Slum Areas Research Articles

Anemia and its associated factors in children aged 2-5 years in slum area of Multan.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia among children aged 2-5 years in slum area of Multan and also to detect the associated factors of this condition. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Slum Area (Jahangirabad) of Multan. Period: February 2023 to March 2023. Material & Methods: A total of 369 children of 2-5 years of age, not suffering from psycho-motor retardation, hormonal disorders, chronic debilitating diseases, congenital heart diseases, or acute severe illnesses were included in study using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Information was taken by using a pretested questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 3.5 and SD ±2.2. The prevalence of anemia was 55.83% (n=369). About 51.46% of anemic children had mild anemia. There was no gender variation in occurrence of anemia (p = 0.52). There was significant association between mother’s education, occupation and anemia respectively (p = 0.01, 0.00). Conclusion: Anemia is a growing health issue in our new generation and government and health professional should manage this issue.

Education of Water Crisis Preparedness to Communities in Urban Slum Areas

The availability of clean water is a significant factor in ensuring human survival. When there is insufficient water to supply a population adequately, we say there is a water shortage. The water issue is impacting several metropolitan regions worldwide, including Indonesia. In Padang, 22 sub-districts are included in the list of slum sub-districts, including Pasar Ambacang. The current condition requires more community preparedness to face the water crisis. People must be adequately prepared for water crises or be taught how to use available water supplies efficiently. Increasing knowledge about community preparedness in facing the water crisis is essential because increasing public knowledge will increase community preparedness in facing the water crisis. The effort was carried out by distributing leaflets and giving lectures door to door. This exercise increased the percentage of the community prepared to deal with the water situation before and after receiving instruction. It can lessen the number of potential dangers and casualties during a disaster. If the community is prepared, it will be easier to carry out rescue actions when a disaster occurs.

Identification of Health Deviance Using WASH Toolkit among Women In Selected Urban Slum Area of Navi Mumbai

Identification of Health Deviance Using WASH Toolkit among Women In Selected Urban Slum Area of Navi Mumbai

Temporal and spatial patterns of Trichuris trichiura eggs: a potential threat to human health in Pakistan.

This study investigates the presence of Trichuris trichiura eggs in soil samples collected from urban areas in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 3600 soil samples were collected over two years from Lahore's urban regions. The detection of helminth eggs in these samples was performed using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a diagnostic technique. The study reveals an overall prevalence rate of T. trichiura at 0.97 % (35 out of 3600) in the contaminated soil samples from Lahore's slum areas. When analyzing the data by geographical areas, the study found the highest prevalence of T. trichiura in Allama Iqbal Town (1.83 %, 11 out of 600), followed by Samanabad (1.16 %, 7 out of 600), Wapda Town (1.00 %, 6 out of 600), Gulberg (1.00 %, 6 out of 600), and Cantt (0.50 %, 3 out of 600). Conversely, Valencia Town had the lowest prevalence rate at 0.33 % (2 out of 600). However, these variations in prevalence rates were not statistically significant (p = 0.117). Prevalence rates of T. trichiura's eggs varied significantly across different sampling seasons (p>0.001). In autumn, a total of 900 soil samples were collected, with 19 samples (2.11 %) testing positive for T. trichiura. This rate was notably higher compared to the prevalence rates observed in winter, spring, and summer, which were 0.66 %, 0.22 %, and 0.88 %, respectively. Regarding the sampling months, the study observed a significantly higher prevalence during September (3.33 %, 10 out of 300), followed by October (2.33 %, 7 out of 300), and August (1.33 %, 4 out of 300). Prevalence rates gradually decreased in other months, ranging from 1 % to 0.33 % (3 to 1 out of 300), with no parasite detection in March (0 %, 0 out of 300) (p < 0.001). This research underscores soil contamination due to fecal waste and highlights public unawareness of parasite biology, driven by open defecation practices.

Effect of sleep on blood pressure among adults of urban slums: A Cross sectional study

Introduction: Hypertension, the “Silent, Invisible killer” - is a modern day’s universal epidemic. The adult populations in slum area are more vulnerable for hypertension as they are so busy in the fulfilment of even day to day basic needs and care, family commitments and economic stress. Aim and objectives: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension among the adults (25-44 years) and to study the effect of sleep on blood pressure levels. Methodology: The present cross-sectional study was carried among adults aged between 25 to 44 years residing in the slums of Meerut District. 30 Cluster Sampling technique was used. The slum was selected as a cluster unit. During the visit by house-to-house survey, members of the family were listed and eligible person were interviewed and examined. Data collected on a structured and pretested questionnaire. Results: Prevalence of hypertension among those who had sleep duration of &gt;8 hours per day was 44.8% followed by 20.1% and 17.5% among those who had 7-8 hours and less than 7 hours of sleep time respectively. It was found that 24.2% monophasic sleep pattern follower were hypertensives while the prevalence was 19.4% in biphasic pattern. Conclusion: Majority (55.4%) had a sleep duration between 7-8 hours, followed by 33.9% and 10.7% with &lt;7 hours and &gt;8 hours of sleep time respectively. Majority (61.3%) of the study population were having monophasic sleep pattern, while 36.3% were biphasic and 2.4% were multiphasic.

New unfreezing strategy of transfer learning in satellite imagery for mapping the diversity of slum areas: A case study in Kenitra city—Morocco

The purpose behind this paper research is to localize and detect, for the first time, three types of shantytowns that can exist in both urban and rural areas in Morocco. The reason why we have conducted this study is the absence of diversity slum mapping in the form of dynamic GIS data, which can be a part of national development strategies to tackle the risk of further proliferation of shantytowns. Therefore, we first create a new database integration from five countries whose content contains 1366 high-resolution patches of 224 × 224 pixels divided into five classes: two types of “Urban Slum”, one type of “Rural Slum”, “Formal Buildings”, and non-built-up area. Second, we suggest employing a variety of performance metrics to come up with the best transfer learning-based models for the unfreezing stage. The study reveals that by handling the unfreezing of the front layers, we can produce a reliable new model where one condition is fulfilled, namely, where high-frequency dissimilarities have arisen between the target and the source datasets.Quantitative results of these methodologies show that our dataset and our unfreezing strategy for the mobilenetv2 model are more accurate compared to other competing models. This new model can localize all possible changes in morphology and shape among the three-slum types with state-of-the-art performance that reaches an overall accuracy of 98.17%, a loss of 0.062, and a kappa score of 97.71%. Our dataset and the code will be publicly available at the github11https://github.com/mouddentarik/New_Unfreezing_Strategy. to share our results.

COVID-19 VACCINE UPTAKE AMONG OPULENT VS SLUMS OF URBAN SETTING IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN

Background: COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and acceptability are critical for a number of important outcomes, including symptomatic COVID-19, severe illnesses, and COVID-19-related mortality. Aim: To assess the immunization status regarding age, gender, and living standards and the reason for non-compliance to the Covid-19 vaccine among people of urban opulent and slums areas of a single city, i.e., Karachi, Pakistan. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 in Karachi, Pakistan. Data were collected through social media websites, including WhatsApp and Facebook, telephonic interviews from opulent urban areas, and direct contact during the visit to primary health care clinics in urban slum areas. STATA software was used for data analysis. Result: Of 1265 respondents from slums and opulent areas, 15.8% were non-vaccinated slums, whereas 14.16% belonged to opulent areas needing vaccination with adjusted OR 95% is 0.74(0.41-0.95). Of 1265 respondents, 825(65%) were females, and 440 (34.7%) were male. The vaccine compliance among females was 49%, and 32% among male respondents with adjusted OR 95% 1.84(1.12-3.03). Only 6% of the slums area were vaccinated with the required shots of vaccine (2 doses and one booster) compared to opulent areas, i.e., 20%. Conclusion: Our research at the population level adds to the knowledge we now have from patient data and demonstrates how aggregated data from fully functioning epidemic surveillance and monitoring may provide information about the possible effects of extended COVID on national and international public health.

Evaluation of the primary health care expansion program with public-private partnership in slum areas from the perspective of stakeholders: a qualitative study

BackgroundToday, economic and social determinants of health in slum settlements are at the policymakers’ center of attention. Iran has had an excellent experience in the Primary Health Care Program. This study aimed to evaluate the Primary Health Care Expansion Program with public-private partnerships in slum areas of Iran from the perspective of stakeholders in 2022.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted using the framework content analysis method. Participants were 17 experts and health managers involved in The Primary Health Care Expansion with Public-Private Partnerships in the suburban areas at the medical universities of Khorasan Razavi province in the east of Iran, who were selected through purposive sampling via snowball method. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was done and framework content analysis was used for data analysis and results categories based on the SWOT.ResultsThe study identified 23 main themes and 112 sub-themes, which were then grouped into four main categories - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats using the SWOT model.ConclusionResults of the study showed the internal and external factors affecting Primary Health Care Expansion with Public-Private Partnerships in suburban areas. This situational analysis can help health policymakers to better understand the performance of health facilities.

Exploring Biochemical and Hematological Variations in Malaria Cases: A Retrospective Analysis at a Health Center at Mumbai City India

Introduction: In Mumbai, an overpopulated metropolis with tropical conditions, malaria poses a persistent challenge, particularly in damp slum areas. Despite reported declines in death and incidence rates, the city faces a significant burden. Our project focuses on an unusual aspect: a heightened incidence among males, especially during sporadic monsoon outbreaks and in areas undergoing extensive redevelopment. Through an epidemiological survey of infected populations in municipal clinics, supported by microscopic, hematological, and microbiological evidence, we aim to provide insights into this atypical pattern. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, partly retrospective study was designed with participants being sourced from regional slums and chawls, during the immediately preceding three-year period of project completion. Patients attending OPDs were randomly selected from amongst those with febrile symptoms related to malarial disease and tested. Symptomatic individuals were tested for malaria microscopically using peripheral blood smear (PBS) and confirmed by employing the malaria antigen test (RMAT). Blood urea by enzymatic method and serum creatinine by Jaffes method. Results: Out of 1651 participants, 8.18% were malaria-positive, predominantly males (87.41%). P. vivax was the main parasite (87.41%), followed by P. falciparum (6.67%) and mixed infections (5.93%). ANOVA revealed significant RBC count differences (F = 6.32, p = 0.003). Tukey's HSD test showed P. vivax patients had higher RBC counts than mixed infection (p = 0.002), while P. falciparum counts were similar to P. vivax (p = 0.089) but higher than mixed infection (p = 0.014). Predominance of P. vivax emphasizes its impact on RBC counts and diagnostic complexities. The p values indicate that for all parameters, except serum creatinine in males, there is a statistically significant difference in the mean values between the malaria positive and negative groups Conclusion: This study highlights high malaria prevalence in urban India, with males more susceptible, possibly due to increased mosquito exposure. P. vivax is predominant, aligning with national data, emphasizing the need for tailored control measures. Surprisingly, P. vivax is associated with higher RBC counts than P. falciparum or mixed infection, suggesting differences in erythrocytic cycles. These findings have critical implications for regional malaria management, prompting further research into underlying mechanisms.

Factors affecting land value of urban voids in western part of India

Urban voids are the key determining factors to utilize efficient manner for sustainable development. These areas need to be understood through their land potentials. Land valuation determines the value of urban voids based solely on their natural characteristics. The research papers present a papered examination of land value modeling and its influencing factors. The study concentrates on Jaipur, the capital city of Rajasthan, selected as the research area. The land value modeling process consists of three stages. Initially, various approaches and issues have been identified for land valuation. In the second stage, factors have been identified for land valuation. Lastly, land valuation methods such as the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression have been used. The primary factors influencing land value in the research area include distance to major highways, proximity to schools, railway lines, specific communities, availability of infrastructure, etc. Interestingly, variables such as slum area, landfill, rail line, and proximity to specific communities exhibit an inverse relationship. This research provides valuable insights into the localized variations in land prices within an Indian city.

Social determinants of chronic diseases reporting among slum dwellers in Egypt.

The high prevalence of chronic diseases in urban slums poses increasing challenges to future social and economic development for these disadvantaged areas. Assessing the health status of slum residents offers guidance for formulating appropriate policies and interventions to improve slum residents' health outcomes. This research aimed to identify the social determinants of chronic diseases reporting among slum dwellers in Egypt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to December 2021 in three slum areas in Giza governorate, Egypt, including 3,500 individuals. We constructed an asset index and a welfare index to measure the economic status and living conditions of slum residents, respectively. We used these indices, along with demographic and socio-economic factors, as independent variables in the analysis. We modeled factors associated with health status using a two-level mixed logistic model to control the effects of slum areas and the potential correlation between household members. The study contributed significantly to a better understanding of the context in which slum dwellers live and the interlinkages among poor living conditions, low economic status, and health outcomes. The results showed a high rate of self-reported chronic diseases among adults aged 18 and older, reaching more than 22%, while it did not exceed 2.0% among children in the slum areas. Therefore, measuring the determinants of chronic diseases was limited to adults. The sample size was 2530 adults after excluding 970 children. The prevalence of chronic diseases among adults ranged between 16.3% in Zenin and 22.6% in Bein El Sarayat. Our findings indicated that low socio-economic status was significantly associated with reporting chronic diseases. Future policies should be dedicated to improving living conditions and providing necessary healthcare services for these vulnerable areas.

EXAMINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF 21ST CENTURY SKILLS AMONG STREET-CONNECTED CHILDREN IN NON-FORMAL SCHOOLS

The improvement of teacher’s instructions garnering more attention for the development of 21st-century skills. However, a key challenge in achieving the desired improvements is incorporating relevant strategies for promoting teacher professional development and a context-specific understanding of teaching practices. This paper focuses on the examination of the development of 21st-century skills among street-connected children in Pehli Kiran Schools. These are non-formal schools in slum areas of Islamabad. A quantitative approach followed by structured observation was used. The teachers and students of Pehli Kiran Schools were the research population. The study involved a sample of participants from two branches of Pehli Kiran Schools (PKS-5 and PKS-8). The sample included 10 teachers and 26 students. The two branches (PKS-5 and PKS-8) were chosen using a random sampling technique. All teachers and students in the 5th grade across both branches of schools were observed, employing a census sampling technique. The researchers used two checklists that were designed for observing and recording information in order to gather evidence for their study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The instruction was found to be quite relevant to the development of character, citizenship, collaboration, creativity, critical thinking, and communication skills. However, these skills were well developed among street-connected children, except communication skills, which were developed at a moderate level. The study recommended that there should be language labs in these schools where students can practice for the development of communication skills. The use of multimedia, technology, videos, and audio recordings should be encouraged.&#x0D;

Health System Responsiveness Status: Study of Slum Areas of Ahvaz

Health System Responsiveness Status: Study of Slum Areas of Ahvaz

PENANGANAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH DI KELURAHAN TEGAL SARI III KECAMATAN MEDAN AREA KOTA MEDAN

Slum settlements are a problem faced by almost all cities in Indonesia and other developing countries. This problem is a major obstacle to city development. Rapid population growth, inadequate physical, socio-cultural and economic conditions have resulted in the growth of slum settlements. Slum conditions are known in terms of poor building conditions, roads and drainage as well as poor waste systems. Medan Area District is a district that has been identified as having a slum area. Based on data sources from the Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA), Tegal Sari III Village in Medan District, the area is included in the slum settlements of Medan City. Then research was carried out on slum settlements with the objectives to be achieved, namely: Analyze the level of slums in Tegal Sari III Village based on parameters. Plan a pattern for handling slum settlements in Tegal Sari III Village. To obtain results for this purpose, the analysis carried out in this research is a weighting analysis, so the results of this research are the level of slums and the results of the handling patterns come out.

Menstrual Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Selective Slum Areas of Dhaka City in Bangladesh

Background: Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood and is widely recognized as a time of great importance due to its vulnerabilities linked with biological, physical, social, and environmental considerations.Objective: To assess the experience of menstruation and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in selective slum areas of Dhaka city in Bangladesh.Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between June and September of 2023 among 169 adolescent girls. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as tool for data collection through face to face interview. A total of 169 girls aged between 13 and 19 were included in this study.Results: The mean age of the girls was 15.33 years. Most of the girls (71.59%) were in 13-17 years age group. The mean age at menarche was 12.38 year. 136 (80.47%) by the age of 11-14 years and 127 (75.15%) had information on menstruation before menarche from mothers 98 (27.84%). During menstruation, 118(69.82%) were using sanitary pad, 60(50.85%) girls changed pad two times a day. The reuse of cloth material was practiced by only 39(76.47%) girls; among them, only 32(82.05%) girls were using soap (detergent) to clean the cloth material. 34(87.18%) girls were drying their used cloth in sunlight. All participants bathed during menstruation and of which 127(75.15%) girls were using soap to clean the external genitalia. 111(65.68%) discarding sanitary materials in public dustbin. The main cause of choosing cloth as absorbent material over sanitary pad is financial issue for 59% of the girls.Conclusion: The average population of females in urban slums practiced good menstrual hygiene. The findings of this study may aid governmental and non-governmental groups in developing programs to prevent health concerns during menstrual periods by improving education on menstrual hygiene habits.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 01 Jan’24 Page: 79-83

Problems of Educationally Deprived Children Living in Slums of Lucknow

Lucknow City, the capital town of Uttar Pradesh and Lucknow's district headquarters, is one of India's most well-known political council areas. The majority of the world's population resides in Lucknow City's slums. Poverty, crowded living conditions, and dangerous surroundings are the hallmarks of Lucknow's slums. The living conditions of the impoverished in this city are abhorrent, and the slum dwellers' lack of awareness harms their health, in addition to creating unique obstacles to the establishment of health surveys. There are slums in Nishatganj flyover, Nishatganj railway crossing, and Tedhipulia, among other places in Lucknow. Lucknow, the regional capital of Uttar Pradesh, defines slums and squatter communities as places. Once additional information has been obtained, the competent authority may declare an area to become a slum area by publishing a notice in the official gazette if it is satisfied that the majority of the buildings in the area pose a risk to the safety, health, or morals of the local population due to overcrowding, improper building arrangement, narrower or faulty street layouts, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities, or any combination of all three.

Flood Risk Management in Mumbai, India: Insufficient Resilience to Flood and the Approaches to Improve It

To be resilient to flood is critical for cities in the world to reach the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11. This article sets Mumbai as object, summarizing the problems, reasons and solutions to improve flood risk management in Mumbai, especially in slum areas.

Hygiene and common health related problems prevalent in slum area of Varanasi

In modern times, it has become so important to take care of one’s health and hygiene. With the rising population levels, pollution levels, emission of harmful gases,it has to be a priority for everyone to maintain their health and hygiene. Health and hygiene is interrelated with each other. The present study was conducted on the hygiene and common health related problems in slum area of Varanasi. An interview method was used to collect the information regarding health and hygiene. In this study only 44 per cent respondents was adopted handwash practices and 66 per cent womens suffered from anaemia. 30 per cent of women had irregular menstrual cycle whereas 25 per cent of women suffered from urinary tract infection. Almost half of the women had in flammatory problems related to joints and abdomen.

Efektivitas Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh (Kotaku) Dalam Menangani Permukiman Kumuh Di Kota Padang

West Sumatera Province is one of the 15 provinces with the highest slum area in Indonesia. The city of Padang, as the largest city and the provincial capital, has a number of slum areas with an area of 122.33 ha. Of the 22 Kelurahan in Padang, one of the widest slum areas is in the Kelurahan Binuang Kampung Dalam. The KOTAKU program is then present to direct and synergize all forms of collaboration between parties to prevent and improve the quality of slum settlements, especially the community as active development subjects. Within two years, the KOTAKU program initiated CFW (Cash For Work) and Sanitation Assistance activities with a total budget of nearly one billion by involving the full participation of the people there. This thesis aims to analyze how effective and the inhibiting factors of the KOTAKU Program are in dealing with slum settlements in Binuang Kampung Dalam Village. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach, and the method of selecting informants used a purposive sampling technique with the method of measuring program effectiveness using the Pentagonal Assets 7 Indicators. The results showed that the implementation of the KOTAKU program in Binuang Kampung Dalam Kelurahan focused on road repairs with a volume of 2,352.4 meters, drainage improvements with a volume of 275.7 meters, community capacity building 1 package, and sanitation improvement assistance to 100 families. However, the KOTAKU program is still considered less effective, because it does not bring changes to the other three indicators. The factors inhibiting the effectiveness of the program are the absence of programs on the indicators of building order, waste management and fire protection and the slow disbursement of funds

A Geoscience-Aware Network (GASlumNet) Combining UNet and ConvNeXt for Slum Mapping

Approximately 1 billion people worldwide currently inhabit slum areas. The UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 11.1) underscores the imperative of upgrading all slums by 2030 to ensure adequate housing for everyone. Geo-locations of slums help local governments with upgrading slums and alleviating urban poverty. Remote sensing (RS) technology, with its excellent Earth observation capabilities, can play an important role in slum mapping. Deep learning (DL)-based RS information extraction methods have attracted a lot of attention. Currently, DL-based slum mapping studies typically uses three optical bands to adapt to existing models, neglecting essential geo-scientific information, such as spectral and textural characteristics, which are beneficial for slum mapping. Inspired by the geoscience-aware DL paradigm, we propose the Geoscience-Aware Network for slum mapping (GASlumNet), aiming to improve slum mapping accuracies via incorporating the DL model with geoscientific prior knowledge. GASlumNet employs a two-stream architecture, combining ConvNeXt and UNet. One stream concentrates on optical feature representation, while the other emphasizes geo-scientific features. Further, the feature-level and decision-level fusion mechanisms are applied to optimize deep features and enhance model performance. We used Jilin-1 Spectrum 01 and Sentinel-2 images to perform experiments in Mumbai, India. The results demonstrate that GASlumNet achieves higher slum mapping accuracy than the comparison models, with an intersection over union (IoU) of 58.41%. Specifically, GASlumNet improves the IoU by 4.60~5.97% over the baseline models, i.e., UNet and ConvNeXt-UNet, which exclusively utilize optical bands. Furthermore, GASlumNet enhances the IoU by 10.97% compared to FuseNet, a model that combines optical bands and geo-scientific features. Our method presents a new technical solution to achieve accurate slum mapping, offering potential benefits for regional and global slum mapping and upgrading initiatives.