Slum Settlements Research Articles

A Cross-sectional Study on Women Empowerment among Residents of Different Slum Settlements in a Ward of Kolkata, West Bengal

Abstract Background: The Sustainable Development Goal 5 focuses to “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.” Promoting women’s empowerment is essential for reducing violence against women, decision-making in health and well-being, and proper upbringing of children, thereby reducing maternal and child mortality. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the level of empowerment among married women residing in selected slum settlements of Kolkata, to estimate the proportion of employed women, to describe the pattern of decision-making among them, and to find the sociodemographic factors (if any) associated with the level of empowerment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 350 married women using face-to-face interviews from October 2022 to September 2023. The study utilized a predesigned, pretested, and structured schedule consisting of questions adapted from the National Family Health Survey-5 women’s questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25.0. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with low and medium women empowerment. Results: Of the 334 participants surveyed, approximately half exhibited low levels of empowerment (49.7%). The majority of study participants reported that decisions pertaining to their own health care, significant household purchases, visits to family or relatives, and voting in elections were made jointly by both spouses. The age of the respondent between 19 and 28 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.54 [1.09–18.80]) and the age of husband between 35 and 48 years (AOR 4.48 [1.46–8.28]) had statistically significant higher AOR of low women empowerment. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of women in the study had low empowerment scores and less than one-fifth were employed. Increasing employment opportunities for women and promoting their social participation is recommended.

Passive designs of low-income housing with natural ventilation in tropical region

One of the goals of Sustainable Development goals is sustainable cities and communities. Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient communities and economies. One of the goals of sustainable cities and communities (SDGs 11) is by 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums. Because the level of housing needs in Jakarta is quite high with limited land available, housing prices soar, this is inversely proportional to the high level of poverty in Jakarta so that many people make illegal and slum settlements to overcome the lack of funds they have. One way to achieve this target is to apply bioclimatic architecture to realize sustainable buildings with affordable operational costs so that the housing built becomes affordable. One way to save energy is to use natural ventilation. This paper presents a study of the application of bioclimatic architecture that can provide good air circulation created using natural ventilation. Natural ventilation is the process of exchanging air inside the building through the help of open building elements. This research is motivated by the current development of cheap apartment architecture in Indonesia which does not support good natural ventilation, people are starting to build something that benefits the market and ignores the importance of good air circulation. Therefore, the promotion and application of natural ventilation as part of low-cost energy consumption and avoiding the sick building syndrome with good air circulation, especially after the corona virus pandemic, is an important issue. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method, in the form of research with a case study and simulation approach. The result achieved is that the building can optimize natural ventilation evenly through orientation, building shape, opening design, etc.

Prevention and Enhancement of Housing Quality and Slum Settlements of Biawu-Biawao, Gorontalo City By IJISRT

This study aims to identify the slum conditions, develop a model of prevention, and improve the housing quality and the slum areas of Gorontalo City. The field survey with a proportional sampling of the Biwau and Biawao river banks was used as the slum identification area, prevention and improvement of housing quality and slum areas. Non-economic vitality criteria, economic vitality, land legality, location strategic value, population, condition of facilities and infrastructure, local government commitment, priority of prevention and quality improvement are used to analyse quantitative and qualitative descriptions. The results of the physical building planning strategies include building arrangements, density, and technical requirements. Facilities and infrastructure planning strategies include improving environmental roads, drinking water supply, environmental drainage, wastewater management, waste management and providing fire protection.

ADDRESSING THE MANAGEMENT OF AREAS AND SLUMS IN MOJOKERTO IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SDG'S FRAMEWORK

This study aims to analyze the existing conditions of handling areas and slums in Mojokerto in accordance with the SDG's framework, and determine the dominant factors that influence the handling of areas and slums in the region. The research method used is Mix Method. The results of the analysis show that the existing condition of slum areas in Kedungmaling Village, Sooko Sub-district, Mojokerto District falls into the Moderate Slum category. However, there are no factors that can be included in the logistic equation model in multivariate analysis with logistic regression on the analysis parameters for safe and resilient cities/settlements. In the context of the SDG's framework, the handling of slum areas and settlements in Mojokerto needs to be evaluated by taking into account the dimensions of sustainable development compiled in the SDG's concept, as well as the indicators used to measure (Sustainable Cities and Communities) in the SDG's. Thus, a strategy for handling slum areas and settlements in Mojokerto can be developed. Thus, strategies for handling slum areas and settlements can be developed that are more in line with the principles of sustainable development included in the SDG's.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices among residents of different slum settlements in a ward of Kolkata: A mixed-methods study.

Access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is the most basic need for mankind. Poor WASH practices are associated with various waterborne diseases, especially in developing countries such as India. The aim of the study was to assess WASH practices among residents of different slum settlements in a ward of Kolkata, identify the factors associated with WASH practice, and explore the barriers faced by the families and municipal staff in providing adequate WASH services to the community. An observational study, cross-sectional in design with a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach, was conducted in different slum settlements in a ward of Kolkata. Quantitative data were collected by face-to-face interview, spot observation, and measuring the living area, door, and window spaces. Key informant interviews were conducted with the medical officer, ward vector-control coordinator, and municipal waste handlers, in addition to in-depth interviews with respondents who had unsatisfactory WASH practices. SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using Atlas.ti 22. The overall WASH practices were considered satisfactory in 58.8% of the households. Education of the respondents up to the secondary level, presence of overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation in the house had statistically significantly higher odds of unsatisfactory practice. Poor living conditions, difficulty in collecting and storing water, waterlogging, blocked sewage drains, common toilets for men and women, and lack of motivation were the primary obstacles identified by the residents. Unsatisfactory WASH practices were observed among a high proportion of the slum population. Community engagement and education regarding WASH in communities is strongly recommended along with improvement of infrastructure and capacity building.

A Study on the Relationship between Community Participation and the Improvement of Slum Settlement Quality in Medan City, Indonesia

This study explores the intricate relationship between community participation and the improvement of slum settlement quality in Area 33 of Belawan II Sub-District, Medan Belawan, Indonesia. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, revealing a significant correlation between environmental cleanliness, community participation, and the quality of slum settlements. The findings indicate that poor drainage conditions, exacerbated by waste blockages leading to stagnant water, and low community participation, driven by a lack of awareness and minimal involvement in environmental initiatives, critically impede the advancement of slum settlement conditions. Through the implementation of socialization and education programs, a notable increase in community awareness and engagement in environmental management has been observed, suggesting these as pivotal strategies for enhancing slum settlement quality. The study identifies the utilization of available land and the maximization of community participation as essential strategies to mitigate threats such as flooding and disease outbreaks. A SWOT analysis conducted within the study underscores the importance of prioritizing educational programs, community participation enhancement, and optimal land use to create sustainable and habitable environments. The conclusion emphasizes that despite the low level of community participation affecting settlement quality, significant opportunities for improvement exist. The study recommends government-community collaboration and the adoption of educational initiatives to foster environmental conditions conducive to community well-being in slum settlements. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by demonstrating that informed community involvement is crucial for addressing local environmental challenges and enhancing slum settlement quality.

Utilizing a multi-stage transition model for analysing child stunting in two urban slum settlements of Nairobi: A longitudinal analysis, 2011-2014.

Stunting is common among children in many low and middle income countries, particularly in rural and urban slum settings. Few studies have described child stunting transitions and the associated factors in urban slum settlements. We describe transitions between stunting states and associated factors among children living in Nairobi slum settlements. This study used data collected between 2010 and 2014 from the Nairobi Urban and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) and a vaccination study nested within the surveillance system. A subset of 692 children aged 0 to 3 years, with complete anthropometric data, and household socio-demographic data was used for the analysis. Height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) was used to define stunting: normal (HAZ ≥ 1), marginally stunted (-2 ≤ HAZ < -1), moderately stunted (-3 ≤ HAZ < -2), and severely stunted (HAZ < -3). Transitions from one stunting level to another and in the reverse direction were computed. The associations between explanatory factors and the transitions between four child stunting states were modeled using a continuous-time multi-state model. We observed that 48%, 39%, 41%, and 52% of children remained in the normal, marginally stunted, moderately stunted, and severely stunted states, respectively. About 29% transitioned from normal to marginally stunted state, 15% to the moderately stunted state, and 8% to the severely stunted state. Also, 8%, 12%, and 29% back transitioned from severely stunted, moderately stunted, and marginally stunted states, to the normal state, respectively. The shared common factors associated with all transitions to a more severe state include: male gender, ethnicity (only for mild and severe transition states), child's age, and household food insecurity. In Korogocho, children whose parents were married and those whose mothers had attained primary or post-primary education were associated with a transition from a mild state into a moderately stunted state. Children who were breastfed exclusively were less likely to transition from moderate to severe stunting state. These findings reveal a high burden of stunting and transitions in urban slums. Context-specific interventions targeting the groups of children identified by the socio-demographic factors are needed. Improving food security and exclusive breastfeeding could potentially reduce stunting in the slums.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Dengan Kesadaran Diri Terhadap Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS)

Until now, public health problems are still a concern. for the government. Public awareness of the importance of health is still low. The level of public health is uneven and very low, especially in people living in slum settlements. Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a health behavior carried out with awareness, so that a person can improve their health status. Community behavior that is still unhygienic, coupled with the absence of supporting environmental facilities and infrastructure, has an impact on the health of people living in these slum settlements. Many public health problems may arise due to people's behavior and environmental conditions that do not pay attention to health. The problems found in the Silaberanti sub-district, especially in RT 26, 41 and 42, are a lack of public awareness of clean and healthy living behavior, this can be seen from an unclean environment and improper disposal of rubbish. The solution used to overcome this problem is by increasing awareness community through outreach activities about clean and healthy living behavior and working together to clean the surrounding environment. The results of this activity have a positive impact on society by providing good understanding 90% thereby increasing self-awareness of clean and healthy living behavior.

Evaluation of the primary health care expansion program with public-private partnership in slum areas from the perspective of stakeholders: a qualitative study

BackgroundToday, economic and social determinants of health in slum settlements are at the policymakers’ center of attention. Iran has had an excellent experience in the Primary Health Care Program. This study aimed to evaluate the Primary Health Care Expansion Program with public-private partnerships in slum areas of Iran from the perspective of stakeholders in 2022.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted using the framework content analysis method. Participants were 17 experts and health managers involved in The Primary Health Care Expansion with Public-Private Partnerships in the suburban areas at the medical universities of Khorasan Razavi province in the east of Iran, who were selected through purposive sampling via snowball method. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was done and framework content analysis was used for data analysis and results categories based on the SWOT.ResultsThe study identified 23 main themes and 112 sub-themes, which were then grouped into four main categories - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats using the SWOT model.ConclusionResults of the study showed the internal and external factors affecting Primary Health Care Expansion with Public-Private Partnerships in suburban areas. This situational analysis can help health policymakers to better understand the performance of health facilities.

Inadequate food diversity and food taboo associated with maternal iron deficiency among pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City, Indonesia.

Anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. The most common cause is nutritional deficiencies, especially iron deficiency. Adequate nutritional intake from food is essential during pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between food access and intake patterns with the incidence of iron deficiency among pregnant women living in the slum settlement in Makassar City. This research is a sub-study of the Indonesian Birth Cohort Study based in Makassar City. This sub-study used a cross-sectional design and recruited 173 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters using total sampling. All data were collected using a structured questionnaire and recorded using KoboToolbox software. Serum ferritin levels were examined for iron status using the ELISA method at the Microbiology Laboratory Unit at Hasanuddin University Teaching Hospital. The statistical data were analyzed using STATA version 14 with Chi-square analysis and logistic regression. The prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City was 78%. Logistic regression analysis showed that inadequate food diversity (AOR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17-5.69; P = 0.019) and food taboos (AOR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.26-6.26; P = 0.011) were significantly associated with the incidence. Most pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City experienced iron deficiency. Pregnant women who experience iron shortages have been connected to food taboos and dietary diversity.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Permukiman Kumuh Ditinjau Dari Kriteria Kekumuhan Drainase (Studi Kasus: Desa Tanjung, Kecamatan Hamparan Rawang)

Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14/PRT/M/2018 concerning Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Slum Settlements. It is stated that slum housing is housing that has decreased the quality of its function as a dwelling, while slums are settlements that are not habitable due to building irregularity, high building density, and unqualified building quality and facilities and infrastructure. Conditions in Tanjung Village, Hamparan Rawang District, Sungai Full City. The condition of Tanjung village, Hamparan Rawang District, Sungai Full City, is classified as a slum, judging from environmental drainage, there are collapses in drainage channels, a lot of garbage is thrown and accumulates in drainage channels, reducing the effectiveness of drainage channels, the amount of development in the area, and other bad conditions. The purpose of this study is to find out what factors affect drainage slums in Tanjung Village, Hamparan Rawang District, Sungai Full City, look for dominant factors and find strategies to prevent or minimize the occurrence of drainage slums in Tanjung Village, Hamparan Rawang District, Sungai Full City for the present and the future. This study used quantitative methods by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The results of the research conducted there are 5 factors that affect drainage slums, namely the inability of drainage to drain water runoff, unavailability of drainage, disconnection with urban drainage systems, lack of maintenance of drainage, collapse of drainage.

Implications of Ecofeminism in Efforts to Preserve the Environment of Coastal Settlements

Coastal ecofeminism is women's concern for the environmental conditions of coastal settlements which are synonymous with slum settlements. The aim of this research is to analyze the implications of ecofeminism in efforts to preserve the coastal settlement environment in terms of ecological, psychological, economic, social, cultural and disaster mitigation aspects. The research object is the coastal settlements of Kendal Regency which stretches from Tawang to Kaliwungu. The research subjects are the coastal communities of Kendal Regency, communities and related agencies. This research uses descriptive qualitative phenomenological research methods to present the results of observations, interviews and field documentation. The results obtained in this research are that coastal ecofeminism needs to be supported by all parties so that there is sustainability. In the ecological, cultural and disaster mitigation aspects, ecofeminism needs to be supported so that the sustainability of coastal settlements is maintained. In the economic aspect, society needs strengthening and policies for business and MSME development. In the psychological aspect, women are given psychological protection and counseling, especially those who have experienced trauma healing from domestic violence or broken homes.

Efektivitas Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh (Kotaku) Dalam Menangani Permukiman Kumuh Di Kota Padang

West Sumatera Province is one of the 15 provinces with the highest slum area in Indonesia. The city of Padang, as the largest city and the provincial capital, has a number of slum areas with an area of 122.33 ha. Of the 22 Kelurahan in Padang, one of the widest slum areas is in the Kelurahan Binuang Kampung Dalam. The KOTAKU program is then present to direct and synergize all forms of collaboration between parties to prevent and improve the quality of slum settlements, especially the community as active development subjects. Within two years, the KOTAKU program initiated CFW (Cash For Work) and Sanitation Assistance activities with a total budget of nearly one billion by involving the full participation of the people there. This thesis aims to analyze how effective and the inhibiting factors of the KOTAKU Program are in dealing with slum settlements in Binuang Kampung Dalam Village. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach, and the method of selecting informants used a purposive sampling technique with the method of measuring program effectiveness using the Pentagonal Assets 7 Indicators. The results showed that the implementation of the KOTAKU program in Binuang Kampung Dalam Kelurahan focused on road repairs with a volume of 2,352.4 meters, drainage improvements with a volume of 275.7 meters, community capacity building 1 package, and sanitation improvement assistance to 100 families. However, the KOTAKU program is still considered less effective, because it does not bring changes to the other three indicators. The factors inhibiting the effectiveness of the program are the absence of programs on the indicators of building order, waste management and fire protection and the slow disbursement of funds

KEGIATAN SOSIALISASI TUKANG KEGIATAN REHABILITASI RUMAH TIDAK LAYAK HUNI KECAMATAN BALARAJA KABUPATEN TANGERANG

The construction of the Gebrak Pakumis House is part of the commitment of the Tangerang Regency Government which is managed by the Tangerang Regency Housing and Settlement Service in the renovation program for uninhabitable houses belonging to poor residents. Balaraja District, Tangerang Regency, which borders directly with DKI Jakarta Province, is one of the many destinations for migrants outside the residential areas of residents who work around the area. Residential land is getting narrower day by day because most of the area is used as residential areas, causing slum settlements to form. The Uninhabitable House Rehabilitation Activity involves builders who will carry out house construction activities. The builders still have high hopes that this Uninhabitable House Rehabilitation Activity can fully assist in renovating uninhabitable houses into habitable houses that meet the requirements. Location of outreach activities Providing information to builders about the implementation of Rehabilitation construction for Uninhabitable Houses. Preparation method, coordination, identification and verification of residents' houses included in the list of potential aid recipients (CPB), making planning drawings, socializing craftsmen, discussions. In socialization activities, more time is needed because many craftsmen still have minimal understanding of construction, although some craftsmen already have quite a lot of experience. As a result of this socialization, craftsmen understand more about implementation drawings, which in previous activities relied on experience. With the results obtained from this socialization, craftsmen need technical guidance to increase the knowledge and competence of craftsmen to ensure the implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2023

The stakeholder analysis of sanitation management in Pontianak City Slums

The development of slum settlements is increasing in Indonesia, one of which is in Pontianak City where most of the slum settlements are on the banks of the Kapuas River. The sanitation conditions are poor and inadequate health services. This study aims to identify stakeholders and their roles and classify stakeholders based on the power-interest matrix for sanitation management in Pontianak’s slum settlements. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and questionnaires to stakeholders from the government, private sector, civil society, and academics related to sanitation. This research is important for stakeholder to handling sanitation problems in slum settlements. Stakeholders related to sanitation had various roles and different levels of involvement. The Stakeholder analysis was succesfully identified 47 stakeholders involved in sanitation management in Pontianak slums, classified as 15 subjects, 6 key players, 17 crowds, and 10 context setters. The existence of these stakeholders can influence the handling of sanitation in slum settlements and need collaborate among the stakeholders.

Theoretical Construction of Slum Settlement Area Arrangement as an Alternative Tourist Destination in Urban Areas

Urban slums as an illustration of economic and social development gaps in urban areas. Settlements that are synonymous with poverty are generally settlements that are not ready to face urban dynamics. This research aims to examine the concept and theoretical study of slum tourism as an alternative tourist destination in overcoming urban slums, accompanied by empirical evidence that has been successfully carried out in several cities around the world. Then formulate a conceptual framework based on literature studies as a roadmap and/or current challenges for future research. The study produces key novelties for future research in urban slum tourism planning which lies in the scope of studies regarding attractiveness, tourist activities, accessibility, community friendliness, the tourism industry, and tourism organizations.

The Effectiveness of Housing and Slum Settlement Programmes (Case Study of Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau Province)

The Effectiveness of Housing and Slum Settlement Programmes (Case Study of Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau Province)

Participatory Design Study in the KOTAKU Program Using Settlement Environmental Management Plan Document (RPLP) Review in increasing Community Capacity for Sustainable Development

This study aims to analyze the impact of implementing the Settlement Environmental Management Plan Document (RPLP) in strengthening community capacity in the KOTAKU Program for environmentally sustainable development. The KOTAKU program is a government initiative that aims to improve access and quality of urban settlements, with a focus on slum settlements. RPLP is a planning document that provides guidance in structuring an integrated, sustainable and participatory settlement environment. This research uses a qualitative method by conducting case studies at several locations that have implemented RPLP in the KOTAKU Program. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with various stakeholders, including local communities, local governments and other relevant institutions. The analysis is carried out by identifying changes that have occurred in community capacity after the implementation of the RPLP, including increased knowledge, skills, and participation in decision-making related to the settlement environment. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the RPLP in the KOTAKU Program has a positive impact on strengthening community capacity. Community participation in planning and decision-making processes increases, resulting in a better and more sustainable living environment. Communities also acquire new knowledge and skills in managing the residential environment, such as waste management, energy saving and utilization of local resources. This research makes an important contribution in understanding the importance of implementing RPLP in environmental sustainable development. The recommendations resulting from this research can be used by local governments and other related institutions to increase the effectiveness of the KOTAKU Program and strengthen the community's role in environmentally sustainable development.

Impacts of Living Conditions on Health Status of Slum Dwellers: A Study of District Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan

One of the most enduring physical manifestations of the rapid urbanization seen in developing countries has been the development of slum and squatter settlements. Slums and squatter settlements continually grow for a variety of reasons, such as socio-economic, environmental, and living conditions, among many others. Lacking the means of basic facilities, people from these settlements experience the most deplorable living and health conditions. The absence of basic infrastructure, such as unsafe sanitary and hygienic environment, inadequate drinking water, hazardous locations, insecurity and vulnerability, overcrowded and dilapidated habitation, and the nonexistence of waste disposal arrangements creates serious health risks. This study accounts for understanding the living impacts on dwellers by applying mixed research methods and techniques. The primary data was collected from the slums of district Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Collected data was statistically analyzed and also presented through thematic discussion. The results of the study highlighted that most of the slum residents live in pathetic living conditions and suffer from various health issues, especially women and children.

SMART ENVIRONMENT: ANALYSIS OF WATER MANAGEMENT POLICY IN MAKASSAR

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Abstract&#x0D; This article aims to analyze the Makassar government's policies on clean water management in Makassar, one of Indonesia's major cities. Utilizing the concept of a smart environment as an analytical framework, this study investigates whether Makassar's clean water management aligns with the principles of a smart environment. The escalating construction of apartments and hotels has notable consequences for water resources in Makassar. Simultaneously, the city experiences rapid population growth each year, indirectly affecting clean water consumption. This qualitative study employs descriptive analysis, aiming to elucidate and depict the current events concerning the research object. Secondary data forms the basis of this study. Research findings indicate that Makassar's clean water management does not conform to the smart environment concept. This discrepancy can be attributed to inconsistent clean water distribution aggravated by the city's swiftly growing population. Furthermore, the implementation of smart environment principles in managing clean water resources, such as the development of Public Green Open Spaces, waste management, river revitalization, and slum settlement management, remains suboptimal. These aspects significantly impact the establishment of a smart environment, particularly concerning the universal provision of clean water for Makassar's residents.&#x0D; Keywords: Makassar City, smart environment, policy, water management&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;