Slovenian Territory Research Articles

Technology and architectural expression in France and Slovenia

The selected projects in French and Slovenian territory represent the high degree of experimentation that manifests in these regions in the field of wooden construction. Starting with a redevelopment operation of a public space in Isère, the review moves on to two school buildings that are very different in terms of composition and scale of intervention; additionally, an interesting office building was selected, followed by a residence that explicitly expresses the design and construction potential of cross-laminated timber. The review concludes with a school building in Slovenian territory that features an interesting wooden structure, which determines one of the compositional principles of the entire project.

Gosposki razbojnik Franc Jožef Vodnik (1691–1716) iz Krškega ter njegove domače in mednarodne kriminalne zveze

In 1716, Franc Jožef Vodnik, a burgher son from Krško and a travelling student, who was tried for banditry before the blood court at Šrajbarski Turn Castle near Krško together with his servant, gave descriptions of forty-three other, mostly young criminals with whom he had come into contact mainly in Vienna but also in Lower and Upper Austria. A quarter of them were students (eleven), including three who returned to the right path and became priests. A good quarter of the young men (twelve), including half of the travelling students (six), came from Slovenian territory (one from Styria and the rest from Carniola). Vodnik died of gangrene as a result of an attempted escape by jumping, and three of his accomplices from Carniola were sentenced to death the following year and executed in a group of ten criminals in the Lower Austrian town of Krems an der Donau.

Rodbina Apfaltrer v srednjem veku Začetki rodu in vzpon rojske linije

The paper in two parts constitutes the first attempt at providing a comprehensive and primary source-based discussion of the Apfaltrers’ medieval history. Throughout its nearly seven centuries-long existence, the family had an important bearing on the destiny of Slovenian territory and left an indelible mark on it. It had the closest affiliation with the former province of Carniola, whence it also spread to Styria very early on. Its modest beginnings in the ranks of the Spanheims’ ministerial nobility were followed by a gradual social ascendancy, which, from the fifteenth century onwards, enabled the Apfaltrers to form part of the Carniolan noble elite. In spite of not attaining the highest offices in the provincial princely administration during the Middle Ages, members of the family played an important role at local level. Even though the family’s genealogical composition is not entirely clear, it is possible to recognize the existence of two main lines at least from the mid-fourteenth century onwards. The first part of the paper deals with the beginnings of the family and the Roje family line.

The Position and Role of Women in the Private Sphere of the Slovene Counter-Revolutionary Camp

This study delves into the transformative effects of World War II on women’s lives on the home front in what is now the Republic of Slovenia. It focuses on the Slovensko domobranstvo (Slovene Home Guard), a counter-revolutionary movement, and examines women’s roles within the family and their contributions to the movement’s ideology. The movement used anti-communist propaganda to emphasize women’s roles as key supporters of the regime’s social model. Despite traditional gender norms confining women to roles as wives and homemakers, this paper explores how women managed their dual responsibilities during wartime. Utilizing journals such as Slovensko domobranstvo and Domovina in Kmetski list, which were crucial educational tools for the anti-communist camp, the study highlights the daily lives of women linked to the Slovene Home Guard. The research contextualizes the division of roles between private and public spheres, emphasizing women’s adaptability and contributions within the broader narrative of wartime mobilization and ideological indoctrination. This exploration enhances our understanding of gender roles, the home front, and women’s positions during World War II in Slovene territory.

Iskanje nove poduhovljenosti: nova duhovna gibanja in prakse na Slovenskem med letoma 1850 in 1941

The following article explores the development of modern spirituality in the Slovenian territory, especially the emergence of spiritualism and theosophy. Spiritualism emerged in the last decades of the 19th century and soon encountered resistance from Catholic circles due to its considerable expansion. The modernisation of Carniola was also accompanied by the emergence of other alternative practices, such as vegetarianism, which was received with profound suspicion by the majority of the inhabitants as well as the medical authorities. Influenced by numerous articles from American and English historiography that examine the emergence of new religious movements, the present contribution will also address the question of the spread of the new spirituality, try to answer whether it is possible to attribute the relationship between the countryside and the cities to the differences in this regard, and determine whether all esoteric ideas were equally popular.

Celjski grofje kot fevdni gospodje in njihov fevdni dvor

German historiography refers to a group of feudal lord’s vassals as a feudal court (Lehnshof). At their zenith, the Counts of Cilli/Celje were perhaps the most powerful feudal lords in today’s Slovenian territory. The social and provincial allegiance of their vassals varied. The vassals were acquired through various means, sometimes even by force. Obligations, partly determined by both written and customary feudal law, were mutual. The feudal court of the Counts of Cilli, which also represented a source of personnel from which they recruited their court-territorial officials, was just as diverse as their feudal practices.

Vloga šivalnega stroja v socialni in gospodarski zgodovini vsakdanjega življenja v 19. in prvi polovici 20. stoletja

The article focuses on the sewing machine’s role in economic and social history. First, it examines the long development and the marketing and advertising techniques that enabled the sewing machine to find a place in people’s everyday lives. The second part of the article explores the Slovenian territory, the development of the education system, and, consequently, the development of the seamstress profession.

Prekmurje v viharju druge svetovne vojne

The article focuses on the events in the Prekmurje region during World War II. From 1941 to 1944, this part of the Slovenian territory was almost completely cut off from the rest. The local Partisan movement was largely self-reliant and therefore weak. It received a new impetus in the autumn of 1944, when the first Partisan combat unit, consisting of 36 men, arrived in the Prekmurje region on the orders of the National Liberation Struggle High Command. However, it was soon pushed back across the river Mura. Due to betrayal, the Partisan movement in Prekmurje was once again weakened. At the end of January 1945, the Prekmurska četa company was established in the village of Strehovci but got involved in a fierce battle with the occupying forces and split into several groups. When the Red Army arrived in the Prekmurje region, only a small group of Partisans was in the area.

Correlations Between Social and National Mobility in Carniola

The article provides a brief overview of the position of the nobility in Slovenia. First, it focuses on the connection between the nobility and historiography, which from the mid-19th century was increasingly burdened by the national struggles of the past. The findings show that until the mid-19th century the nobility was strongly integrated into Slovenian society, including through the use of the Slovene language, but was then forced into a national definition, and as a rule (with few exceptions) chose to take the German side. More than a change in ethnic identity, a change in social identity was relevant in the early modern period. The new nobility tried as much as possible to adopt and take on a manner of behaviour that suited to their new status. This especially meant the purchase of landed property and forming kinship ties with other noble families. The article concludes with a brief overview of the fate of the nobility in Slovenia after 1918. Keywords: Nobility, Slovenian territory, national struggles, historiography, ethnicity, social mobility

Sprehod Irene Novak Popov po narečni beneški poeziji

The article focuses on studies of contemporary poetry from Beneška Slovenija/Slavia Friulana (Venetian Slovenia) by the literary historian Irena Novak Popov. Considering Venetian-Slovenian works as a subsystem within Slovenian literature, Irena Novak Popov recognises its distinct literary form and acknowledges its unique development, which is tied to a specific historical and social framework. She explores this subsystem as a distinct artistic and cultural phenomenon in relation to the mainstream system of Slovenian literature and strives to make the literature of the western edge of the ethnic Slovenian territory more visible in public literary discourse, establishing it as the subject of expert analysis. Through analyses of the individual poetics of a number of authors (Marina Cernetig, Viljem Černo, Aldo Klodič, Gabriella Tomasetig, Andreina Trusgnach and others), she suggests some peculiar components of Venetian-Slovenian writing. The present article highlights the special attitude of Venetian-Slovenian authors towards the local language and their heterogenous presentation of spatial reality.

The first world atlas in Slovenian, and Slovenian territory in some early world atlases

Atlant was the first world atlas in Slovenian. It was published between 1869 and 1877, when most Slovenians lived in Austria-Hungary. The first-ever world atlas was authored by Abraham Ortelius and published in 1570, and the first Austrian world atlas was published in 1796 by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly. In both of them, the territory of what is now Slovenia is depicted on several maps. Atlant was edited by Matej Cigale, who carried out pioneering work in Slovenianizing geographical names and preserving Slovenian exonyms. The Slovenian geographical names used in the atlas reflect the relationships at the time between Slovenian and other languages. Atlas is important because it uses Slovenian geographical names on the maps. It also influenced later world atlases, especially the first school atlases in Slovenian. A facsimile of Atlant with accompanying studies was published in 2005.

Reworked neritic fauna in the Lower Cretaceous ‘Lower Flyschoid Formation’ of the Tolmin Nappe (Slovenia): New data on biostratigraphy and palaeogeography

A mixed assemblage of planktonic and benthonic foraminifera (e.g. orbitolinids) is reported from proximal calciturbidites within the ‘Lower Flyschoid Formation’ of the western part of the Slovenian Basin. The presence of reworked orbitolinids from the Slovenian territory is well known, but their treatment in open nomenclature has hitherto hindered biostratigraphic analyses. The onset of sedimentation of the Lower Flyschoid Formation was previously indicated as Albian and possibly Aptian. The records of Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach) and Mesorbitolina gr. lotzei Schroeder tibetica (Cotter) at the base of the formation, which overlies the Biancone Limestone with an erosional contact indicates the presence of uppermost lower Aptian reworking in some places. The presence of Conicorbitolina cuvillieri (Moullade) in the upper parts of the studied sections indicates a late Albian–early Cenomanian age. The ages obtained from the neritic faunal elements is generally in line with the data obtained from the associated planktonic foraminifera. C. cuvillieri characterizes platform margin and upper slope deposits, with very few records in the literature. From the wider area, it has been recorded from the northernmost part of the Dinaric-Friuli Carbonate Platform of Italy and Slovenia thus allowing for platform-to-basin as well as inter-basinal correlations. The youngest age obtained from the Lower Flyschoid Formation is middle Cenomanian. The new data indicate a diachronous base of the Lower Flyschoid Formation needing further investigations for deciphering the palaeogeographic configuration at the northwestern edge of the Friuli Carbonate Platform as well as platform events in relationship to contemporaneous basinal sequences.

Sphenoidal Foramen Ovale in the Slovenian Population: An Anatomical Evaluation with Clinical Correlations.

The foramen ovale (FO) is a crucial feature of the skull base, serving as a passage for clinically important neurovascular structures. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive morphometric and morphologic analysis of the FO and highlight the clinical significance of the anatomical characterization. A total of 267 FO were analyzed in skulls obtained from deceased inhabitants of the Slovenian territory. The anteroposterior (length) and the transverse (width) diameters were measured using a digital sliding vernier caliper. Dimensions, shape, and anatomical variations of FO were analyzed. The mean length and width of the FO were 7.13 and 3.71 mm on the right side and 7.20 and 3.88 mm on the left side. The most frequently observed shape was oval (37.1%), followed by almond (28.1%), irregular (21.0%), D-shaped (4.5%), round (3.0%), pear-shaped (1.9%), kidney-shaped (1.5%), elongated (1.5%), triangular (0.7%), and slit-like (0.7%). In addition, marginal outgrowths (16.6%) and several anatomical variations were noted, including duplications, confluences, and obstruction due to a complete (5.6%) or incomplete (8.2%) pterygospinous bar. Our observations revealed substantial interindividual variation in the anatomical characteristics of the FO in the studied population, which could potentially impact the feasibility and safety of neurosurgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

On the eve of smallpox vaccination: variolation in the eighteenth century and some examples in Slovenian territory

In some parts of the world, variolation constituted a tested and tried folk method for preventing smallpox infection that passed from one generation to another; however, in the eighteenth-century Europe, it turned into a complicated and costly medical procedure accessible only to the nobility and the wealthy strata of society. Although variolation was also administered in Slovenian territory by the physicians and surgeons Anton Muznik, Anton Makovic, and Vincenc Kern, the procedure did not truly take hold among the Carniolan population, most of which did not even knew it by the name. Nevertheless, it was also here that variolation paved the way towards establishing Jenner’s vaccination, especially because physicians that administered it were quick to recognize the benefits of a simpler and safer vaccination procedure and abandoned variolation by the end of the eighteenth century.

“The greatest evil in Prlekija:” Polizei-Reiter-Abteilung Serbien in Ljutomer and its surroundings

During the Second World, numerous (small) occupier and collaborator military units operated in Slovenian territory that are better known for their war crimes against civilians rather their involvement in counterguerrilla warfare. One of these units was also the mounted police detachment Serbia (Polizei-Reiter-Abteilung Serbien), which arrived in Prlekija no earlier than the autumn of 1944 as part of the general retreat of German and collaborator units from Serbia. Based on wartime and postwar archival documents as well as postwar literature, the article at hand presents and analyses the activities performed by this paramilitary unit, which was primarily composed of foreigners but under German command. Whereas in Prlekija, the unit engaged in fights against local Partisans, its members entered the local history by inflicting the worst kind of terror on the local population.

Not Murat or Pašič, but rather Christianized Turks were the other inhabitants of “Lotmerk”

The contribution discusses Ottoman prisoners of war of Muslim faith that were baptized in Ljutomer or lived there. During the Great Turkish War 1683–1699, when by far the greatest number of both male and female Ottoman prisoners of war were baptized in Slovenian territory and Habsburg lands in general, the register of births kept by the parish of Ljutomer documents three cases of baptism, and one convert most likely came to Ljutomer after marrying in Sv. Lenart, in the wine-growing hills of Slovenske Gorice. On the other hand, the origin of persons from the Ottoman state cannot be determined based exclusively on family names such as Murat and Pašič. The contribution puts the problem concerning the baptism and integration of Muslims in a broader spatial and temporal context.

“The greatest evil in Prlekija:” Polizei-Reiter-Abteilung Serbien in Ljutomer and its surroundings

During the Second World, numerous (small) occupier and collaborator military units operated in Slovenian territory that are better known for their war crimes against civilians rather their involvement in counterguerrilla warfare. One of these units was also the mounted police detachment Serbia (Polizei-Reiter-Abteilung Serbien), which arrived in Prlekija no earlier than the autumn of 1944 as part of the general retreat of German and collaborator units from Serbia. Based on wartime and postwar archival documents as well as postwar literature, the article at hand presents and analyses the activities performed by this paramilitary unit, which was primarily composed of foreigners but under German command. Whereas in Prlekija, the unit engaged in fights against local Partisans, its members entered the local history by inflicting the worst kind of terror on the local population.

Not Murat or Pašič, but rather Christianized Turks were the other inhabitants of “Lotmerk”

The contribution discusses Ottoman prisoners of war of Muslim faith that were baptized in Ljutomer or lived there. During the Great Turkish War 1683–1699, when by far the greatest number of both male and female Ottoman prisoners of war were baptized in Slovenian territory and Habsburg lands in general, the register of births kept by the parish of Ljutomer documents three cases of baptism, and one convert most likely came to Ljutomer after marrying in Sv. Lenart, in the wine-growing hills of Slovenske Gorice. On the other hand, the origin of persons from the Ottoman state cannot be determined based exclusively on family names such as Murat and Pašič. The contribution puts the problem concerning the baptism and integration of Muslims in a broader spatial and temporal context.

“The greatest evil in Prlekija:” Polizei-Reiter-Abteilung Serbien in Ljutomer and its surroundings

During the Second World, numerous (small) occupier and collaborator military units operated in Slovenian territory that are better known for their war crimes against civilians rather their involvement in counterguerrilla warfare. One of these units was also the mounted police detachment Serbia (Polizei-Reiter-Abteilung Serbien), which arrived in Prlekija no earlier than the autumn of 1944 as part of the general retreat of German and collaborator units from Serbia. Based on wartime and postwar archival documents as well as postwar literature, the article at hand presents and analyses the activities performed by this paramilitary unit, which was primarily composed of foreigners but under German command. Whereas in Prlekija, the unit engaged in fights against local Partisans, its members entered the local history by inflicting the worst kind of terror on the local population.

Not Murat or Pašič, but rather Christianized Turks were the other inhabitants of “Lotmerk”

The contribution discusses Ottoman prisoners of war of Muslim faith that were baptized in Ljutomer or lived there. During the Great Turkish War 1683–1699, when by far the greatest number of both male and female Ottoman prisoners of war were baptized in Slovenian territory and Habsburg lands in general, the register of births kept by the parish of Ljutomer documents three cases of baptism, and one convert most likely came to Ljutomer after marrying in Sv. Lenart, in the wine-growing hills of Slovenske Gorice. On the other hand, the origin of persons from the Ottoman state cannot be determined based exclusively on family names such as Murat and Pašič. The contribution puts the problem concerning the baptism and integration of Muslims in a broader spatial and temporal context.