Slotted Quartz Tube-flame Atomic Absorption Research Articles

Determination of zinc in dried nuts by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with citric acid-coated magnetic nanoparticle (CAMNP) based solid phase extraction (SPE)

This study reports a sensitive method for trace zinc using slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with citric acid-coated magnetic nanoparticle-solid phase extraction (CAMNP-SPE). To increase the efficiency, we univariately optimized the pH, buffer volume, CAMNP mass, eluent concentration and volume, mixing type and time, temperature, and interaction time. The study identified the limits of detection and quantification values for CAMNP-SPE-SQT-FAAS under the specified optimum conditions to be 12.30 and 41.00 μg L−1, respectively. The newly developed method improved the detection power of traditional FAAS by 13.25 times. The findings of this study report a sensitive and accurate method to determine trace zinc in complex matrices.

A simple microwave-assisted synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and its application for the determination of lead ions in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea.

In this study, a magnetic sorbent assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was used to preconcentrate lead ions from rooibos tea samples for determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 MNPs) were synthesized by microwave assisted digestion. Limits of detection and quantification were calculated as 5.3 and 17.6µg/L, respectively, in a linear dynamic range of 20-800µg/L. The enhancement factor of the developed method was found to be 80-folds when compared to the detection limit of the regular FAAS system. The percent recoveries obtained for rooibos tea samples spiked at different concentrations were in the range of 77 - 125%, with high repeatability as indicated by low standard deviations. The findings of the study demonstrated that the CoFe2O4 MNPs-based extraction method is a straightforward, fast, affordable, safe, and eco-friendly approach to qualifying/quantifying lead with high precision in the selected beverage sample.

Microwave assisted effective synthesis of CdS nanoparticles to determine the copper ions in artichoke leaves extract samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, an accurate and sensitive analytical strategy based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticles assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (CdS-NPs-DSPE) was developed for the preconcentration/separation of copper ions in the extract of artichoke leaves. The CdS-NPs-DSPE method was combined with slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) for the first time. The CdS-NPs were synthesized using microwave-assisted reaction as a new and rapid synthesis method for the CdS precursor solution. The morphology and structure of the synthesized sorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. The optimum conditions of the method were as follows: 40 mL sample volume, 0.10 mL of pH 4.0 buffer solution, 7.5 mg CdS NPs, 30 s sonication period, and 100 µL of concentrated HNO3. According to the experimental results, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration range of 2.5–30 µg/L, with a detection limit of 0.71 µg/L. The enhancement in detection power was calculated as 162-folds based on LOD comparison. The reliability and applicability of the proposed method were validated by spiking artichoke leave extracts at different concentrations. The percent recoveries calculated for 50 and 150 µg/L piked samples were 87 ± 12.6 % and 116.8 ± 3.2 %, respectively. These findings verify that the proposed method can be used for accurate and precise determination of copper ions in artichoke leaves.

Polystyrene-coated magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of cadmium in cigarette ash prior to slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry system

A sensitive, accurate and simple analytical method was developed to determine cadmium by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration/extraction with polystyrene coated magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive solid phase extraction. The surface of Fe3O4 based magnetic nanoparticles was modified with polystyrene to yield higher selectivity and sensitivity in adsorption efficiency of cadmium. The nanoparticles were dispersed into the aqueous solution to extract/separate cadmium. Significant parameters of the method including magnetic nanoparticle amount, mixing effect, effect of ionic strength, eluent concentration and sonication period were optimized to achieve optimal conditions for the analyte. The limit of detection and quantification values of the developed method were found to be 0.62 and 2.1ng/mL, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, enhancement of the detection power for cadmium were calculated as 102 folds for the developed method. The developed method was then applied to cigarette ash to test its accuracy and applicability. Total cadmium was found to be between 402 and 450ng/g in the ashes of different cigarette brands commercially available in Turkey. The accuracy of quantifying cadmium in the complex ash samples was enhanced by using the matrix matching calibration strategy. The developed method provides sensitive and selective determination of cadmium at ng/mL levels even at complex cigarette ash samples. High percent recovery results (90-102%) were obtained from spiked real samples.

Trace Determination of Rhodium in Coating Wastewater by Vortex Assisted Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Solid Phase Microextraction (MNP-SPME) Combined with Slotted Quartz Tube–Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with Matrix Matching Calibration

A magnetic nanoparticle based solid phase microextraction method (MNP-SPME) was developed for the extraction/preconcentration of rhodium prior to determination by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The extraction efficiency was enhanced by the binary MNPs (uncoated MNPs and amidosulfonic acid coated MNPs). The parameters affecting rhodium extraction such as the pH and volume of buffer solution, mixing type/period after the addition MNPs and sample volume were optimized by univariate optimization. Box-Behnken design with five center points was also used as a multivariate approach for the determination of the optimum values of the MNP mass and percentages and eluent volume. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.3 and 1.1 µg L−1. In order to characterize the applicability/accuracy of the method, spiking experiments were performed in metal coating wastewater. Recoveries were between 95.5% and 102.9% using matrix matching calibration. The developed method achieved a 129.1-fold enhancement in detection power compared to FAAS. The recovery results demonstrated the accuracy of the developed strategy for the determination of rhodium in complex matrices.

Determination of Cadmium in Mineral Water Samples by Slotted Quartz Tube-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Peristaltic Pump Assisted Silica Nanoparticle Based Pipette Tip Solid Phase Extraction

Determination of Cadmium in Mineral Water Samples by Slotted Quartz Tube-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Peristaltic Pump Assisted Silica Nanoparticle Based Pipette Tip Solid Phase Extraction

Determination of Silver in Metal Plating Wastewater by Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) after Preconcentration with Stearic Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticle-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction (SA-MNP-SPME)

Here is reported the determination of silver at ultratrace levels by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) following stearic acid coated magnetic nanoparticle based solid phase microextraction (SA-MNP-SPME). The parameters affecting silver extraction were optimized to obtain high efficiency. In addition to the magnetic property of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, they were coated with stearic acid to increase the surface area and the capacity for the analyte. An external magnetic field was used to separate the silver from the liquid phase. To obtain the highest efficiency, the mass of magnetic nanoparticles, pH and volume of buffer solution, mixing type and period, volume of eluent and volume of sample were optimized univariately. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 40 and 130 ng L−1, respectively. Recovery experiments were performed to investigate matrix effects on the developed method by spiking real samples. Recoveries were between 96.3 and 105.1% with low standard deviations by the matrix matching calibration. The developed MNP-SPME-SQT-FAAS method achieved 305-fold improvement in detection power. These results demonstrated the method’s applicability for the determination of trace silver in complex samples with good accuracy and precision.

Determination of trace cadmium in saliva samples using spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction prior to the measurement by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

BackgroundAn effective, green and rapid analytical strategy namely the simultaneous spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (S-SADF-LPME) method was developed for the determination of trace quantity of cadmium in saliva samples by using the slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS). By the developed method, external dispersive solvent usage for droplet formation was reduced to obtain a more environmental-friendly method. MethodsMethod consists of a simultaneous complexing and extraction step, which was based on spraying an extraction solvent containing a solid ligand into the aqueous sample solution, forming fine droplets without the use of dispersive solvent. The procedure was implemented using a customized, cost effective and portable spray apparatus to minimize the consumption of reagent, analysis time and operation steps. Thus, this methodology ensures better repeatability and accuracy while minimizing the relative errors caused by the experimental steps. Parameters including the buffer amount, extractant/ligand concentration, extraction solvent type, extraction/ligand solution volume, spraying number and vortex period were systemically optimized to lower the detection limit. ResultsUnder the optimal extraction conditions, 96.9-folds enhancement in the detection power of the traditional FAAS was achieved. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of presented method were calculated to be 0.65 and 2.17 ng mL−1, respectively. Accuracy and applicability of the optimized method was investigated by collecting saliva samples from smokers. Satisfactory percent recovery values wereachieved for cadmium with a low standard deviation in the acceptable range of 84.9–109.6 %. ConclusionThe developed dispersive solvent-free S-SADF-LPME technique presents a fast, simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly microextraction method based on the use of an easily accessible and functional spray apparatus.

Effervescence-assisted liquid phase microextraction prior to slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry for cadmium determination in domestic wastewater samples

Effervescence-assisted liquid phase microextraction prior to slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry for cadmium determination in domestic wastewater samples

Zirconium Nanoparticles Based Vortex Assisted Ligandless Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for Trace Determination of Lead in Domestic Wastewater using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.

In this paper, a sensitive and simple zirconium nanoparticles (Zr-NPs) based vortex assisted ligandless dispersive solid phase extraction (VA-LDSPE) method was developed for the preconcentration of lead from wastewater samples for the determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Zr-NPs were synthesized using zirconium (IV) chloride salt as a starting material through a simple reduction process with sodium borohydride, and used as selective adsorbent for the extraction of lead ions from aqueous medium. Single variant experiments were carried out for all optimizations of sorption/desorption steps including pH of solution, amount of nanoparticles, mixing type/period and eluent type. An SQT with five round slots was placed onto the burner of FAAS to increase the interaction between lead atoms and light from radiation source to enhance the absorbance signals. Under the determined optimum conditions, analytical figures of merit were evaluated and the limit of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) values were calculated as 5.2 and 17.3µg L- 1, respectively. The developed method showed a linear calibration range between 25 and 250µg L- 1 with a good regression coefficient value (0.9995). Recovery studies were also performed with domestic wastewater samples spiked at three concentrations and percent recovery values obtained in the range of 97%-102% validated the developed method's applicability and accuracy.

Preconcentration of tellurium using magnetic hydrogel-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction and its determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Preconcentration of tellurium using magnetic hydrogel-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction and its determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Accurate and sensitive analytical method for trace iron determination in clove tea and tap water samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry after its preconcentration with supramolecular solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction

A green supramolecular solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction (SUPRAs-LPME) strategy was developed and used for the preconcentration of iron in clove tea and tap water samples at trace levels. Complex formation occurred between the iron and a Schiff base ligand obtained from 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine reaction, and the coordinate complex formed was extracted to supramolecular solvent phase. Limit of detection and quantification values was found as 4.3 and 14.2 μgL−1, respectively, under the optimized conditions. When the analytical performance values obtained with SQT-FAAS, SUPRAs-LPME-FAAS and SUPRAs-LPME-SQT-FAAS are compared with FAAS, enhancements in detection power based on the LOD comparisons were calculated as 1.8, 31.4 and 65.8 times, respectively. The presented method was successfully applied to the determination of water-soluble iron in real clove tea in addition to tap water samples at trace levels, and the percent recoveries were obtained as 94.7–103.0% and 96.9–107.6%, respectively.

Cloud point extraction‐slotted quartz tube with four‐exit holes‐flame atomic absorption spectrometry combination for the determination of cobalt at trace levels in fennel tea samples after complexation with a Schiff base ligand

In this work, a cloud point extraction (CPE) method was optimized for the extraction and preconcentration of cobalt for trace determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). A hydrophobic ion-associated cobalt complex was formed with a lab-made Schiff base ligand, synthesized from the reaction of 1-naphthylamine and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde. A univariate optimization was carried out for the main experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the respective limits of detection and quantification were found to be 2.7 µg L−1 and 8.9 µg L−1 for cobalt. Approximately 65 folds enhancement in detection power was recorded for the analyte with respect to the traditional FAAS system. Both applicability and accuracy of the method were validated with spiking experiments performed in fennel tea samples at different concentrations (40, 50 and 75 µg L−1). The percent recovery results were found in the range of 90–107%, establishing high accuracy and applicability to real samples.

Accurate and sensitive determination of cobalt in urine samples using deep eutectic solvent-assisted magnetic colloidal gel-based dispersive solid phase extraction prior to slotted quartz tube equipped flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, a colloidal gel of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles was used in the development of a simple and accurate dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction/preconcentration of trace levels of cobalt ions in urine samples. The eluted cobalt ions were determined by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS). The effects of the type and volume of buffer solution, volume of magnetic colloidal gel, type and period of mixing, concentration and volume of the eluent were investigated and optimized to obtain the best experimental outputs. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantification were found as 4.6 and 15 ng mL−1, respectively. The developed method provided a 61.5 folds enhancement in the detection power of the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Method validation was performed by spiking experiments using matrix matching method. The percent recoveries were found to be close to 100% for the spiked samples, which validate the accuracy and the applicability of the developed method to the urine samples.

An accurate and sensitive effervescence-assisted liquid phase microextraction method for the determination of cobalt after a Schiff base complexation by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in urine samples.

In this study, an accurate analytical method development for cobalt determination in urine samples was described. The method is based on the mass transfer of the target analytes to the organic phase from the aqueous phase by the dispersing extractant throughout the solution with the aid of CO2 bubbles prior to sample measurement by using a slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. An extractor (1-decanol) dropped effervescent tablet (anhydrous sodium carbonate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate mixture) was used in order to separate/preconcentrate cobalt after complexation of cobalt ions in aqueous solution with the Schiff base ligand. The parameters affecting the extraction output such as complexing conditions (pH, ligand concentration, and volume) and extraction conditions (extraction solvent type and volume, extraction temperature, and heating duration, NaOH volume and mixing period) were optimized to lower the detection limit. The limit of detection and quantification values under optimized experimental and instrumental conditions were determined as 3.7 μg L-1 and 12 μg L-1, respectively with high linearity with respect to the dynamic range between 15 and 300 μg L-1. The enhancement factor obtained with the developed method was calculated as 83 fold. The pretreatment process was applied to urine samples in order to test the convenience of the developed method in urine samples for the determination of cobalt at low levels. The high percentage recovery results of 96-97% for four different concentrations of spiked urine samples indicated the proposed method's sufficient sensitivity for analyte determination in such a complex matrix.

Simultaneous Complexation and Microextraction Using Verbenone Hydrazone as the Ligand with Slotted Quartz Tube-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) for the Sensitive Determination of Copper

A simple and rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of copper in air conditioner effluent at trace levels by slotted quartz tube – flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Verbenone hydrazone was used as a new ligand for the complexation process. Dispersive assisted simultaneous complexation and extraction were used for preconcentration. For this purpose, verbenone hydrazone used as complexing agent was dissolved in the extraction solvent (chloroform) and mixed with the dispersive solvent (ethanol). The mixture was injected into the tube containing the standard/sample solution and buffer for the simultaneous extraction and complexation of the analyte. Optimization studies included the type and volume of buffer solution, the type and volume of dispersive solvent, the volume of the ligand solution, the mixing type and period, and the volume of nitric acid. After the optimization studies, a 2.2, 19.7 and 50-fold enhancement in detection power were obtained for slotted quartz tube – flame atomic absorption spectrometry, dispersive assisted simultaneous complexation and extraction – flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and dispersive assisted simultaneous complexation and extraction-slotted quartz tube – flame atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and relative standard deviation of the dispersive assisted simultaneous complexation and extraction-slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry system were 6.0 µg/L, 20.0 µg/L and 10.4% for the lowest concentration, respectively. The developed system was applied to air conditioner effluent samples with high recoveries between 96.8 and 122.6%.

Ultrasonic assisted glass bead loaded gas liquid separator-photochemical vapor generation-T-shaped slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry system for antimony determination in tap water and wastewater samples

In this study, optimization and validation of ultrasonic assisted glass bead loaded gas liquid separator-photochemical vapor generation-T-shaped slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (UA-GLS-PVG-T-SQT-FAAS) system was performed for the determination of antimony in real samples. Volatile derivatives of antimony were generated and separated from liquid matrix by combination of a UV photoreactor and gas–liquid separation. Optimization of all variable parameters which effect volatile compound generation and separation efficiency such as low molecular weight organic acid type and concentration, ultraviolet irradiation period, gas–liquid separator design, carrier gas flow rate and sample volume were evaluated one at a time keeping the others constant. Limit of detection and quantification were calculated as 47 and 157 µg L–1, respectively. Detection power of the developed method was enhanced about 58 folds compared to conventional FAAS system over LOD comparison. In addition, applicability/accuracy of the developed method was checked by spiking experiments in tap and wastewater samples and percent recovery results were found in the range 83.4–106.4%.

A new microextraction method for trace nickel determination in green tea samples: Solventless dispersion based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with slotted quartz tube- flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

In this study, a simple and novel analytical approach was developed in order to determine nickel at trace levels. For this purpose, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method based on solventless dispersion of extraction solvent was developed to separate/preconcentrate nickel from aqueous solution. Combination of the DLLME method with slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS) lowered the analyte’s detection limit. In the DLLME method, the extraction solvent was dispersed into aqueous solution by generating fine droplets through air assisted spraying in order to reduce organic solvent consumption and avoid relative error by reducing multiple operation steps. Complexation of nickel(II) was done by using a Schiff Base synthesized from the reaction between 3,5- dibromosalicylaldehyde and 2-aminophenol. All experimental parameters were optimized comprehensively by the step-by-step approach in order to determine optimum conditions to get maximum absorbance values. Under the optimum conditions, analytical performance values were examined, and limit of detection values were obtained as 286 ng mL-1 for FAAS, 137 ng mL-1 for SQT-FAAS, 7.9 ng mL-1 for DLLME-FAAS and 3.9 ng mL-1 for DLLME-SQT-FAAS. The enhancement in detection power was obtained as 82-folds over the detection limit of the conventional FAAS system. Chinese green tea sample was used in recovery studies to check applicability and accuracy of the developed method. Recovery results were close to 100 % with low standard deviation values (n = 4) and this showed that the method appropriate for the selected matrix.

Chitosan magnetic hydrogel based ligandless magnetic solid phase extraction for the accurate and sensitive determination of thallium by slotted-quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with matrix matching calibration strategy

In this study, a promising method was developed for the determination of thallium at trace levels by applying chitosan based magnetic solid phase extraction using slotted quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry. Chitosan based magnetic hydrogels (CMH) were synthesized and used as solid phase extraction sorbents. The variable parameters required for the extraction method such as hydrogel amount, adsorption period and eluent volume were optimized, and under the optimized conditions, limits of detection and quantification values were recorded as 12 and 39 ng/mL, respectively. Real sample applications were performed to test the accuracy of the proposed method. For this purpose, recovery studies were carried out in two different spiking concentrations of thallium in lake water, well water and wastewater samples using the developed extraction/preconcentration method (chitosan magnetic hydrogel based ligandless magnetic solid phase extraction, CMH-LMSPE). The obtained percent recovery values of 87.2–113.2% confirmed the applicability of the method with high accuracy and precision.

Zirconium nanoparticles based ligandless dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of antimony in bergamot and mint tea samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

A sensitive and effective analytical method was developed to preconcentrate antimony from the bergamot and mint tea samples for its determination at trace levels by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS) system. The developed method was based on vortex assisted ligandless dispersive solid phase extraction (VA-LDSPE) using zirconium nanoparticles (Zr-NPs) as sorbent material for the adsorption of the target analyte. All variables involved in the DSPE method (pH value, nanoparticle amount, mixing and eluent type/volume) were optimized to boost the absorbance signal of antimony. Using the optimal parameters, the method provided satisfactory detection and quantification limits of 8.0 and 26.8 μg L−1, respectively. A 180 folds enrichment factor was achieved by the developed method when compared with the detection power of the FAAS. Linear range of the proposed method was found to be 30–250 μg L−1, with a coefficient of determination value of 0.9992. The established Zr-NPs-VA-LDSPE-SQT-FAAS method was successfully implemented to bergamot tea samples in order to check accuracy and applicability. The obtained recovery values ranged between 93–102%, and this demonstrated that the complex matrices tested did not affect the accuracy of quantifying antimony.