Slow Evaporation Solution Technique Research Articles

Experimental and theoretical investigation on the SR method grown semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Efficient semi organic nonlinear optical (NLO) Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate monohydrate (PTZM) [C4H12N2][ZnCL4]·H2O single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method using water as solvent. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis reveals the unit cell parameters of the grown crystal. The morphology of the grown crystal was identified by the single crystal XRD analysis. The electrical properties, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and piezoelectric (d33) coefficient were determined. The etch pit density of PTZM crystal has been calculated by using the chemical etching analysis. The laser damage threshold (LDT) analysis was investigated by Nd: YAG laser and the wavelength of laser is 1064 nm. The mechanical stability of the grown PTZM crystal was studied using Vickers microhardness measurement. Utilizing quantum chemical calculations, the PTZM compound is analyzed for vibrational properties, HOMO and LUMO characteristics, NBO interactions, and the determination of first-order hyperpolarizability. The nonlinear susceptibility and first-order hyperpolarizability results provide compelling evidence and affirm the PTZM molecule’s potential as a strong candidate for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.

Optical studies of fluorescein dye doped sulphamic acid single crystal

Fluorsceine, a dye used in lasers and non-linear optics have been studied for its interaction with crystal matrix (Sulphamic acid). Present study reveals the effect of fluorescein dye on sulphamic acid single crystals that are grown by slow evaporation solution technique at room temperature. Cell Parameters and crystal structure of pure sulphamic and 0.1 mol % fluorescein dye doped crystals is confirmed by Single Crystal XRD. The crystal structure is found to be orthorhombic and space group Pbca. Slight increase is noticed in cell parameters. Vibrational bands are assigned by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. UV–Vis spectroscopy is also studied to find out band gap energy which is found to increase from 5.13 eV to 5.2 eV due to dye doping in crystal. Decrease in cutoff wavelength confirms that the synthesized crystals are permissible material for electro-optic application.

Synthesis and growth of organic 2-ethylimidazolium hydrogen diglycolate single crystal for nonlinear optical applications

A single crystal of 2-Ethylimidazolium hydrogen diglycolate (DAEI) has been grown by slow evaporation solution (SEST) technique at 35 °C. The DAEI crystal belongs to a monoclinic crystal system with a P21/c space group. The Hirshfeld surface analysis determined the grown crystal has the highest intermolecular contribution for O..H interaction. The phase purity and various planes (hkl) of the DAEI crystal system were determined by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The functional groups and their different vibrations of DAEI crystal were identified by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The band gap energy value of the DAEI crystal is found to be 5.32 eV. Photoluminescence measurement reveals that the DAEI crystal has green emission. The material shows major weight losses of around 82.45 % in the temperature between 140 °C and 300 °C. The dielectric analyses were carried out for different frequencies (1Hz–1MHz) and different temperatures. The third-order nonlinear optical properties such as refractive index (n2), absorption coefficient (β) and susceptibility (χ(3)) were determined using the Z-scan technique using a He–Ne laser (λ = 632.8 nm).

Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and nonlinear optical characteristics of glycine cobalt sulfate pentahydrate single crystal

This article encapsulates about synthesis and growth aspects of glycine cobalt sulfate pentahydrate (GCS) single crystal. It was grown using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at ambient conditions. The structural details were scrutinized from single crystal X-ray diffraction. FTIR analysis was carried out to confirm the presence of functional groups. The evaluation of intermolecular interactions was done through Hirshfeld surface analysis. Among the computational details, HOMO-LUMO studies were used to explain the electronic properties of the grown molecule. To understand the areas that are chemically active, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) was developed. The Mulliken atomic charge was done to know the distribution of charges within atoms. Optical quality of titled crystal was analysed through UV–visible spectroscopy. The investigation of third order nonlinear property was done using Z-scan technique with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser and estimation of nonlinear absorption coefficient was done.

Growth, strain, energy gap, optical, mechanical, piezoelectric, and morphology analyses of 2-methylimidazole (2MI) single crystal for NLO device fabrication

2-methylimidazole (2MI) single crystal has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) by using water as a solvent. The synthesized 2MI crystal was purified by repetitive recrystallization. Various other characterizations were carried out for the grown 2MI single crystal, such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), FTIR, UV–Visible NIR, Microhardness, Photoluminescence, SEM, Piezoelectric, and SHG. The 2MI crystal was subjected to PXRD to endorse the crystalline quality of the material. The vibrational assignments and their functional groups were identified from the FTIR analysis. The UV–Visible NIR study exposes the transparency and cut-off wavelength of the 2MI crystal. The mechanical strength was investigated by Vickers microhardness tester. The surface investigation of the 2MI crystal was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope technique to obtain the presence of defects and surface texture in the developed 2MI crystal. The photoluminescence spectrum confirmed the green light emission of the crystal. The value of the piezoelectric d[Formula: see text] coefficient is measured using piezoelectric analysis. Kurtz powder’s second harmonic generation test reveals that the frequency conversion efficiency of 2MI is 3.7 times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal.

Growth, DFT, spectroscopic analysis, third-order NLO properties and optical limiting behavior of Bis(p-aminobenzoic acid-N) dichloro cadmium (II) (BPANDC) crystal

A new organic nonlinear optical crystal, Bis(p-aminobenzoic acid-N) dichloro cadmium (II) (BPANDC) has been grown by Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST). The experiments were carried out to study the structural, optical, DFT and nonlinear optical properties of the grown crystals. The BPANDC crystal belongs to triclinic system with space group Pī with lattice parameters a = 6.359(4)Å, b = 7.509(11)Å, c = 17.263(7)Å, α= 94.50(2)˚, β=104.56(2)˚, γ=96.79(4)˚, and volume V = 787.20Å3. Using the TD-DFT method, the electronic absorption spectra of BPANDC was calculated in gas phase. The calculated FT-IR, FT-Raman spectrum, Molecular geometrical analysis, TD-DFT, HOMO–LUMO energy gap and Molecular electrostatic potential surface of BPANDC were calculated by DFT/ LANL2DZ basis set. The Z-scan analysis evidenced that the BPANDC exhibits sequential two-photon absorption induced reverse saturable absorption.

Single crystal growth of 1,2,3-Benzotriazole 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (BTNBA) by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

The organic single crystal of 1,2,3-benzotriazole 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid was synthesized and grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) for the first time reported in the literature. The lattice parameters of the grown crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, miller index and (h k l) planes were identified. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral analysis was used to confirm the chemical environment of various protons and carbons present in a BTNBA structure. The optical quality of the grown crystal was identified by the UV–Visible NIR spectrum analysis. The grown crystal has good optical transmittance in the range of 400 –800 nm. Functional groups of BTNBA crystal were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum analysis. The thermal behaviour of the BTNBA crystal was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The photoconductivity analysis was carried out to calculate the photo and dark current values. Intermolecular interactions of BTNBA are executed by the Hirshfeld surface analysis. Vickers microhardness analysis was carried out to identify the mechanical stability of the grown BTNBA crystal. The dielectric constant (ε') and dielectric loss (tan δ) as a function of frequency were measured for the grown crystal. The third-order nonlinear optical properties such as nonlinear refractive index (n2), absorption co-efficient (β) and susceptibility (χ(3)) were studied by Z-scan technique at 632.8 nm using He-Ne laser. The crystal grown by the SEST method shows high mechanical strength, and good third order nonlinear susceptibility with less defects which makes it suitable for photonics and optical limiting.

Comparative investigation on slow evaporation solution technique and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTCZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Comparative investigation on slow evaporation solution technique and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTCZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Unveiling the optical, thermal and nonlinear behavior of guanidinium benzenesulfonate: A promising organic single crystal for NLO applications

Organic crystals have aroused significant interest in the nonlinear optical field due to the presence of higher order nonlinearity. This article enlightens about the growth, structural, optical, thermal and nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of guanidinium benzenesulfonate (GBS) single crystal for NLO applications. Herein, we employed slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) to grow good quality crystals of GBS. The single crystal X-ray diffraction & powder XRD were performed in order to study the crystal structure. The functional groups in the GBS molecule were analysed using the qualitative FT-IR spectra. The transmittance and optical bandgap of titled crystal were assessed by UV–Visible spectroscopy. The sample was excited at a wavelength 260 nm to see its emission spectrum through PL spectroscopy. A decrease in LDT value was observed with increase in the pulse repetition rate using Nd:YAG laser. TG-DTA curve were assessed at different rates of heating to examine the thermal stability of the titled material. The activation energy was calculated by using thermogravimetric data. To investigate third order nonlinearity of grown crystal, the NLO coefficients were estimated by adopting well known Z-scan technique equipped with a Ti:sapphire based laser oscillator.

Investigations on growth, XRD, strain, FTIR, UV–Vis NIR, photoluminescence, SHG, and Z-scan analyses of L-cysteine picrate single crystal for NLO and optical limiting applications

Organic single crystal of L-cysteine picrate (LCP), an efficient NLO material for frequency conversion, optoelectronic, and optical limiting applications has been grown within 20 days by Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST). PXRD analysis shows that the LCP is subjected to the noncentrosymmetric space group of P21 with a monoclinic crystal system. The very low strain value depicts that the level and dislocations of the defect in the lattice of LCP crystal are very low. The various functional group assignments were investigated by using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis with the range of 4000–400 cm−1. The optical analysis (UV–Visible) confirmed that the crystal has a lower cut-off wavelength of 250 nm and very low absorption in the entire visible region. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum analysis confirmed that the material exhibits blue emission and is suitable for LED device fabrication. The SHG efficiency for LCP crystal is established to be 1.7 times higher than KDP material. Z-scan measurement determined the LCP exhibits two-photon absorption-induced optical limiting action with a nonlinear absorption coefficient of 0.70 × 10−10 m/W and onset limiting threshold of 2.36 × 1012 W/m2 which indicates that it can be used in making laser protection gadgets.

Synthesis, crystal growth, structural, optical, and laser damage threshold characterizations on 2-amino-4,6-di­methyl­pyrimidinium hydrogen sulfate single crystal for nonlinear optical applications

2-Amino-4,6-di­methyl­pyrimidinium hydrogen sulfate (2AMPHS) organic single crystal was successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) for the first time. A good transparent 2AMPHS single crystal with dimensions of 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm was grown after a 25-day growth period. The 2AMPHS single crystals structural parameters were confirmed and well matched with the reported values. The good crystalline nature of 2AMPHS crystal was characterised using SXRD, PXRD, UV–Visible NIR, laser damage threshold, and third harmonic generation (THG). The optical property of 2AMPHS crystal was investigated by UV–visible-NIR analysis. Laser damage threshold analysis was performed with an Nd: YAG laser, and the laser wavelength is 1064 nm. The third harmonic generation study was analysed by a Z-scan study. The He-Ne laser source with a wavelength of 632.8 nm has used for Z-scan analysis.

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of organic 1,2,4-triazole p-nitrophthalic acid (TPNP) single crystal for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

The novel organic NLO single crystal 1,2,4-Triazole 4-nitrophthalic acid (TPNP) has been synthesised with methanol as a solvent in an equimolar ratio (1:1) by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown material was characterized for its NLO applications and reported for the first time. TPNP single crystal with the dimension of 10 mm × 5 mm × 4 mm was grown. The grown crystal was analysed through various characterization studies such as structural, optical, thermal, electrical and third harmonic generation (Z-scan) studies. The structural confirmation of the grown TPNP crystals was investigated by Single Crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. The Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to identify the (h k l) planes for the purpose of drawing the morphology diagram of the original crystal image. The optical analysis carried out using UV–Vis-NIR study on TPNP crystal showed good optical transparency (80 %) and it can be used for various optical applications. To identify the structure and the functional groups, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study was conducted. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) revealed the thermal stability of the grown TPNP crystal upto 155 °C. The surface etch pit density of TPNP crystal was carried out using chemical etching analysis. The negative photoconductive nature of title crystal was identified by photoconductivity analysis. The dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss as a function of frequency were measured for grown crystal. Intermolecular interactions and fingerprint plots of TPNP molecules are executed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. LDT of the title crystal was investigated by Q-switched Nd: YAG laser of wavelength 532 nm. Third order NLO parameters and susceptibility were determined using the Z-scan technique. It is concluded that the material can be effectively employed for various optoelectronic and photonic applications.

Synthesis, crystal growth, optical, thermal, electrical and theoretical investigation on 1,2,3- benzotriazole 2-chloro 4-nitrobenzoic acid (BCNB) single crystal for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

The 1,2,3-benzotriazole 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid (BCNB) single crystal was successfully grown by the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and using methanol as the solvent for nonlinear optical applications. The crystal system and space group of the BCNB single crystal were identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. The BCNB crystal was subjected to powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to endorse the crystalline quality of the material. The UV–Visible-NIR study exposes the transparency and cut-off wavelength of the BCNB crystal. The chemical environment of carbon and hydrogen in the proposed structure of BCNB crystal was confirmed by FT-NMR studies. The vibrational assignments and their functional groups were identified from the FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis. The thermal properties like thermal stability point, melting point, and decomposing point were examined by Thermogravimetry/Differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The third order NLO behaviour of BCNB crystal was investigated by the Z-scan technique. The negative photoconductive nature of BCNB crystal was confirmed by photoconductivity analysis. The surface morphology of the grown crystal was examined by chemical etching analysis. The dielectric experiment (constant & loss) was performed on BCNB crystal as a function of frequency at room temperature to measure electrical properties of the material. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been investigated by DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G (d,p) method. To understand the intermolecular interaction of crystal packing, the BCNB material was investigated by Hirshfeld surface analysis and it was concluded that the molecular H-H interactions are of higher value compared to other interactions of the total molecules. The Gaussian 09 W programme was used for the DFT calculations such as molecule structure optimization, natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) and HOMO-LUMO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO energy values are estimated as −7.3239 eV and −2.8958 eV respectively.

Large third-order nonlinear susceptibility of newly synthesized 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium p-toluene sulfonate (TPTSA) single crystal measured by the open and closed aperture of the Z-scan technique

The researchers employed the Slow Evaporation Solution Technique (SEST) to grow a third-order nonlinear optical 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazolium p-toluene sulfonate (TPTSA) crystal and subsequently conducted an X-ray structural examination. The resulting solution's monoclinic structure (P21/c space group) was confirmed and refined using the SHELXS 2018/3 program, and this marks the first instance of a TPTSA single-crystal structure being reported. To further investigate the optical qualities of the TPTSA crystals, including reflectance (R), bandgap (Eg), refractive index (n), and extinction coefficient (K), we utilized a UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer, which demonstrated a transmittance of 82%. Moreover, photoluminescence spectrum analysis revealed that the crystal emits light at 294 and 471 nm. Thermal properties of the TPTSA single crystals were also studied, and it was determined that TPTSA remains stable up to 197 °C. A Hirshfeld surface study showed various inter and intra molecular interactions within the TPTSA compound. Based on the crystal's Z-scan parameters, such as absorption coefficient (β = 1.02412 × 10−4 m/W), nonlinear refractive index (n2 = 9.7348 × 10−12 m2/W), and third-order linear optical susceptibility (χ3) of TPTSA, which was found to be 3 × 10−8 esu, it is evident that the nonlinear properties of this crystal make it suitable for third harmonic generation applications. The comprehensive structural analysis and physical characteristics of the TPTSA crystal demonstrate its potential for applications in harmonic generation.

Investigation on the synthesis, growth, thermal and optical behavior of creatininium borate single crystal: A potential candidate for nonlinear optical applications

In the this study, we focus on the growth of a metal-organic creatininium borate (CRB) single crystal for third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. Optically transparent & wide optical band gap single crystals of CRB were successfully harvested by adopting a slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at a constant 40[Formula: see text]C temperature. The structural identification and lattice parameters of the grown sample were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) using Rietveld analysis by FullProf Suite software. The occurrence of vacancy/interstitial defects produced during growth was investigated by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) using omega scan arrangement. A single peak with lower full width half maxima (56.4 arc s) was obtained from the scan which suggests that there were no grain boundaries for the grown crystal. Surface morphology and its features such as concentration of dislocations and defect sites on the as-grown sample were scrutinized using the etching technique. The optical band gap and UV–vis cut-off were examined and found to be 5.39 eV and 230 nm, respectively. Photoluminescence characteristics of the crystal show an emission at 377 nm upon excitation with a wavelength of 336 nm. The presence of radiative and non-radiative transitions inside the crystal due to excitation upon 266 nm laser was identified using time-resolved photoluminescence. Thermal stability and decomposition temperature of the compound were obtained by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The third-order nonlinearity of the crystal was determined by Z-scan measurement technique with a femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser.

Investigation on Optical, Electrical, Third Harmonic Generation and Hirshfeld Analysis Characteristics of Novel Organic 3‐Amino‐1H‐1,2,4‐Triazole 3,5‐Dinitrobenzoic Acid Monohydrate (3ATDM) Crystal for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Applications

AbstractThe organic 3‐amino‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole 3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acid monohydrate (C9 H10 N6 O7) (H2O) (3ATDM) single crystal is synthesized and grown using the slow evaporation solution technique (SEST), for the first time. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis indicated that the 3ATDM crystal has the characteristics of the noncentrosymmetric Pc space group of the monoclinic crystal system. The crystal have good optical characteristics as observed using UV‐visible‐near infrared (NIR) analysis; the transmittance wavelength region is in the range of 200–1000 nm. Sharp emission peaks are observed in the photoluminescence spectrum; this is indicative of ultraviolet (UV) emission. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA) is used to evaluate the thermal behavior. The 3ATDM crystal is thermally stable up to 207 °C; the first endothermic peak appeared at 150 °C. The dielectric loss (tan δ) and dielectric constant (ε') are measured as a function of frequency. Vickers microhardness analysis is used to characterize the mechanical strength of the 3ATDM crystal. The third‐order nonlinear optical properties such as absorption coefficient (β), refractive index (n2), and susceptibility (χ (3)) are evaluated through the Z‐scan technique at 532 nm, using a continuous wave (CW) solid‐state laser.

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of piperazinium 5-nitrosalicylate (P5NS) single crystal for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications

A single crystal of Piperazinium 5-nitrosalicylate (P5NS) was grown by using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The structural analysis (crystal system & cell parameter) of the grown P5NS crystal was examined by single crystal XRD and it exposed that the P5NS crystal has a crystal triclinic system and space group (P-1). Using powder XRD analysis, miller index and (h k l) planes were identified. The P5NS crystal has a sharp cutoff wavelength around 380 nm and is transparent in UV region. The FTIR analysis was investigated on the P5NS crystal to find out the P5NS functional groups. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis illustrate that the P5NS crystal is thermally stable upto 255 °C. Further increase in the temperature resulted in decomposition of P5NS. The etch pit density of P5NS crystal has been calculated by using the chemical etching analysis. The Photoconductivity study reveals that the grown PMC crystal has positive photoconductive nature. The electrical properties, dielectric constant and dielectric loss were determined. The laser damage threshold (LDT) analysis was investigated by Nd: YAG laser and the wavelength of laser is 1064 nm. Intermolecular interactions of P5NS is executed by the Hirshfeld surface analysis. The NLO susceptibility (χ(3)) was calculated by the Z-scan method using the source of He-Ne laser, whose wavelength is 632.8 nm.

Design, crystal growth and characterizations of novel bis morpholinium zinc bromide single crystals for optoelectronic applications

A novel metal-organic third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) material with promising excellent properties in the crucial solar blind UV region. For the first time, high NLO active metal-organic complex of bis-morpholinium zinc bromide (BMZB) single crystal has been rationally designed and single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). Remarkably, the grown crystal exhibits competitive and even superior physical properties including high thermal stability and wider transparency than the standard NLO single crystal. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the space group of P21/cc and four molecules are accumulated in the unit cell (unit cell parameters are a = 6.7860 (6) Å, b = 16.6239 (2) Å, c = 14.8875 (2) Å, β = 94.937 (3)° and Z = 4). Further, the phase purity and the crystallinity of the grown sample were analyzed through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis has been used to determine the presence of multifarious functional groups in the grown crystal. The recorded optical transmittance spectrum reveals that the BMZB crystal possesses good optical transparency in the range between deep ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) regions. Intriguingly, the short cut-off edge of the grown crystal is found to be about 227 nm which is more favorable for developing modern photonic and optoelectronic devices in the solar blind UV region. The thermal and mechanical stabilities of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness and thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) respectively. Moreover, key requirements for designing practical NLO devices such as large laser damage threshold (LDT) and excellent third-order NLO response have been observed in the grown single crystal. Therefore, our findings open up a new avenue to the rational design of thermally stable and large NLO active metal-organic complexes for practical NLO applications.

Growth and characterization of L - Methionine Barium Bromide (LMBB) semi-organic crystal for optical limiting applications

The semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal was grown from an aqueous solution by a slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at room temperature. The characterization of the crystal was made using single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and it was found to be L-Methionine Barium Bromide (LMBB) crystallized in a monoclinic system with space group C2/c and the cell parameter values are a= 10.74Å, b= 7.39Å, c= 8.69Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 113.53°. The UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the crystal has good optical transparency and a lower cut-off wavelength was found to be 246 nm and also evaluated linear optical properties such as extinction coefficient and reflectance. The luminescence behavior of LMBB has been analyzed by fluorescence (FL) spectral study. The presence of functional groups in the LMBB is confirmed by FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational patterns. The hardness (Hv), Meyer’s index (n), elastic stiffness constant (C11), yield strength (σy), knoop hardness (Hk), fracture toughness (Kc), and brittleness index (Bi) were analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric behavior as a function of frequency was examined. The laser-induced damage threshold value was found to be higher than that of KDP. The surface morphology of the as-grown crystal was determined using the SEM technique. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the LMBB crystal. The nonlinearity coefficient (β) is measured as 1.7 × 10−11 m/W using the open aperture Z-scan technique (Nd: YAG, 532 nm, 9 ns), which results from an effective two-photon absorption phenomenon. The resulting optical limiting behavior has a fluence threshold of 8.26 × 1012 W/m2 making the LMBB a potential candidate for optical limiting devices.

Effect of shock wave on surface morphology and optical properties of acid phthalate based single crystals

Recent literature reports mentioned that the effect of shock wave on single crystals and its effect on various physical and chemical properties. In the current article, the shock wave with constant Mach number 1.7 was generated by table top shock tube to study its effects on optical and surface morphology properties of Potassium Acid Phthalate (KAP) and Sodium Acid Phthalate (NaAP) single crystals respectively. Optically transparent semi-organic single crystals of KAP and NaAP were grown using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). A systematic investigation was carried out to examine the influence of shock waves on acid phthalate based single crystals. The optical properties of harvested crystals were scrutinized using UV–Visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The surface morphology analysis was examined by optical microscope. On the interaction of shock wave, the transmittance for both the crystals increased for 1st shock wave and then decreased for its higher shock numbers. There were no major changes observed in optical band gap for pre and post shock wave loaded single crystals. The modification on the surface of single crystal, study of defects concentration and crystalline perfection of the virgin and shock wave loaded samples were confirmed by PL and surface morphology studies respectively.