Slow Evaporation Solution Technique Research Articles

Large third-order nonlinear susceptibility of newly synthesized 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium p-toluene sulfonate (TPTSA) single crystal measured by the open and closed aperture of the Z-scan technique

The researchers employed the Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST) to grow a third-order nonlinear optical 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium p-toluene sulfonate (TPTSA) crystal and subsequently conducted an X-ray structural examination. The resulting solution's monoclinic structure (P21/c space group) was confirmed and refined using the SHELXS 2018/3 program, and this marks the first instance of a TPTSA single-crystal structure being reported. To further investigate the optical qualities of the TPTSA crystals, including reflectance (R), bandgap (Eg), refractive index (n), and extinction coefficient (K), we utilized a UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer, which demonstrated a transmittance of 82%. Moreover, photoluminescence spectrum analysis revealed that the crystal emits light at 294 and 471 nm. Thermal properties of the TPTSA single crystals were also studied, and it was determined that TPTSA remains stable up to 197 °C. A Hirshfeld surface study showed various inter and intra molecular interactions within the TPTSA compound. Based on the crystal's Z-scan parameters, such as absorption coefficient (β = 1.02412 × 10−4 m/W), nonlinear refractive index (n2 = 9.7348 × 10−12 m2/W), and third-order linear optical susceptibility (χ3) of TPTSA, which was found to be 3 × 10−8 esu, it is evident that the nonlinear properties of this crystal make it suitable for third harmonic generation applications. The comprehensive structural analysis and physical characteristics of the TPTSA crystal demonstrate its potential for applications in harmonic generation.

Investigation on the synthesis, growth, thermal and optical behavior of creatininium borate single crystal: A potential candidate for nonlinear optical applications

In the this study, we focus on the growth of a metal-organic creatininium borate (CRB) single crystal for third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. Optically transparent & wide optical band gap single crystals of CRB were successfully harvested by adopting a slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at a constant 40[Formula: see text]C temperature. The structural identification and lattice parameters of the grown sample were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) using Rietveld analysis by FullProf Suite software. The occurrence of vacancy/interstitial defects produced during growth was investigated by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) using omega scan arrangement. A single peak with lower full width half maxima (56.4 arc s) was obtained from the scan which suggests that there were no grain boundaries for the grown crystal. Surface morphology and its features such as concentration of dislocations and defect sites on the as-grown sample were scrutinized using the etching technique. The optical band gap and UV–vis cut-off were examined and found to be 5.39 eV and 230 nm, respectively. Photoluminescence characteristics of the crystal show an emission at 377 nm upon excitation with a wavelength of 336 nm. The presence of radiative and non-radiative transitions inside the crystal due to excitation upon 266 nm laser was identified using time-resolved photoluminescence. Thermal stability and decomposition temperature of the compound were obtained by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The third-order nonlinearity of the crystal was determined by Z-scan measurement technique with a femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser.

Investigation on Optical, Electrical, Third Harmonic Generation and Hirshfeld Analysis Characteristics of Novel Organic 3‐Amino‐1H‐1,2,4‐Triazole 3,5‐Dinitrobenzoic Acid Monohydrate (3ATDM) Crystal for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Applications

AbstractThe organic 3‐amino‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole 3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acid monohydrate (C9 H10 N6 O7) (H2O) (3ATDM) single crystal is synthesized and grown using the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST), for the first time. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis indicated that the 3ATDM crystal has the characteristics of the noncentrosymmetric Pc space group of the monoclinic crystal system. The crystal have good optical characteristics as observed using UV‐visible‐near infrared (NIR) analysis; the transmittance wavelength region is in the range of 200–1000 nm. Sharp emission peaks are observed in the photoluminescence spectrum; this is indicative of ultraviolet (UV) emission. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA) is used to evaluate the thermal behavior. The 3ATDM crystal is thermally stable up to 207 °C; the first endothermic peak appeared at 150 °C. The dielectric loss (tan δ) and dielectric constant (ε') are measured as a function of frequency. Vickers microhardness analysis is used to characterize the mechanical strength of the 3ATDM crystal. The third‐order nonlinear optical properties such as absorption coefficient (β), refractive index (n2), and susceptibility (χ (3)) are evaluated through the Z‐scan technique at 532 nm, using a continuous wave (CW) solid‐state laser.

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of piperazinium 5-nitrosalicylate (P5NS) single crystal for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

A single crystal of Piperazinium 5-nitrosalicylate (P5NS) was grown by using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The structural analysis (crystal system & cell parameter) of the grown P5NS crystal was examined by single crystal XRD and it exposed that the P5NS crystal has a crystal triclinic system and space group (P-1). Using powder XRD analysis, miller index and (h k l) planes were identified. The P5NS crystal has a sharp cutoff wavelength around 380 nm and is transparent in UV region. The FTIR analysis was investigated on the P5NS crystal to find out the P5NS functional groups. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis illustrate that the P5NS crystal is thermally stable upto 255 °C. Further increase in the temperature resulted in decomposition of P5NS. The etch pit density of P5NS crystal has been calculated by using the chemical etching analysis. The Photoconductivity study reveals that the grown PMC crystal has positive photoconductive nature. The electrical properties, dielectric constant and dielectric loss were determined. The laser damage threshold (LDT) analysis was investigated by Nd: YAG laser and the wavelength of laser is 1064 nm. Intermolecular interactions of P5NS is executed by the Hirshfeld surface analysis. The NLO susceptibility (χ(3)) was calculated by the Z-scan method using the source of He-Ne laser, whose wavelength is 632.8 nm.

Design, crystal growth and characterizations of novel bis morpholinium zinc bromide single crystals for optoelectronic applications

A novel metal-organic third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) material with promising excellent properties in the crucial solar blind UV region. For the first time, high NLO active metal-organic complex of bis-morpholinium zinc bromide (BMZB) single crystal has been rationally designed and single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). Remarkably, the grown crystal exhibits competitive and even superior physical properties including high thermal stability and wider transparency than the standard NLO single crystal. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the space group of P21/cc and four molecules are accumulated in the unit cell (unit cell parameters are a = 6.7860 (6) Å, b = 16.6239 (2) Å, c = 14.8875 (2) Å, β = 94.937 (3)° and Z = 4). Further, the phase purity and the crystallinity of the grown sample were analyzed through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis has been used to determine the presence of multifarious functional groups in the grown crystal. The recorded optical transmittance spectrum reveals that the BMZB crystal possesses good optical transparency in the range between deep ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) regions. Intriguingly, the short cut-off edge of the grown crystal is found to be about 227 nm which is more favorable for developing modern photonic and optoelectronic devices in the solar blind UV region. The thermal and mechanical stabilities of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness and thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) respectively. Moreover, key requirements for designing practical NLO devices such as large laser damage threshold (LDT) and excellent third-order NLO response have been observed in the grown single crystal. Therefore, our findings open up a new avenue to the rational design of thermally stable and large NLO active metal-organic complexes for practical NLO applications.

Growth and characterization of L - Methionine Barium Bromide (LMBB) semi-organic crystal for optical limiting applications

The semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal was grown from an aqueous solution by a slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at room temperature. The characterization of the crystal was made using single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and it was found to be L-Methionine Barium Bromide (LMBB) crystallized in a monoclinic system with space group C2/c and the cell parameter values are a= 10.74Å, b= 7.39Å, c= 8.69Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 113.53°. The UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the crystal has good optical transparency and a lower cut-off wavelength was found to be 246 nm and also evaluated linear optical properties such as extinction coefficient and reflectance. The luminescence behavior of LMBB has been analyzed by fluorescence (FL) spectral study. The presence of functional groups in the LMBB is confirmed by FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational patterns. The hardness (Hv), Meyer’s index (n), elastic stiffness constant (C11), yield strength (σy), knoop hardness (Hk), fracture toughness (Kc), and brittleness index (Bi) were analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric behavior as a function of frequency was examined. The laser-induced damage threshold value was found to be higher than that of KDP. The surface morphology of the as-grown crystal was determined using the SEM technique. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the LMBB crystal. The nonlinearity coefficient (β) is measured as 1.7 × 10−11 m/W using the open aperture Z-scan technique (Nd: YAG, 532 nm, 9 ns), which results from an effective two-photon absorption phenomenon. The resulting optical limiting behavior has a fluence threshold of 8.26 × 1012 W/m2 making the LMBB a potential candidate for optical limiting devices.

Effect of shock wave on surface morphology and optical properties of acid phthalate based single crystals

Recent literature reports mentioned that the effect of shock wave on single crystals and its effect on various physical and chemical properties. In the current article, the shock wave with constant Mach number 1.7 was generated by table top shock tube to study its effects on optical and surface morphology properties of Potassium Acid Phthalate (KAP) and Sodium Acid Phthalate (NaAP) single crystals respectively. Optically transparent semi-organic single crystals of KAP and NaAP were grown using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). A systematic investigation was carried out to examine the influence of shock waves on acid phthalate based single crystals. The optical properties of harvested crystals were scrutinized using UV–Visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The surface morphology analysis was examined by optical microscope. On the interaction of shock wave, the transmittance for both the crystals increased for 1st shock wave and then decreased for its higher shock numbers. There were no major changes observed in optical band gap for pre and post shock wave loaded single crystals. The modification on the surface of single crystal, study of defects concentration and crystalline perfection of the virgin and shock wave loaded samples were confirmed by PL and surface morphology studies respectively.

Synthesis, crystal structure elucidation and interactions in 1,2,4,5-tetraazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-thione:Hirshfeld surface analysis, 2d fingerprint plots and 3D energy framework calculations

• 1,2,4,5-tetraazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-thione was synthesized and characterized by Spectroscopic techniques ( 1 H, 13 C NMR, FT-IR, UV). • Crystal structure elucidation of 1,2,4,5-tetraazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-thione was done using single crystal X-ray crystallography. • Intermolecular interactions were quantified and located by 2D fingerprint plots via Hirshfeld surface analysis. • 3D energy framework calculations for intermolecular interaction energies were estimated. In this research, crystals of 1,2,4,5-tetraazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3-thione were synthesized and crystallized by slow evaporation solution technique. Synthesized compound was characterized by various physicochemical and modern spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR spectroscopy, 1 H, 13 C NMR and UV-Vis absorption) as well as single crystal X-ray crystallography. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that crystal belongs to monoclinic system with cell dimensions: a = 10.9818 (11) Å, b = 7.0629 (7) Å, c = 12.0194 (12) Å, α = 90°, β = 104.189° (3), γ = 90° and V = 903.82 (16) Å 3 . The empty space and intermolecular connections in crystal lattices were analysed using void mapping and Hirshfeld surface analysis respectively. Percent contribution of some important intermolecular interactions such as H•••H, S•••H/H•••S and N•••H/H•••N and their impact on crystal packing are shown in 2D fingerprint plots. The 3D-topology of crystal packing was analysed and shown using 3D energy framework analysis.

Enhanced SHG performance of Cd 2+ doped DAST crystal featuring charge exchange owing metal ion-organic ligand for NLO applications

The slow evaporation solution (SEST) technique was used to grow a CdSO4 (5 %) doped DAST (CdS5-DAST) single crystal. The structural properties of the grown CdS5-DAST single crystal were investigated using single crystal X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) analysis. The SXRD data reveals that the CdS5-DAST crystal is non-centrosymmetric with a monoclinic (Cc) space group. The existence of a metal–organic 5 % of CdSO4 in DAST was affirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDAX). The optical property of the grown single crystal was investigated by a UV–vis-NIR spectrometer, which showed the absorption cut-off wavelength is 380 nm. As a result, the electronic transition from non-bonding molecular orbital (ground) states to antibonding molecular orbital (excited) states corresponds to the absorption λ maximum. The energy (ΔE) requirement is small enough for electrons to transition from n-π* states. The optical bandgap (Eg), refractive index and extinction coefficient of the CdS5-DAST single crystal are calculated. As a result, crystals have an optical bandgap of 2.1 eV. Cd2+ doped DAST crystal enhances SHG performance significantly, owing to charge exchange facilitated by the metal ion-organic ligand and electron density. The grown CdS5-DAST crystal has a best SHG response and compared to the some organic NLO crystals. The PL spectrofluorometer study substantiates that green emission features at a wavelength of 527 nm. TG-DTA was being used to analyze the thermal characteristics of the crystal was thermally stable up to 259.95 °C.

Crystal growth, structural, spectral, optical, DFT analysis and Z-scan analysis of pyridine-1-ium-2-carboxylatehydrogenbromide (PHBr) for optoelectronic and nonlinear optical applications

A single crystal of Pyridine-1-ium-2-carboxylatehydrogenbromide (PHBr) was grown using the Slow Evaporation Solution Technique. Using Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction analysis, the crystal lattice characteristics and molecular structure of the grown crystal of PHBr were found and it corresponds to the Triclinic crystal system with space group Pī. Intra and intermolecular interactions were visualized using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The theoretical calculation conducted by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and it is well agreed with the experimental results. The Molecular optimized geometry, FT-IR and HOMO-LUMO energy gap were computed using the B3LYP level of theory with a 6-31 + G (d,p) basis set. The FT-IR spectrum studies are given here to look at the modes of vibration of numerous functional groups found in the PHBr crystal. The measurements of UV–visible NIR transmittance show that the crystal has a high transmittance over the whole visible spectrum. The Z-scan approach is used to perform third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) investigations on a PHBr crystal and optical properties such as linear and nonlinear refractive index are computed.

Novel zinc (II) and nickel (II) complexes of a quinazoline‐based ligand with an imidazole ring: Synthesis, spectroscopic property, antibacterial activities, time‐dependent density functional theory calculations and Hirshfeld surface analysis

AbstractTwo complexes [Zn(L)2(CH3OH)2](NO3)2 (1) and [Ni(L)3]·(NO3)2 (2) (L = 2‐[2‐imidazolyl]‐4‐methyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinazoline‐N3‐oxide) were obtained successfully by means of slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and characterized using elemental analysis, FT‐IR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectroscopic. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the metal in complex 1 is chelated by two L ligands and two lattice methanol molecules, whereas in 2 by three L ligands, counterbalanced by nitrate ions. The crystal structures of both showed infinite 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D supramolecular architecture due to intermolecular interactions. Most strikingly, Zn (II) complex showed different fluorescence properties in diverse solvents. The antimicrobial activities of all compounds were compared and showed perceptible efficiency against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. Electrostatic potential (ESP) calculation was used to predict the nucleophilic and electrophilic attack sites. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results showed good agreement with experimental data, as well as the frontier molecular orbital energy gaps were detected by time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT method with HOMO–LUMO calculations. Additionally, the non‐covalent interactions of both complexes were further quantified and explored with the help of Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Benzophenone Added Sodium Acid Phthalate Crystal—A Potential Material for Nonlinear Optical Applications

Sodium acid phthalate C8H5NaO4 is one of the suitable semiorganic single crystals hired in second harmonic generation conversion applications. In the present work, optically transparent Benzophenone doped with sodium acid phthalate (SAPB) single crystals were grown successfully by slow evaporation solution technique. Single crystal XRD analyses exposed that the crystal lattice of SAPB crystal is a monoclinic crystal system with unit cell parameters a = 6.77 Å, b = 9.31 Å, c = 13.58 Å, and space group B2cb. The crystalline nature of SAPB material was confirmed by powder XRD pattern. The functional groups present in the grown crystals were identified by the FTIR analysis ranging between 4000 and 500 cm−1. The optical transparency and band gap of grown crystals were measured from UV-Visible spectroscopy. The fluorescence emission spectrum of the SAPB crystal having a strong Yellow emission peak at 574 nm and the red emission at 631 nm are identified. The Vickers microhardness number (Hv) increases with increasing load. Meyer’s index number (n) calculated from Hv shows that the material belongs to the soft material category. Preliminary measurement using Kurtz powder technique with Nd-YAG laser light of wavelength 1064 nm indicates that their second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies of the grown crystals were presented 2 times in comparison with Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) was confirmed.

Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and magnetic studies of bis[1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-ethyl isouronium]tetrachlorocobaltate(II)

In this research work, a new inorganic-organic hybrid material bis[1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-ethyl isouronium]tetrachlorocobaltate(II), (C15H29N2O)2CoCl4 has been successfully synthesized and good quality crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction at room temperature. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with space group Pī. The atomic arrangement of the title compound can be described as an alternation of organic and inorganic layers along the a−axis, which are interconnected via N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The thermal stability of the grown crystal was evaluated using thermo-gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses (TG/DSC). The Hirshfeld surface analysis was conducted to investigate intermolecular interactions and associated 2D fingerprint plots, revealing the relative contribution of these interactions in the crystal structure quantitatively. The magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 2–300 K shows that the complex displays a weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction at low temperature.

Physical and theoretical investigations on piperazinium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (PDNB) single crystal: A potential candidate for third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

A potential third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) material of piperazinium 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (PDNB) has been synthesized from the pure aqueous solution through protonation reaction and its single crystals have been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) within a span of 75 days. The structural properties of the grown single crystals have been evaluated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. It reveals that the grown crystal crystallizes in a triclinic crystal system with centrosymmetric space group Pī. The existence of various crystalline planes and phase purity of the title material were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis with the 2θ scanning range of 10° to 50° The proton (1H1) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum has been recorded to elucidate the molecular structure of the synthesized PDNB material. The presence of multiple functional groups and optical properties of the title material have been evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) and UV–Vis NIR spectroscopy analyses, respectively. The photoluminescence property of the PDNB crystal has been examined by the excitation and emission spectra. The grown crystal possesses good thermal stability (stable upto 197 °C), which is determined by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The grown crystal possesses excellent third-order NLO property when irradiation of He-Ne laser of wavelength 632.8 nm. Theoretical investigations such as optimized geometry, HOMO-LUMO, first-order hyperpolarizability and Hirshfeld surface analyses have been carried out and their interesting results have been discussed. The overall experimental and theoretical results lead to conclude that the title PDNB single crystal is a potential candidate for the NLO and optoelectronic applications.

Promising computational, structural, vibrational and optical properties of piperazinium bis(2-carboxypyridine)monohydrate (PBCPM) crystal for NLO device applications

The Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST) was used to produce a single crystal of piperazinium bis(2-carboxypyridine)monohydrate (PBCPM). The lattice parameters and molecular structure of the grown crystal were determined using Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction. The intramolecular and intermolecular interactions were visualised using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The B3LYP level of theory with a 6–31++G (d,p) basis set was used to compute the Molecular optimised geometry. The FT-IR and FT-R spectral studies that have been reported look at the modes of vibration of various functional groups in the PBCPM crystal. The grown crystal has a high transmittance in the entire visible field, according to UV–vis transmittance reports. Based on the finite-field approach, the polarizability and hyperpolarizability of PBCPM is determined using the DFT-B3LYP method and the 6–311G(d,p) basis set. The Z-scan technique is used to perform third order NLO studies on the PBCPM crystal. The result discussed confirms that PBCPM crystal is a potential candidate for future NLO device applications.

Investigation on the Effects of MnCl2 Doping on Structural and Optical Properties of DAST Single Crystals as Materials for Second Order Nonlinear Optics

AbstractThe intent is to explore the optoelectronic properties of metal ions doped stilbazolium derivative, 4‐N,N′‐dimethylamino‐N‐methyl‐4‐stilbazolium tosylate (MnCl2‐DAST) nonlinear optical crystal materials for the existing technological necessities. The Mn‐DAST single crystals are crystallized by adopting the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The structural and crystallographic dimensions of grown crystals are affirmed using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder crystal X‐ray diffraction. Fourier transform infrared spectra are performed to explicate the functional groups and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX) spectra confirm the presence of the chemical elements of grown crystals. The UV–vis absorption spectra of DAST and Mn‐DAST crystals exhibit all possible n–π* and π–π* electronic transitions. The blue shift is observed in the doped materials due to the exchange of lone pair electrons between the metal ions and organic molecule. Tremendously, the second order harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of Mn (0.01 mol%) doped DAST crystals has 1.68 times larger than that of DAST crystal. From the metal‐organic crystals (Mn‐DAST), all the results brought out are the promising materials in the design of nonlinear optical applications.

Growth and characterization of L-tyrosine magnesium chloride single crystal: A promising NLO crystal

New single Crystal of L-Tyrosine Magnesium Chloride (LTMC) was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the grown crystal is orthorhombic system with the space group Pmn21. The grown crystals were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis to find the different modes of vibration due to various functional groups present in LTMC. The transmission spectrum of LTMC was recorded by UV–Vis spectrometer in the range between 200 nm and 800 nm which addressed the grown crystal has good optical transparency in the entire visible region and its energy band gap was determined. The thermal stability of the crystal was determined from thermo gravimetric and differential thermo analysis (TG-DTA) curve. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss has been studied as a function of frequency for various temperatures and the results were discussed in details. The frequency dependence of AC/DC conductivity studies for different temperature was carried out. The photoconductive behavior of the material is also investigated and the grown crystal has positive photoconductive nature. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by using Vicker’s hardness test. The presence of second harmonic generation (SHG) for the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz Perry powder technique. All these studies indicate that the LTMC crystal can be considered as a potential candidate for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices.

Crystal growth, structural, optical, thermal, dielectric, mechanical and NLO studies of L-tyrosine zinc carbonate single crystals

L-Tyrosine Zinc Carbonate (LTZC) a semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal has been grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are found out by single crystals X- ray diffraction technique. The modes of vibrations of different functional groups present were identified by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The UV–Visible optical absorption spectrum shows that the crystal has high transmission with lowest UV cutoff wavelength of 230 nm. The calculated band gap of LTZC crystal was found to be 5.13 eV. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss for various frequencies and temperatures were performed on LTZC crystal and the results were discussed in detail. The frequency dependence of ac conductivity for different temperatures was studied. The photoconductivity studies confirm that the crystal LTZC has negative photo conducting nature. The mechanical and thermal properties of the grown crystals have been studied. Surface morphological changes are observed in the grown LTZC crystal. The Non-linear optical second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of LTZC was determined using Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. The second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of LTZC is 2.12 times that of KDP.

An Investigation of the Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate Single Crystal for Sensors, Bandpass Filters and Optical Applications

In the present work, a good-quality nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NSH) single crystal measuring 30 × 20 × 15 mm3 was grown via a slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). NSH single crystal is an inorganic material and is widely used in optical applications, UV sensors, and missile detection systems, among others. The grown crystal was characterized using powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, microhardness test and etching analysis. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) was used to identify the thermal diffusivity of the grown crystal. The thermal diffusivity of the NSH crystal was found to be superior to that of various common nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, and is thus suitable for use in optical and sensor applications. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was utilized to determine the material decomposition at a certain temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were performed to identify the melting point of the grown crystal. The dielectric analysis showed that the crystal has low dielectric loss, fewer defects, and better optical properties, and is suitable for NLO applications. Thermal analysis showed that the grown crystal can be utilized for a wide array of applications including optical communications, UV bandpass filters, UV sensors, harmonic generation, and missile detection systems.

Third-order nonlinear and linear optical properties of N-acetyl glycine hydrochloride crystal for optical applications

The detailed study on the preparation and characterizations of N-Acetyl Glycine Hydrochloride was grown by the slow evaporation solution technique is highlighted in this article. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction technique to determine the lattice parameters. FT-IR spectrum was analyzed to identify the presence of functional groups. UV–Vis-NIR studies were determined in the optical parameters like optical band gap, reflectance, and refractive index. Optical nonlinearities of AGC were determined by Z-scan technique with Nd:YAG laser radiation. The photo active nature of the material was established from fluorescence study. The impedance spectrum was used to determine the DC conductivity at first time. The predicted NLO properties, UV–Vis absorption, and Z-scan studies mention that the sample is an ideal material for nonlinear optics and photonics applications.