Slow Negative Potential Research Articles

“Contingent Negative Variation” in Rhesus Monkeys: An EEG Sign of a Specific Mental Process

Utilizing long time-constant EEG recording techniques, magnetic tape storage, and electronic averaging, the phenomenon designated the “contingent negative variation” or “expectancy wave” was studied in 3 Rhesus monkeys. Three basic conditioning paradigms were used: escape conditioning with a warning cue, discrimination task with aversive reinforcement following SD, and discrimination with appetitive reinforcement. Trials were presented in blocks of 12 and averaged on line with an Enhancetron electronic averager. In each case, during acquisition trials, a surface negative slow potential gradually developed only following the evoked response to SD and preceding the meaningful stimulus. No shift followed the unreinforced stimulus. During extinction trials, the shift gradually diminished. During discrimination reversal, a negative shift developed following the previously unreinforced stimulus, while the shift following what had been SD gradually diminished. Results demonstrate the appearance of the “contingent negative variation” in these monkeys and support the contention that this shift is a result of cerebral electrical activity during conation.

The interaction of responses in the brain to semantic stimuli.

ABSTRACTLong time‐constant EEG recording during paired stimuli has led to the discovery of the contingent negative variation or expectancy wave (Walter, 1964). This effect is produced when a conditional stimulus signals that an imperative stimulus demanding action, decision, or attention will follow at a short, constant time interval.Symbolic and meaningful stimuli were presented to subjects tachistoscopically, and the evoked responses in the brain were electronically averaged. The cerebral evoked responses to such psychological stimuli are more complex than to flashes. A slow negative DC potential shift (CNV) was seen during the interval between an auditory ready signal and the visual exposure if recognition of the stimulus was required, or if it was interesting. Following the visual exposure, a slow positive DC shift occurred. The method has been developed to study the brain responses to psychological stimuli. The amplitude of the responses relates to the information content and subjective factors rather than to the physical strength of the stimulus.

OLFACTORY BULB RESPONSES IN THE TURTLE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DEEP NEGATIVE SPIKE

The orthodromic cortical response induced by the olfactory nerve stimulation was analysed by the depth recording and also the commissural and the antidromic stimulations. The following results were obtained;1. The orthodromic cortical response (OCR) consists of two components: the initial potential and the slow potential, negative in sign, at the cortical surface. When recording in the external plexiform layer, the negative deep spike of 3-5 msec duration occurred, following by the slow potential. The latency is about 15 msec from the onset of the initial potential and remains constant throughout the external plexiform layer. The recovery process of deep spike is extremely slow, requiring 2 sec or more for full recovery. In the deeper layer, unit discharge appeared.2. In the internal granular layer the commissural cortical response (CCR) consists of positive-negative slow potential having a long latency of 60 msec. The deep spike does not interact with the preceding CCR.3. The antidromic stimulation induces the grouped spike discharges and slow potential in the depth recording. The both negative slow potentials of OCR and antidromic cortical response (ACR) are depressed by the commissural stimulation, but the deep spike of OCR and the grouped spikes of ACR do not interact with the commissural stimulation.From the above findings, it seems likely that the deep spike is generated in the radially oriented secondary element, namely the apical dendrites of the mitral cell.

Temperature acclimation in the central nervous system of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdnerii)

1. 1. The midbrain response to direct electrical stimulation of the retina was measured in rainbow trout acclimated to 10°C and following transfer and acclimation to 4 and 16°C. The evoked midbrain potential consisted first of a positive deflection upon which was superimposed two negative spikes of supposed pre-synaptic origin, and secondly of a slow negative potential, interpreted as post-synaptic in origin. 2. 2. Transfer of 10° acclimated trout to 4° caused an average 39 per cent protraction of the entire midbrain response pattern. After 21 days' acclimation to 4°, the negative spike latencies had decreased to 18 and 19 per cent above the 10° controls and the duration of the slow potential had decreased to 16 per cent above the 10° controls. 3. 3. Transfer of 10° acclimated trout to 16° caused an initial shortening of the negative spike latencies and slow potential duration. These values lengthened somewhat during acclimation to 16° but, since a similar lengthening occurred int he 10° controls, the change was judged noncompensatory. 4. 4. Thus, significant compensation occurred in response to low temperature acclimation (4°) but not to high temperature acclimation (16°). These results contrast with brain tissue respiration measurements that show that metabolic compensation is much more complete between 10 and 16° than between 4 and 10°.

Evoked potentials of rabbit visual cortex: relationship between a slow negative potential and excitability cycle

Evoked potentials of rabbit visual cortex: relationship between a slow negative potential and excitability cycle

Electrical acoustical response to click stimulation after section of the eighth nerve.

The source of the neural components of the electrical response to a click at the round window is investigated in cats.A method of severing the eighth nerve while leaving the blood supply to the cochlea intact is described.Both components of the neural response to click, the N1 and N2, are still recorded at the round window after section of the eighth nerve.The latency of N1 and N2 is not significantly changed after section of the eighth nerve.A new slow negative potential appears in the electric response to a click at the round window after section of the eighth nerve.An increase of the amplitude of the action potentials recorded on the peripheral end of the eighth nerve is observed following section of the nerve.

Pharmacological behavior of spinal cord potentials relative to reflex and ascending discharge.

The slow negative and positive potentials recorded at the cord dorsum and at an adjacent dorsal root in response to a dorsal root volley were relatively insensitive to mephenesin, morphine, Dial, Nembutal, chloralose, eserine, amyl carbamate and, less clearly, urethane. In the doses used, mephenesin (and, to a lesser extent, morphine) markedly depressed the longer-latency, polysynaptic components of the reflex discharge and of the ascending tract responses in the contraventrolateral and ipsidorsolateral columns. The other drugs affected the monosynaptic reflex as much as or more than the polysynaptic discharge. The carbamates used depressed the monosynaptic reflex in smaller doses with increasing length of the aliphatic chain. The lack of parallelism between behavior of the slow cord potentials and the reflex or ascending discharge is explainable by the hypothesis that the slow potentials result from graded postsynaptic potentials in certain groups of interneurons. The insensitivity to eserine suggests that such postsynaptic potentials are developed at noncholinergic junctions.

Responses of retinal network to electrical stimulation.

The carp's inverted retina was stimulated by a brief electric pulse of 0.5-1 msec. 1. A negative potential less than 1 mV in amplitude appeared following the stimulating pulse and lasted about 20-30 msec. 2. This potential is a graded response, and facilitated by a suitable background illumination. 3. When the intensity of the stimulus was sufficiently high, the negative potential mentioned above could be followed by a second and/or third similar responses. A positive deflection intervened between successive negative deflections. 4. Some facilitatory effects of 3% strychnine, and 5×10-4 M d-tubocurarine were observed upon the negative slow potential. 5. A monopolar stimulating microelectrode was inserted into various depths of the retina, and it was found that the retinal network intervening between the receptor cell layer and the ganglion cell layer gave the greatest responses. 6. The relation between the slow potential and unitary discharges was investigated. The discharge of an on-element was facilitated by the negative response as well as by cathodal polarization, whereas that of an off-element suffered from suppression.

Multiple responses and excitability of cat's visual cortex.

ArticlesMULTIPLE RESPONSE AND EXCITABILITY OF CAT'S VISUAL CORTEXLeonard I. Malis, and Lawrence KrugerLeonard I. Malis, and Lawrence KrugerPublished Online:01 Mar 1956https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1956.19.2.172MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByDirect stimulation of optic nerve by electrodes implanted in optic disc of rabbit eyes17 September 2004 | Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Vol. 243, No. 1The effects of selective glutamate receptor antagonists on synchronized firing bursts in layer III of rat visual cortexBrain Research, Vol. 599, No. 2Laminar analysis of the origin of the various components of evoked potentials in slices of rat sensorimotor cortexElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, Vol. 80, No. 4Statistical argument for a presynaptic origin of the second positive component of somesthetic primary cortex evoked potential elicited by central afferent stimulationElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, Vol. 65, No. 6Selective augmentation of visual pathways by morphine in α-chloralose-anesthetized catsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 77, No. 3The neural circuitry of the neocortex examined in the in vitro brain slice preparationBrain Research, Vol. 243, No. 1Effects of stimulation of the dorsocaudal claustrum on activities of striate cortex neurons in the catBrain Research, Vol. 240, No. 2Membrane characteristics of visual cortical neurons in in vitro slicesBrain Research, Vol. 226, No. 1-2Operant conditioning of vertical eye movements without visual feedback in the midpontine pretrigeminal catBrain Research, Vol. 169, No. 3Visual evoked potential in man: Early oscillatory potentialsElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 45, No. 6The effects of eye movement and dark-adaptation on transmission through the visual pathways of unrestrained catsBrain Research, Vol. 77, No. 2Evoked potentials of the central visual system during and after hypoxia in catsElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 36An analysis of sensory interactionNeuropsychologia, Vol. 12, No. 1Early prenatal development of cortical surface responses to visual stimuli in sheepExperimental Neurology, Vol. 37, No. 1Spatial organization of cat visual system. II: Topology and interaction in geniculo-cortical projectionElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 32, No. 4Response of the optic tectum to stimulation of the optic nerve in the teleost Eugerres plumieriBrain Research, Vol. 31, No. 1Type of response to steady illumination and level of neuronal dark discharge in the central visual pathwaysBrain Research, Vol. 16, No. 1The relationship of optic nerve fiber groups activated by electrical stimulation to the consequent central postsynaptic eventsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 24, No. 3Monosynaptic activation of pyramidal cells in area 18 by optic radiation fibersExperimental Neurology, Vol. 21, No. 4The inhibitory path from the lateral geniculate body to the optic cortex in the catExperimental Neurology, Vol. 21, No. 4The effect of retinal illumination and retinal blockade on synaptic transmission in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the catVision Research, Vol. 7, No. 5-6Distinct spike discharges in the evoked cortical response of the light adapted catVision Research, Vol. 7, No. 5-6Neural limitations of visual excitability VIII: Binocular convergence in cat geniculate and cortexVision Research, Vol. 6, No. 7-8Cortical and subcortical evoked responses to central stimuli during wakefulness and sleepElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 18, No. 2The tonic control of cortical responsiveness by inhibitory and facilitatory diffuse influencesElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 18, No. 1Responsiveness in the visual system during various phases of sleep and wakingExperimental Neurology, Vol. 11, No. 1Visual cortical responses evoked by stimulating lateral geniculate body and optic radiations in awake and sleeping catsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 9, No. 1Evoked potentials of rabbit visual cortex: relationship between a slow negative potential and excitability cycleElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 15, No. 3Electric potentials of retina and cortex of cats evoked by monocular and binocular photic stimulationVision Research, Vol. 1, No. 1-2Facilitation réticulaire des mécanismes visuels corticauxElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 12, No. 4Evoked responses of the cat's visual cortex to optic tract stimulation at temperatures between 39° and 15°CElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 12, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 19Issue 2March 1956Pages 172-186 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1956.19.2.172PubMed13295839History Published online 1 March 1956 Published in print 1 March 1956 Metrics

The electrical activities of single motoneurones in toad's spinal cord, recorded with intracellular electrodes.

1. By inserting glass micro-electrodes, whose external tip diameter was less than 1μ, into ventral horn cells in excised toad's spinal cord, the resting membrane potential and the action potential of single motoneurones were recorded.2. In response to a single stimulus delivered to a dorsal root, there appeared firstly synaptic potentials in a motoneurone, which brought about spike potentials when they attained a certain size by summation. Positive synaptic potentials were encountered occasionally.3. When stimulated antidromically by the impulses in ventral root fibers, the motoneurone responded with a slow negative potential which resembled the synaptic potential, followed by a spike potential of soma.4. The spike potential was followed by a negative after-potential and then by a positive after-potential whose relative size was much greater than that of the axon.5. Some motoneurones showed repetitive spike discharges for a short time immediately after the insertion of the micro-electrode. In these cases cyclic changes of the base-line potential were observed coincidentally with the period of spike discharge.6. Activities of cells which were supposed to be internuncial neurones were also recorded.7. The effects of constant currents flowing through motoneurones on the resting and action potentials were tested. It was found that the spike potentials were more sensitive to polarizing currents than synaptic and resting potentials.

Visual areas I and II of cerebral cortex of rabbit.

Visual areas I and II of cerebral cortex of rabbit.