Slow Breathing Technique Research Articles

Efficacy of a Religious-Based Slow Deep Breathing Technique in Reducing Postoperative Pain: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Non-pharmacological methods offer a noninvasive solution for postoperative pain reduction, enhancing patient quality of life, and expediting recovery post-surgery. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in pain scale reduction in postoperative patients after administering slow deep breathing distraction-relaxation techniques with a religious approach. The design was experimental with pre- and post-tests by providing treatment to respondents using slow deep breathing exercises with a religious approach (the activity related to relaxation using sentences and special treatment explained in the data collection section) to postoperative patients. Pain scale scores ranged from 0 to 10. The total number of participants was 60 (laparotomy, mastectomy, or fracture surgery). A dependent t-test was used to analyse data . The pain scale score for patients after slow deep breathing surgery with a religious approach ranged from 4 to 10 on a numerical rating scale. The average reduction in pain scale score for patients after slow deep breathing surgery with a religious approach was 2.17 with a standard deviation of 0.994. The results of the statistical tests with the dependent t-test obtained a p-value of 0.000. This shows a significant reduction in pain levels among postoperative patients who perform slow deep breathing exercises with a religious approach. These findings suggest that this method is an effective and accessible way to manage postoperative pain. In conclusion, slow deep breathing with a religious approach is effective in reducing postoperative pain

Tactile breathing guidance increases oxygen saturation but not alertness or hypoxia symptoms.

We investigated the effect of tactile guided slow deep breathing compared with that of spontaneous breathing on blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), alertness, and hypoxia symptoms during acute hypobaric hypoxia. We also evaluated the usability of this tactile breathing guidance. Twelve male military pilots were exposed to a simulated altitude of 4,572 m (15,000 ft) in a repeated measures study while breathing spontaneously and during tactile guided slow deep breathing. Under both breathing conditions, measurements were performed at rest and during the performance of a cognitive task. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale was used to rate alertness, and hypoxia symptoms were reported using a list of general hypoxia symptoms. Usability was evaluated in a questionnaire. Tactile guidance of slow deep breathing significantly increased (p <.001) the SpO2 - 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) [84%, 91%]) at rest and 85% (95% CI [81%, 88%]) during the cognitive task - compared with spontaneous breathing - 78% (95% CI [75%, 81%]) at rest and 78% (95% CI [76%, 80%]) during the cognitive task. This increase in SpO2 had no effect on the level of alertness and number of hypoxia symptoms. Pilots were positive about the intensity and sensation of the vibration signal, but had difficulty following the vibration pattern during the cognitive task. Pre-training may improve slow deep breathing technique during performance of cognitive tasks.

The Effects of Slow Breathing during Inter-Set Recovery on Power Performance in the Barbell Back Squat.

Slow breathing (SB) reduces sympathetic nervous system activity, the heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) and increases parasympathetic nervous system activity, HR variability, and oxygen saturation which may lead to quicker recovery between bouts of exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether a SB technique using the 4-7-8 method between sets of barbell back squats (SQs) would attenuate drops in power and bar velocity. In a randomized, crossover design, 18 healthy resistance-trained college-aged males (age: 20.7 ± 1.4 years, body height: 178.6 ± 6.4 cm, body mass: 82.2 ± 15.0 kg, 4.5 ± 2.4 years of experience) performed 5 sets of 3 repetitions of SQs with normal breathing (CON) or SB during the 3-min recovery between sets. Peak and average power and bar velocity were assessed using a linear positioning transducer. HR recovery (RHR), systolic BP recovery (RBP), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the rating of perceived recovery score (RS) were assessed after each set. There were no significant differences between conditions for peak and average power and bar velocity, RBP, RPE, and RS (p > 0.211). SB led to a greater RHR after set 2 (SB: 51.0 ± 14.9 bpm vs. CON: 44.5 ± 11.5 bpm, p = 0.025) and 3 (SB: 48.3 ± 13.5 bpm vs. CON: 37.7 ± 11.7 bpm, p = 0.006) compared to the CON condition. SB was well tolerated, did not hinder nor improve training performance and improved RHR after the middle sets of SQs. Further investigations are warranted to examine the effects of other SB techniques and to determine SB's effects on different training stimuli as well as its effects over an entire workout and post-workout recovery metrics.

Combination of Slow Deep Breathing Technique and Lavender Aromatherapy on Labor Pain Intensity Period I Active Phase in Maternity Patients Primipara at dr. Abdul Rivai Berau Hospital

Labor pain in the first stage of the active phase felt by primiparous mothers at dr. Abdul Rivai Hospital is like a strong and very scary stab, and in facing labor pain, primiparous mothers do not know how to deal with the pain they feel, so some primiparous mothers are agitated, screaming, hitting their husbands, asking for a Caesarean section without medical indication. This study aimed to determine the effect of the combination of the Slow Deep Breathing technique and lavender aromatherapy on the intensity of labor pain during the first active phase in primiparous mothers giving birth. The Study used pre-experimental methods and a group Pre-Test-Post-Test Design with a population of primiparous mothers giving birth at Dr Abdul Rivai Hospital, Berau Regency, with an average of 43 people per month, based on the Lameshow formula with a sample of 35 people. The research instrument uses the NRS scale. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test. The score for labor pain in the first stage of the active phase before the combination of the Slow Deep Breathing technique and lavender aromatherapy carried was 8, and after the combination of the Slow Deep Breathing technique and lavender aromatherapy was 7. There is an effect of the combination of the Slow Deep Breathing technique and lavender aromatherapy on the intensity of labor pain in the active phase of the first stage in primiparous women giving birth (p-value = 0.000 &lt; ?: 0.05). This indicates that the combination of the Slow Deep Breathing technique and lavender aromatherapy influences reduces the intensity of labor pain during the first active phase in primiparous women giving birth

Slow Deep Breathing in Patients Following Double Lumen Catheter Insertion Experiencing Acute Pain Nursing Problems: A Case Report

Inserting a double-lumen catheter (CDL) in hemodialysis patients results in adverse effects, specifically pain. Pain is a disagreeable sensation caused by tissue injury involving sensory and emotional components. Pain management is a nursing care option for individuals experiencing pain. Pain can be managed by non-pharmacological methods, such as the Slow Deep Breathing (SDB) technique. This case study aims to assess the intervention for sleep-disordered breathing in patients with chronic renal disease following central venous catheter installation, focusing on acute pain nursing issues. This article used a case report style focused on a single patient in the treatment room. The effectiveness of the SDB intervention was evaluated by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and by monitoring the patient's blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. The intervention resulted in a decrease in the NRS score from 2 to 0. Additionally, the blood pressure value decreased to normal, the pulse remained within the normal range, and there was no change in the patient's respiratory value for three days post-intervention. Expanding the use of SDB therapies to a more diverse group of patients will enhance the evidence supporting the effectiveness of these interventions.

Acute effects of the 4-4-8 breathing technique on arterial stiffness in healthy young men.

Increased arterial stiffness is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Slow, deep breathing decreases blood pressure related to arterial stiffness. The objective of the present study was to determine the acute effects of a single session of slow breathing on arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and cardiac autonomic function. Fifteen healthy men (20 ± 0 years) were administered (a) a slow breathing condition (12 consecutive breaths of 4 s of inhalation, 4 s of pause, and 8 s of exhalation through the nose, approximately 5 min per breath) and (b) a control, two-condition crossover design. Carotid-femoral artery pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), brachial blood pressure, high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) were measured at baseline, 30 min, 60 min and 24 h after respiratory control. Brachial-ankle PWV and brachial systolic pressure on the 4-4-8 breathing trial decreased after 30 min of respiratory control compared to baseline (p < 0.05), but did not change on the CON trial. Carotid-femoral PWV on both trials was unchanged; HF on the 4-4-8 breathing trial increased (p < 0.05) and LF decreased (p < 0.05) after 30 min of respiratory control compared to baseline, but was unchanged on the CON trial. These results suggest that slow breathing techniques may be effective in modulating autonomic function and improving arterial stiffness in healthy young adults.

The Effect of The Combination of Slow Deep Breathing and Humming on Improving Oxygen Saturation of Inpatients With Pneumonia at RSUD Jayapura

Pneumonia is an infectious disease affecting the lower respiratory tract with signs and symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath. Pneumonia cases in Indonesia are estimated to have 4 million deaths due to pneumonia every year. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Slow, Deep Breathing and Humming techniques on changes in oxygen saturation in pneumonia patients at Jayapura Regional Hospital. This quantitative research uses a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test approach without a control group design. The sample consisted of 30 subjects who were given a slow deep breathing technique intervention of 5 cycles in 15 minutes and humming four cycles in 10 minutes, done once daily for six days. The instruments in the research used the Pulse Oximetry tool. The sampling technique used nonprobability sampling with total sampling. The results showed a difference in SpO2 values before and after the Slow, Deep Breathing, and Humming intervention was carried out in subjects with pneumonia with a p= 0.001 (p &lt; 0.05). It can be interpreted that the Hypothesis (Ha1) is accepted so that it can be concluded that the slow, deep breathing and humming interventions can help improve Sp02. There is a need for further research on nurses' complementary therapy in oxygenation management, where this exercise is one of the nurse's interventions in overcoming decreased SpO2 in pneumonia patients.

HEART Rate Variability Biofeedback for LOng COVID Dysautonomia (HEARTLOC): Results of a Feasibility Study.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome, or Long Covid (LC) refers to symptoms persisting 12 weeks after the COVID-19 infection. LC comprises a wide range of dysautonomia symptoms, including fatigue, breathlessness, palpitations, dizziness, pain and brain fog. This study tested the feasibility and estimated the efficacy, of a Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRV-B) programme via a standardised slow diaphragmatic breathing technique in individuals with LC. LC patients underwent a 4-week HRV-B intervention for 10 minutes twice daily for 4 weeks using the Polar H10 ECG (Electrocardiogram) chest strap and Elite HRV phone application. Outcome measures C19-YRSm (Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale modified), Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS-31), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), EQ5D-5L (EuroQol 5 Dimensions) and Root Mean Square of Successive Differences between heartbeats (RMSSD) using a Fitbit device were recorded before and after the intervention. The study was pre-registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT05228665. A total of 13 participants (54% female, 46% male) completed the study with high levels of independent use of technology, data completeness and intervention adherence. There was a statistically significant improvement in C19YRS-m (P = .001), COMPASS-31 (P = .007), RMSSD (P = .047), WHODAS (P = .02) and EQ5D Global Health Score (P = .009). Qualitative feedback suggested participants could use it independently, were satisfied with the intervention and reported beneficial effects from the intervention. HRV-B using diaphragmatic breathing is a feasible intervention for LC. The small sample size limits generalisability. HRV-B in LC warrants further exploration in a larger randomised controlled study.

Cerebral Hemodynamics and Vagally Mediated HRV Associated with High- and Low-frequency Yoga Breathing: An Exploratory, Randomized, Crossover Study.

Volitionally modifying respiration leads to changes in middle cerebral arterial (MCA) blood flow. The effect of changes in breath rate on MCA blood flow has not been reported. To determine the effect of slow (bumblebee yoga breathing) and fast (high frequency yoga breathing) yoga breathing techniques on MCA blood flow and vagally mediated heart rate variability. Thirty participants (mean age ± standard deviation, 27.3 ± 4.2 years) were assessed on 2 separate days practicing either high frequency yoga breathing (HFYB, breath frequency 54.2/min) or slow frequency bumblebee yoga breathing (BBYB, breath frequency 3.8/min) in random order to determine the effects of changes in breath frequency on MCA hemodynamics. Assessments included transcranial Doppler sonography, vagally mediated heart rate variability (VmHRV), and respiration. Both HFYB and BBYB (i) reduced MCA flow velocities, i.e., peak systolic, end diastolic, and mean flow velocities, and (ii) increased MCA pulsatility indices. There was an increase in VmHRV during BBYB based on increased power in high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF). LF reflects VmHRV for slow breath frequencies. In BBYB the average breath rate was 3.8 breaths/min. In contrast, VmHRV decreased during HFYB (based on reduced HF power; repeated measures analysis of variance, P < 0.05, all cases). Hence, irrespective of the differences in breath frequency, both HFYB and BBYB appear to reduce MCA flow velocities and increase the resistance to blood flow bilaterally, although the VmHRV changed in opposite directions. MCA velocity and pulsatility changes are speculated to be associated with low global neural activity during yoga breathing.

The Effect of Slow Deep Breathing and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients in Kedaung Wetan Health Center Tangerang

Slow and deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation are non-pharmacological therapies that are easy to do. This therapy can make the body more relaxed so that it can lower blood pressure. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of slow deep breathing therapy and progressive muscle relaxation in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This research uses a quasi-experimental design with a one-group research design using a pre-test and post-test approach without a control group. Respondents in this study consisted of 16 hypertensive patients selected by purposive sampling, with one intervention group. The intervention was carried out by the respondent, who performed slow and deep breathing techniques and progressive muscle relaxation through the media provided. The results showed a significant difference in blood pressure before and after instruction in deep breathing techniques and progressive muscle relaxation, using the paired t-test. The results of the analysis using the t-test showed that there was a significant influence between slow deep breathing techniques and progressive muscle relaxation on blood pressure in hypertensive patients (p-value &lt; 0.05). Therefore, it is hoped that nurses can optimize slow and deep breathing techniques and progressive muscle relaxation as non-pharmacological therapies for managing patient hypertension.

The Effect of Relaxation and Slow Breathing Technique (RSBT) as A Non-Pharmacological Intervention on Blood Pressure Level Among Stage 1 Hypertensive Older Adults

The prevalence of hypertension is relatively high, and the number still increases by year. Various studies have demonstrated that non-pharmacological methods have been shown capable of lowering blood pressure such as relaxation techniques, and also slow breathing technique. This study aims to determine the effects of relaxation and slow breathing technique (RSBT) on blood pressure level among stage 1 hypertensive older adults. This study utilized quantitative research method and the research design employed in this study is the one group interrupted time series pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design. Two types of instruments were used in this study to gather the pertinent data and information. The researcher utilized the checklist form to record the result of observation. The researcher also utilized biophysiologic instrument to measure to measure the blood pressure level of the participants. The participants of the study were ten (10) male and ten (10) female older adults with stage 1 hypertension who were selected through purposive sampling technique. Repeated-Measures ANOVA and the Post Hoc test was utilizing series of t-test. The result shows that there is a significant difference in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure level among participants before and after the implementation of the RSBT in both initial phase (first week) and reinstituted phase (third week). Prolonging of implementation of RBST would be more powerful to reduce blood pressure level among older adult with stage I hypertension.

Overview of Student Skills in Performing a Combination of Effleurage Massage Techniques and Slow Deep Breathing to Reduce Menstrual Pain

Introduction: In general the treatment of menstrual pain is divided into two categories, pharmacology and non-pharmacology. Non pharmacological pain management is safer to use because it does not cause side effects like drugs because non pharmacological therapy uses physiological processes. One of the non pharmacological pain management is a combination of effleurage massage technique and slow deep breathing. Massage effleurage is a movement using the entire surface of the hand that is rubbed lightly and soothingly. This technique aims to improve blood circulation, reduce pain, and stretch muscles as well as promote physical and mental relaxation. Dysmenorrhea that never goes away makes medical personnel, one of which is physiotherapy, very capable of playing an important role in handling it. The role of physiotherapy in cases of menstrual pain itself or dysmenorrhea is to help provide exercise therapy in the form of deep breathing exercises which are deep breathing techniques with the aim of increasing the amount of oxygen in the body and providing a relaxing effect on the body and education in the form of healthy lifestyle and healthy activities to reduce the consumption of analgesic drugs that have long-term dependency effects. Objective: This study was to describe the combination of effleurage massage technique and slow deep breathing of female students in reducing menstrual pain. to know the description of the combination of effleurage massage technique and slow deep breathing of female students in reducing menstrual pain. Method: This study uses a descriptive research design. The sample in this study was determined using a quota sampling technique, namely as many as 32 respondents who fit the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: most of the respondents were able to do a combination of effleurage massage and slow deep breathing techniques.

THE EFFECT OF SLOW DEEP BREATHING ON REDUCING BLOOD PRESSURE IN ADULTS WITH HYPERTENSION

Hypertension is a condition where a person experiences blood pressure that exceeds normal blood pressure. Normal blood pressure in adults is 120/80 mmHg. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Slow Deep Breathing (SDB) technique on reducing blood pressure in adults with hypertension. The method used in this study was a pre-experimental study design with a total of 30 subjects selected by purposive sampling technique. Blood pressure data was taken before and after SDB intervention for 15 minutes. The results showed that there was a significant effect between SDB and a decrease in blood pressure in the elderly with hypertension (p &lt;0.05). It is hoped that the SDB technique can be used as an alternative non-pharmacological therapy for elderly people with hypertension.

The Influence of Slow Deep Breathing Technique on Inpatient Anxiety

Previous studies have shown that slow deep breathing techniques provide benefits in reducing anxiety in general, but there has been no specific review investigating its benefits in inpatient populations. Objective: To provide strong and up-to-date evidence on the effectiveness of slow deep breathing technique as a potential intervention in reducing anxiety in the inpatient population. Methods: This study is a literature review conducted during April-May 2023 using Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The keywords used were "nafas dalam", "kecemasan", "rawat inap" in Indonesian, and "slow deep breathing," "anxiety," "inpatient care" in English. Results: The literature review identified eight articles that examined the anxiety of patients undergoing surgery and treatment in hospitals in Indonesia. These articles highlighted internal and external factors influencing anxiety. The dominant research approach employed experimental designs with pre-test and post-test measurements involving more than ten respondents. The study found that internal factors influencing anxiety included age, gender, education, health condition, and prior hospitalization experiences, while external factors included access to information, therapeutic communication, environment, and healthcare facilities. Conclusion: The implementation of slow deep breathing techniques is a major factor in reducing anxiety in inpatient populations. Further research is expected to emphasize the use of slow deep breathing techniques as a primary intervention in reducing anxiety levels in patients prior to undergoing surgery.

Slow breathing for reducing stress: The effect of extending exhale.

Slow breathing techniques are commonly used to reduce stress. While it is believed by mind-body practitioners that extending the exhale time relative to inhale increases relaxation, this has not been demonstrated. We conducted a 12-week randomized, single-blinded trial among 100 participants to compare if yoga-based slow breathing with an exhale greater inhale versus an exhale equals inhale produces measurable differences in physiological and psychological stress among healthy adults. Participants mean individual instruction attendance was 10.7± 1.5 sessions out of 12 offered sessions. The mean weekly home practice was 4.8 ± 1.2 practices per week. There was no statistical difference between treatment groups for frequency of class attendance, home practice, or achieved slow breathing respiratory rate. Participants demonstrated fidelity to assigned breath ratios with home practice as measured by remote biometric assessments through smart garments (HEXOSKIN). Regular slow breathing practice for 12 weeks significantly reduced psychological stress as measured by PROMIS Anxiety (-4.85S.D. ±5.53, confidence interval [-5.60, -3.00], but not physiological stress as measured by heart rate variability. Group comparisons showed small effect size differences (d=0.2) with further reductions in psychological stress and physiological stress from baseline to 12 weeks for exhale greater than inhale versus exhale equals inhale, however these differences were not statistically significant. While slow breathing significantly reduces psychological stress, breath ratios do not have a significant differential effect on stress reduction among healthy adults.

Effect of yoga on intra-ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, with an estimated 57.5 million people suffering from glaucoma globally. Treatment of glaucoma focuses on lowering intra-ocular pressure to prevent progression of visual field defects, which is the only proven method for treating this disease. Yoga practices are believed to lower intra-ocular pressure in the eyes and prevent further damage in patients with glaucoma. Therefore, this systematic review was planned to explore the available scientific studies on yoga and intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma patients. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were the basis for the investigation of the literature. The Jadad Scale was used to assess the quality of included clinical trials, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the quality of included case studies. Based on the quality assessment and eligibility, six studies on yoga and intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma patients carried out between 2007 and 2021 were included in the final review. The results showed a reduction in intra-ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma through Jyoti-trataka (gazing steadily on a point or candle flame) and some other slow yogic breathing techniques, whereas studies on inversion Asanas (yoga postures) showed a rapid increase in intra-ocular pressure soon after starting. The three high-quality RCTs included in the meta-analysis showed a greater improvement in intra-ocular pressure in the yoga groups in both eyes than in the control groups; however, there were some limitations related to a small sample size, study quality, a long-term follow-up period, and variations in the yoga practices. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed to overcome the limitations for a better understanding.

Pengaruh Teknik Slow Deep Breathing terhadap Penurunan Intensitas Nyeri pada Pasien Post Sectio Caesarea di Ruang Cempaka RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya

Background: Post-cesarean section women experience pain due to operative trauma. Pain sensation can be reduced by pain management. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments can be used. The slow deep breathing technique is a non-pharmacological method suitable for reducing pain. But, they were always treated with analgesic medication and never did self-exercises such as slow deep breathing exercises to reduce the pain. Objective: To determine the effect of the slow deep breathing technique to reduce pain intensity in women after cesarean section in Cempaka Ward RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya. Method: Pre-Experimental research with one-group pre-test-post test design. The sampling technique is purposive, with 32 respondents based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collection instrument uses a checklist, and data analysis uses the Wilcoxon test (p=0.05). Result: The result of the Wilcoxon statistic test is Sig. (2-tailed) 0.00 less than p=0.05, so H1 is accepted, which means there is the effect of a slow deep breathing technique to reduce pain intensity in women post-cesarean section. Conclusion: There is the effect of a slow deep breathing technique to reduce pain intensity in women post-cesarean section in Cempaka Ward RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya. Nurses or midwives must teach or even apply slow, deep breathing techniques to post-sectio caesaria women.

Reduce Blood Pressure Values Of Hypertension Patients Using Slow Deep Breathing

This study aimed to determine the effect of slow deep breathing techniques onblood pressure values in hypertensive patients. This research is a PreExperimental Design with One Group Pretest-Posttest. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling, purposive sampling with a research sample of22 respondents. Univariate results obtained an average respondent of 60 years, with the majority gender 21 respondents (95.4%). Bivariate results showed that the p-value of the statistical test using the Wilcoxon test was known that the p-value was 0.000 (&lt;0.05). In conclusion, slow deep breathing techniques affect blood pressure values in hypertensive patients at Puskesmas 23 Ilir Palembang in 2022

PENGARUH SLOW DEEP BREATHING TERHADAP PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA PASIEN HIPERTENSI

Hypertension is known as a major health problem worldwide that causes various life- threatening heart diseases. The Department of Health Household Survey on Health shows that hypertension is ranked first as the most common degenerative disease. The phenomenon found in the work area of the Tiban Baru Health Center in Batam City was 150 people. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the Slow Deep Breathing Technique on Blood Pressure Reduction in Hypertension Patients in the Work Area of the Tiban Baru Health Center, Batam City . The research method was Quasy Experimental Design, with pretest-posttest with control group. The sample consisted of 30 respondents consisting of 15 respondents from the intervention group and 15 control groups who suffered from hypertension in the Work Area of the Tiban Baru Health Center, Batam City , with the sampling technique of purposive sampling. The data was processed using the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the systolic blood pressure of the intervention group before being treated was 165.67 mmHg and diastolic 94.73 mmHg and the systolic blood pressure of the intervention group after being treated was 155.33 mmHg and diastolic 88.00 mmHg. Based on the characteristics of the respondents, the most age was &gt;45 years (80%), and the most gender (73.3%) were women. The results showed that the p-value was 0.002 (&lt;0.05). It was concluded that there was an effect of slow deep breathing on decreasing blood pressure. It is expected that people with hypertension can apply slow deep breathing therapy to lower blood pressure to avoid complications of hypertension.

Manipulating interoception for intervention purposes: some applications in the clinical, social and sports field

Notwithstanding breakthroughs in our knowledge of interoception’s various dimensions and implications, along with research demonstrating interoceptive impairments in clinical groups, there is limited data on the successful ways for enhancing this capacity. Here special attention will be given to the interventions that commonly directs attention to the body and to the respiratory rhythms, such as slow breathing technique and MBIs, and how these interventions can promote interoception modulation. Without claiming to be exhaustive and with the intention of soliciting research in this field, in this contribution some potentially interesting and relatively novel applications of the manipulation of interoception will be described, focusing in particular on the clinical, social and sports field.