Slum Improvement Research Articles

Pendampingan Penyusunan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah tentang Pencegahan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Perumahan Kumuh dan Permukiman Kumuh Kota Lhokseumawe

Regional Regulation (Perda) concerning Prevention and Improvement of Quality of Slums and Slums is an instrument to prevent the growth and development of slums in livable housing and settlements and to improve the quality of housing and settlements that are indicated as slums to become livable. Regional regulations on the Prevention and Improvement of Quality of Slum Housing and Slum Settlements are expected to contain regulations as regulated in national legislation and are equipped with specific local content for each region and to assist the Regional Government in the drafting process of the Regulation on Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slums and Slum Settlements, the Government (in this case the Directorate of Settlement Development, Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of Public Works) has prepared a Regional Regulation Model on the Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slums and Slums. The purpose of the drafting of this Perda Model is to provide references and examples of regulations on prevention and improvement of the quality of slums and slums that have accommodated various provisions in national legislation.

Poverty Alleviation Through the Program Slums in the City of Kendari, Indonesia

The long-term goal of the concept of poverty reduction is to give the same level of welfare for the Indonesian people, and in this research is the development of innovative Models of Poverty Reduction, with the subject on (1) How the application design model of the institutional prevention of poverty through interface Program Quality Improvement of Slums and (2) how the efforts in governance of slum through simulation integration with poverty alleviation. The method used is the description by sharpening the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) about the handling of the slums in the city of Kendari and intervention efforts Increase the quality of housing and slums, so that the governance model can be used in other areas in Southeast Sulawesi.

The attitude and role of Bekasi City government in slum areas

ABSTRACT Very fast population growth in urban areas without proper handling results in population density. Population density in an area has a slum impact. Bekasi City is one city that has slums. If left unchecked, it will create new problems for people’s lives. Improvement of slum areas cannot only be from the community, but government intervention is needed. Therefore, it takes a wise attitude and role from the Government to support the improvement of slums. In making efforts to improve not only physical improvements such as the house and the environment, but also the development of the community is needed to improve a better standard of living. Researchers conducted research in slums in four outbreaks of Bekasi City. This research uses descriptive research. Data collection was carried out by interview and document search methods in Bekasi City government agencies as secondary data sources. This study found that the Government has shown an attitude that supports the improvement of slum settlements through a role that is performed quite well in terms of rehabilitation of slums and service provision. Research locations in four schools in Margahayu Village, South Bekasi District, Kalibaru Village, Medan Satri District, Harapan Mulya Village, Medan Satria District and Sepanjangjaya Village, Rawalumbu District, Bekasi City.

Sub-Neighborhood Housing: An Alternative to Arrange Slums Areas. The Case Study of Kampung Cigugur Tengah, Cimahi

The ongoing slum upgrading program is encouraging to find alternative ways of slum area arrangement that better suit local characteristics. Studies indicate that managing slums in the size of a neighborhood has difficulties in consolidating private assets into communal assets because of particular social cohesion. A neighborhood in a slum area can be split into sub-neighborhoods that can be handled uniquely, and it is more manageable to share shelters and facilities assets because of immediate neighbors cohesion which bonding in a sub-neighborhood area. This sub-neighborhood segmentation is applied as the basis for the residential planning and design of slum dwellings in Kampung Cigugur Tengah, Cimahi City. Planning and designing processes adapt a linear process approach that is supported by contextual models to get special needs from the community. Because of the certainty of land tenure and the possibility of physical improvement of the environment, there is a tendency not to move from improved areas. Sub-neighborhood physical development plans and designs can increase the likelihood of successful implementation of slum improvement programs because of the simplicity of fund management and construction. There is relatively high attention to the design of sub-neighborhoods based on non-transferable asset ownership; the opportunity for increasing occupancy capacity and open space; and a better local environmental change.

Dynamic System Development: An Approach for Land Re-adjustment in Managing Slum Areas

Land re-adjustment (LR) is a practical model in the management of land development in the urban development process. One of the most prominent issues in the management of slum improvement is the multiple ownership of the land. Most cities in developing countries, relocate and provide apartments for the inhabitants in handling a slum area. Tangerang City also has its problems in handling slums. In order to achieve sustainable development, we attempt to develop slum areas by considering three aspects: social acceptability, affordability, and environmental sustainability. The environmental aspect is analyzed by considering carbon footprint generated by community activities in the area with and without land re-adjustment. The Dynamics model then is chosen to formulate the relation between the availability of land, water resources, landfill capacity (landfill) and electricity supply capacity with consumption pattern of carbon footprint. There are major dynamic loops, namely: utility, population and housing causal loops. The dynamic model shows a causal link that population has generated the most variable loops, which then contribute to housing and utility needs. In managing slum areas, Land re-adjustment model is able to reduce carbon emissions to about 40 % compared to the other model from business as usual scenario.

Slums and prosperity: a complex, dynamic pathway of intervention

PurposeSlums have existed as long as cities have and are a growing context in the developing world. The challenge is in their efficient, effective and inclusive management. The purpose of this paper is to frame slums in the broad aim of urban development and the pursuit of prosperity, as active players and positive contributors in every right – a slum-prosperity framework. First, however, they need to be comprehensively defined in a non-exclusive, structured, dynamic and heuristic way; a previous publication was set to resolve this challenge.Design/methodology/approachGuided by a synthesized operative model for prosperity, such a definition for slums is used to precisely relate their characters to the pursuit of prosperity through a mapping process, whereby these characters are linked to potentials for prosperity, improvement goals, resources and intervention plans.FindingsBoth slums and prosperity are fuzzy, complex and variable terms; the only possibility to deal with them both is to break them down into simple and manageable yet operative units and establish the most influential and effective links between them to organize intervention according to patterns of change in both slums and city.Research limitations/implicationsAn intervention agenda like the one proposed here, that gives room for contextual and temporal urban complexities, has the potential to augment urban practice and help curb the slum phenomenon. A final paper (forthcoming) will illustrate the application of both the comprehensive definition of slum and the implementation of a pathway toward prosperity.Originality/valueThe proposal in this paper is derived as part of research conducted for the award of a PhD at the University of Strathclyde Glasgow. This was in general set to contribute to the proactive and inclusive improvement of slums and cities. The proposal is further derived from the authors’ involvement and personal interest in developing regions and is designed on local experience and on wider expertise in urban renewal.

PERBAIKAN KAWASAN PERUMAHAN KUMUH DENGAN MEMPERGUNAKAN DANA KOMERSIAL (STUDI KASUS: KAWASAN TAMANSARI, BANDUNG)

The presence of slum settlement in urban areas is one of the phenomenant faced by many cities in developing countries. Slum improvement program in Indonesia has been started since Dutch colonization period and still continues until today. Most of the fund were used for the programs can be classified as grant. This kind of fund does not educate slum dwellers because it is not necessary for them to repay those fund. Also this type of fund are very limited in numbers, that is why it is so important to find another source that is sustainable and unlimited. The solution is by using commercial fund from formal banking institution, in this case housing loan. This research aim is to study the use of commercial fund for slum settlement improvement in Tamansari, Bandung. The result from this research is a concept for slum settlement improvement in Tamansari that emphasize on several aspect, such as cooperation and financial aspect. Financial Engineering is the most important indicator, that is used to indicate if this program is feasible from financial aspect.

ANALISIS PENENTUAN INFRASTRUKTUR PRIORITAS PADA KAWASAN KUMUH LINGKUNGAN KERANTIL KOTA BLITAR

Data update from Public Works and Housing Ministry records the existence of slum area in Kerantil District, Blitar City. Blitar City government has tried to address slum problem in that district, but until now slum improvement programs still not showing significant result. Based on the existing condition, research on priority infrastructure is conducted in Kerantil slum area, Blitar City. The aim of this research is to address proper program response for Kerantil slum area, Blitar City. This research begins with determining factors causing slum in Kerantil slum area using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. After the factors are determined, infrastructure response priority is determined by means of Service and quality (servqual) Analysis and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) by comparing the level of importance and performance about infrastructure in slum area based on respondent answer. Several factors causing slum in that area are street infrastructure, drainage infrastructure, water infrastructure, waste infrastructure, building infrastructure, fire protection infrastructure, and green open space infrastructure. The other factors are government role, social, economy, society, and legality. The prioritized infrastructure in Kerantil slum area are waste infrastructure, fire protection infrastructure, and green open space infrastructure.

Does Titling Matter? Evidence from Housing Markets in India

In this paper, we exploit the plausibly exogenous random relocation of slum dwellers in Pune, India to evaluate whether the provision of a formal title is capitalized into property values. Using propensity score matching methods, which address important sources of bias that are present in conventional Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) hedonic methods, we find no effect of titling. Our results suggest that slum improvements may be sufficient to enhance informal tenure rights and that formalizing those rights with a title has little additional impact. An analysis of heterogeneous treatment effects from titling confirms this conclusion, providing preliminary evidence when titling may complement or substitute for other slum interventions.

Slum Regeneration and Sustainability: Applying the Extended Metabolism Model and the SDGs

This paper examines the extent to which slum redevelopments have been successful in improving the sustainability of human settlements. Sustainability is measured in two ways: through the Extended Metabolism Model that looks at resource consumption, wastes, and liveability outcomes; and, through the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study compares the sustainability of informal slum settlements in Addis Ababa with high-rise slum clearance apartments; such clearance is the model mostly used for the world’s informal settlements. The results show very little difference in resource consumption and waste produced but show liveability outcomes are mixed: Economic benefit is substantially improved in the high-rise areas due to becoming part of the formal economy, but community networks and trust are substantially lost when people transfer from the slums. This paper suggests that slum policy could be shifted from the Modernist high-rise slum clearance approach to a more organic, community-based renewal of the slums themselves in which infrastructure for energy, water, and waste can be brought in. New technology that fits into community-based governance structures allows such infrastructure to be a viable option, as well as enabling formal economic benefits. Some hybrid approaches may be needed in many slum improvement programs.

ACHIEVEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN RELATION TO MENTAL HEALTH OF THE STUDENTS AT UNDER GRADUATE LEVEL

Environment is a global concept today. Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment. As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions. Environmental Education is an approach to learning. Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably. It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheric science, mathematics, and geography. Today our environment is being destructed due to various factors. One of the major causes of environmental destruction is human activities. Man with his great skill and adaptive power has brought lot of changes. It is time to realize that our Earth has limited resources. Educators and environment specialists are stressing that solution to the environment crises will require environmental awareness and understanding. Environmental awareness means to help social groups and individuals to acquire an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its allied problems. The importance of environmental awareness cannot be overemphasized. We must understand that to improve the environment is to improve the quality of life. Environmental education programs need to be planned nationally as there is difference in the environmental priorities. Fast growing populations, high .intensity agriculture, human settlements and slum improvement, introduction of modern transport systems, increasing demands for energy and industrialization are the environmental priorities for developing countries whereas over exploitation of resources, industrial pollution and waste disposal are the main environmental priorities for developed countries. The present paper discusses about achievement in Environmental Education in relation to Mental Health, Environmental Awareness and streams at students of under graduation level

Slum Conditions in Haryana and Pro-poor Housing Initiatives in Faridabad, India

Rapid urbanization forces urban poor to live in slums and squatter settlement. In neo-liberal development approach, participatory planning and collaborative actions are becoming popular in slum upgrading programmes. This paper discusses the slum scenario in state of Haryana along with detailed pro-poor housing attempts in industrial city of Haryana i.e. Faridabad. The paper reviews the three projects that aimed to improve the living conditions and lives of urban poor communities in Faridabad. The study examines in detail BSUP projects at Dabua Colony and Bapu Nagar taken up under India’s first urban renewal mission i.e. JNNURM within the context of community participation. Results reveal that contrary to the state’s rhetoric of inclusive governance, the urban poor are completely excluded from settlement planning, leading to a lack of understanding of their needs by the state. BSUP housing scheme has failed to mobilize slum dwellers. Drawing on the experience of these projects, the paper seeks to answer the question: why the stated objectives were not achieved and makes recommendation that community led initiatives and slum mapping should be at the core of slum improvement strategy so that qualitatively superior areas can be planned for the unprivileged.

Determined Slum Upgrading: A Challenge to Participatory Planning in Nanga Bulik, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Indonesia has committed to accomplish “cities without slum” target in 2019 through the national program of Action Planning for Preventing and Improving the Quality of Urban Slum Settlements (RP2KPKP) launched in 2015. Nanga Bulik town in Kabupaten (Regency) Lamandau of Central Kalimantan Province is among those included in the program; the RP2KPKP of which has been completed in 2016. This paper focuses on how participatory approach has been applied in the planning process. The planning has employed mostly qualitative approach with documents study, field observation, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving all stakeholders, complemented with quantitative one especially in the aspects of urban and architectural design. The findings have suggested that the community participation in Nanga Bulik case has gone beyond the requirement commanded by the Indonesian laws on development planning and spatial management to ensure the target achievement in 2019. It is crucial because a higher level of the plan implementability would ensure more sustainability of the slum improvement. Essential lessons can be learned from this real participatory planning, which could be the beginning of the third generation of planning in Indonesia.

LOW-INCOME HOUSING AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SLUM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM IN BANGLADESH

Slums providing housing to a good proportion of urban population in many developing countries have grown dramatically. Governments mostly assisted by the international agencies have improved environment, tenure security, income and resources in many of these. Yet that could not eradicate the problems as benefits could not be sustained due to lack in institutional development, policy implementation, governance, participation etc. Moreover, the urban poor’s capability to bring affordable and sustainable solutions, which can be improved with assistance, was overlooked. This paper discusses the changed approach to the issues of low-income groups housing in the above context, and examine the same in the context of Bangladesh. It also evaluates the achievements and sustainability of the Slum Improvement Program therein. Keywords: Capacity Building, Empowerment, Housing, Participation, Slums, Sustainability, Urban Poor.

Slum improvement in India: determinants and approaches

This paper investigates living conditions in Indian slums, extent of improvement of basic services between 2002 and 2012 and determinants of improvement based on National Sample Survey data. The pace of slum improvement has increased over the study period. Slums devoid of basic services have reduced in 2012 as compared to 2002. Security of tenure, strengthened especially through notification of slums, appears to be one of the most important determinants of slum upgradation. Improvements of electricity and water supply spur improvements of other basic services. Better approach roads lead to better housing but motorable pucca (tarmac) approach road or proximity to motorable road reduces likelihood of better housing. Government is the major provider of services in slums. The role of NGOs in improvement of basic services within slums has declined over time along with decline in associations for slum improvement. The paper advocates transfer of full property rights to slum dwellers and integration of different institutions for slum improvement.

Financial Analysis of an Urban Local Body in India Chosen under Smart City Project: A Case Study of Kochi Municipal Corporation

Urban India constitutes 31.16% of the National Population of India according to the Census of India 2011. Long term development for India is incomplete without provisioning of the services required for urban planning, slum improvement, sanitation conservancy and public amenities. In light of urbanization, the growing need of the urban population and requirements of transfer of grants under smart city projects, the importance of financial management of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) have increased. With this perspective in the background, in the present paper we would explore the financial position of Municipal Corporation of the city of Kochi (a city chosen for smart city project). The Fourteenth Finance commission has laid down two minimal basic conditions for receipt of grant from Central Government. First condition is increase in internal revenue and second adoption of accrual method of accounting. Given the conditions of the Fourteenth Finance Commission, in this paper we have used data based on accrual system of accounting to see the position of revenue (total and internal), expenditure (capital and revenue) of the Kochi Municipal Corporation and the adequacy of funds required for expenditure. We have also calculated certain ratios to explore the dependency of the corporation on the superior governments for funds. The paper has highlighted the deficiency of revenue generation by the ULB to finance it's total expenditure

Legal Status and Deprivation in India's Urban Slums: An Analysis of Two Decades of National Sample Survey Data

In India, 52–98 million people live in urban slums, and 59% of slums are or lack legal recognition by the government. In this paper, we use data on 2,901 slums from four waves of the National Sample Survey (NSS) spanning almost 20 years to test the hypothesis that non-notified status is associated with greater deprivation in access to basic services, thereby increasing vulnerability to poor health outcomes. To quantify deprivation for each slum, we construct a basic services deprivation score (BSDS), which includes variables that affect health, such as access to piped water, latrines, solid waste disposal, schools, and health centers. In a regression analysis, we find a robust association between non-notified status and greater deprivation after controlling for other variables. Our analysis reveals a progressive reduction in deprivation the longer a slum has been notified. In addition, data from the 2012 NSS show that, despite suffering from greater deprivation, non-notified slums were much less likely to receive financial aid from government slum improvement schemes. Our findings suggest that legally recognizing non-notified slums and targeting government aid to these settlements may be crucial for improving health outcomes and diminishing urban disparities.

Sustainability assessment of a slum upgrading intervention in Bangladesh

Equitable provision of physical infrastructure must be seen as a prerequisite for achieving the sustainability of human settlements. Infrastructure provision needs to consider both the product (physical services) and the context in which the services will be provided and maintained in order to be sustainable. This article presents a holistic methodology for evaluating sustainability and poverty reduction impact of infrastructure projects in developing countries through societal, economics, institutional and environmental dimensions. ASPIRE toolkit uses qualitative evidence which feeds into 96 indicators producing visual outputs which can encourage users to consider contextual issues and develop valuable trade-offs between the four dimensions.The methodology and toolkit are applied to the evaluation of an infrastructure upgrading project in Korail, Bangladesh. The Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction Project (UPPRP) in Korail supports a twin-pronged approach of provision of infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads and drainage) improvement through the Slum Improvement Fund and improvement of socio-economic conditions through the Socio-Economic Funds. The ASPIRE assessment allowed the authors to interrogate strengths and weaknesses of the UPPR project thereby demonstrating the value added by ASPIRE. Overall, the project was deemed successful in Korail. Socially, it allowed access to all types of services to the slum's residents with strong community engagement. Land security however was noted to be a challenge, which needs to be addressed by institutions in Dhaka.

Urban Development and Exclusion of the Poor: An Integrated Perspective

The study focus on the urgency and relevance of debate on the subject in the context of (a) MDG 7 (b) Rangarajan Committee’s Report and (c) new versions of MDG and JnNURM on the anvil. The latest UN report (mid-2014) saying that one-third of the world’s extreme poor are in India is of serious concern. Urban poverty, all over the globe, has many dimensions. It can be viewed from economic, spatial and social/cultural perspectives. Being multi-dimensional in its genesis and manifestations, it calls for multi-pronged strategies. In India, policy makers have concentrated on (a) planning and policy framework (b) in situ improvement of slums (basic services for the urban poor (BSUP); (c) affordable housing; and (d) improving skill and job opportunities of slum dwellers. Interestingly, in a recent survey in 127 cities on the perceived constraints to inclusiveness, the highest tally was for failures of planning/policy framework and not the scarcity of funds. While emphasising the role of city governments in ensuring inclusiveness, the author relies on knowledge gathered by UN-HABITAT in ‘success cities’. The urban divide can possibly be encapsulated in three D’s: dynamics of the divide (DD), characteristics of the divide (CD) and bridging the divide (BD).

Mapping Poverty to Reach the Urban Poor

Inclusive urban planning requires comprehensive and sufficiently detailed information about urban areas. In the absence of such information, many informal settlements are left out in the city-wide planning process. In the metros as well as in many big cities in particular, large proportion of the urban population lives in slums in India. The urban projects undertaken in these cities tend to ignore significant slum improvement interventions. The development plans have really not addressed the issue of the marginalisation of the poor in the cities, often leading to their spatial exclusion. They are pushed out of the city, where services are poor and investments are low. Slum Environmental Sanitation Initiative (SESI) of UN-HABITAT in the cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur in the State of Madhya Pradesh has resulted in significant improvements in the lives of slum communities through creating open defecation free slums, improving access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene practices and mobilising men and women for community action. Poverty Pocket Situation Analysis (PPSA) has been used as an instrument to prioritise the slums for investments based on poverty and environmental infrastructure deficiency matrix. The process involved spatial mapping of infrastructural deficiencies in the slums. The outcome helped in the selection of the most vulnerable slums for water and sanitation intervention under SESI.