerobic biodigester in a slurry form. Biogas productions were observed and measured for a stretch of 14 days. Temperature fluctuations and pH changes in the digester were monitored throughout the period. Heat efficiency and cooking rate of both substrates were also determined and compared with conventional gas (group). The result showed that temperature was within mesophilic temperature (28 0 C-32 0 C). Also, the pH fluctuated within 6.0-7.4 which is an optimal range for methanogens responsible for biodigestion to thrive. The results further revealed that the total gas yield was 316.6ml and 209.0ml for poultry waste and water hyacinth respectively. A domestic heating test was carried out for the 2 substrates digested using the biogas produced to raise 300ml (0.3kg) of water to boiling point (100 o C). The time expended was recorded in minutes as follows - 8.56mins and 7.53mins for water hyacinth and poultry dung. In comparison, conventional gas (control) was faster than both substrates, while poultry waste was faster than water hyacinth in relation to time taken to raise the temperature of 0.3kg of water to boiling point (100 o C). The research affirmed that poultry dung had the utmost gas turnout compared with water hyacinth, though it is more abundant for use as feedstock in this region. The research elucidates that the aquatic macrophytes (Eicchorniacrasssipes) and poultry waste can be transformed to profitable resource (biogas) which can help increase the energy stock and create wealth.

The effect of radio-waves irradiation on copper-ore leaching

In this study, focused radio wave (RW) assisted leaching was investigated for the first time to considerably enhance the efficiency of copper leaching from its low-grade ores. For this purpose, the effect of exposure to radio wave electromagnetic irradiation was experimentally investigated. Two series of leaching tests were conducted, in the form of agitated slurry and fixed-bed column modes. The experimental results indicated a significant improvement of recovery in both modes. The most probable mechanisms for enhanced recoveries could be the dielectric heating through concentrated irradiation. For less than 24 h of leaching in the fixed-bed column under irradiation, the recovery improved by about 40% (~60% for leaching vs. ~100% for RF leaching), as compared to the same tests with no irradiation, while the agitated leaching tests showed an increase of up to 10% under irradiation. It is concluded that electromagnetic technology, even in the range of radiofrequency (<109 Hz), has the potential to be used to improve the rate and the final copper recovery from copper ores.

Clean manufacturing of nanocellulose-reinforced hydrophobic flexible substrates

In this study, for the first time, a flexible substrate made from nanofibrillated cellulose in slurry form was fabricated using a hydrophobic polymer base. Previous studies practiced energy-intensive dry cellulose nanofiber dispersion to produce olefin-based composites: ecological and economic viability and industrial practicability are often neglected due to lack of innovation in cleaner production processes. In this context, a low-energy process, which is economically attractive and free of harmful organic solvents, was developed to achieve homogeneous distribution of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The dual interfacial role of the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL – 48 mol% ethylene content) enhanced interfacial adhesion through the formation of nanobridges between HDPE and NFC. This method led to well-dispersed NFC in the HDPE, at 5 wt% NFC concentration, without the need of any chemical modification, solvent exchange or freeze-drying of NFC. The low interfacial tension between HDPE and EVAL and the presence of NFC in the ternary system led to enhanced dispersion during melt-mixing. Improvement in mechanical properties was achieved, with a 22% and 98% increase in the tensile strength and Young’s modulus, respectively, without significantly compromising thermal stability and barrier properties. The results shown in this study indicate a significant potential to replace synthetic and costly reinforcement additives while making nanofiber-reinforced flexible composites more sustainable and mechanically robust. In this context, a paradigm shift from fossil-based production technology to a cleaner production strategy such as those exemplified in this study will help achieve a circular production economy concept without hindering functionalities.