Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Research Articles

Determination of zinc in dried nuts by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with citric acid-coated magnetic nanoparticle (CAMNP) based solid phase extraction (SPE)

This study reports a sensitive method for trace zinc using slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with citric acid-coated magnetic nanoparticle-solid phase extraction (CAMNP-SPE). To increase the efficiency, we univariately optimized the pH, buffer volume, CAMNP mass, eluent concentration and volume, mixing type and time, temperature, and interaction time. The study identified the limits of detection and quantification values for CAMNP-SPE-SQT-FAAS under the specified optimum conditions to be 12.30 and 41.00 μg L−1, respectively. The newly developed method improved the detection power of traditional FAAS by 13.25 times. The findings of this study report a sensitive and accurate method to determine trace zinc in complex matrices.

A simple microwave-assisted synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and its application for the determination of lead ions in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea.

In this study, a magnetic sorbent assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was used to preconcentrate lead ions from rooibos tea samples for determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 MNPs) were synthesized by microwave assisted digestion. Limits of detection and quantification were calculated as 5.3 and 17.6µg/L, respectively, in a linear dynamic range of 20-800µg/L. The enhancement factor of the developed method was found to be 80-folds when compared to the detection limit of the regular FAAS system. The percent recoveries obtained for rooibos tea samples spiked at different concentrations were in the range of 77 - 125%, with high repeatability as indicated by low standard deviations. The findings of the study demonstrated that the CoFe2O4 MNPs-based extraction method is a straightforward, fast, affordable, safe, and eco-friendly approach to qualifying/quantifying lead with high precision in the selected beverage sample.

Development of an analytical strategy for the determination of trace lead in hibiscus tea extract by double slotted quartz tube assisted flame atomic absorption spectrometry after manganese ferrite based dispersive solid phase extraction

In this study, a manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) based dispersive solid phase extraction method (MF-DSPE) was proposed for the determination of lead (Pb) ions in hibiscus tea by double slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The MnFe2O4 nanoparticles used as sorbent were produced in high yields using a green and friendly microwave synthesis procedure. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 14.2 µg/L under the optimal conditions. Recovery experiments were performed to assess the applicability of the developed method using hibiscus tea as test sample matrix. High recovery results were obtained by applying the matrix matching calibration method. Thanks to the developed MF-DSPE-SQT-FAAS method, the detection sensitivity for lead was improved by about 108-folds according to the comparison of the slopes of the calibration plots of the FAAS and MF-DSPE-SQT-FAAS systems.

Microwave assisted effective synthesis of CdS nanoparticles to determine the copper ions in artichoke leaves extract samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, an accurate and sensitive analytical strategy based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticles assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (CdS-NPs-DSPE) was developed for the preconcentration/separation of copper ions in the extract of artichoke leaves. The CdS-NPs-DSPE method was combined with slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) for the first time. The CdS-NPs were synthesized using microwave-assisted reaction as a new and rapid synthesis method for the CdS precursor solution. The morphology and structure of the synthesized sorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. The optimum conditions of the method were as follows: 40 mL sample volume, 0.10 mL of pH 4.0 buffer solution, 7.5 mg CdS NPs, 30 s sonication period, and 100 µL of concentrated HNO3. According to the experimental results, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration range of 2.5–30 µg/L, with a detection limit of 0.71 µg/L. The enhancement in detection power was calculated as 162-folds based on LOD comparison. The reliability and applicability of the proposed method were validated by spiking artichoke leave extracts at different concentrations. The percent recoveries calculated for 50 and 150 µg/L piked samples were 87 ± 12.6 % and 116.8 ± 3.2 %, respectively. These findings verify that the proposed method can be used for accurate and precise determination of copper ions in artichoke leaves.

Trace Determination of Rhodium in Coating Wastewater by Vortex Assisted Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Solid Phase Microextraction (MNP-SPME) Combined with Slotted Quartz Tube–Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with Matrix Matching Calibration

A magnetic nanoparticle based solid phase microextraction method (MNP-SPME) was developed for the extraction/preconcentration of rhodium prior to determination by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The extraction efficiency was enhanced by the binary MNPs (uncoated MNPs and amidosulfonic acid coated MNPs). The parameters affecting rhodium extraction such as the pH and volume of buffer solution, mixing type/period after the addition MNPs and sample volume were optimized by univariate optimization. Box-Behnken design with five center points was also used as a multivariate approach for the determination of the optimum values of the MNP mass and percentages and eluent volume. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.3 and 1.1 µg L−1. In order to characterize the applicability/accuracy of the method, spiking experiments were performed in metal coating wastewater. Recoveries were between 95.5% and 102.9% using matrix matching calibration. The developed method achieved a 129.1-fold enhancement in detection power compared to FAAS. The recovery results demonstrated the accuracy of the developed strategy for the determination of rhodium in complex matrices.

Determination of Silver in Metal Plating Wastewater by Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) after Preconcentration with Stearic Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticle-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction (SA-MNP-SPME)

Here is reported the determination of silver at ultratrace levels by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) following stearic acid coated magnetic nanoparticle based solid phase microextraction (SA-MNP-SPME). The parameters affecting silver extraction were optimized to obtain high efficiency. In addition to the magnetic property of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, they were coated with stearic acid to increase the surface area and the capacity for the analyte. An external magnetic field was used to separate the silver from the liquid phase. To obtain the highest efficiency, the mass of magnetic nanoparticles, pH and volume of buffer solution, mixing type and period, volume of eluent and volume of sample were optimized univariately. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 40 and 130 ng L−1, respectively. Recovery experiments were performed to investigate matrix effects on the developed method by spiking real samples. Recoveries were between 96.3 and 105.1% with low standard deviations by the matrix matching calibration. The developed MNP-SPME-SQT-FAAS method achieved 305-fold improvement in detection power. These results demonstrated the method’s applicability for the determination of trace silver in complex samples with good accuracy and precision.

Zirconium Nanoparticles Based Vortex Assisted Ligandless Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for Trace Determination of Lead in Domestic Wastewater using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.

In this paper, a sensitive and simple zirconium nanoparticles (Zr-NPs) based vortex assisted ligandless dispersive solid phase extraction (VA-LDSPE) method was developed for the preconcentration of lead from wastewater samples for the determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Zr-NPs were synthesized using zirconium (IV) chloride salt as a starting material through a simple reduction process with sodium borohydride, and used as selective adsorbent for the extraction of lead ions from aqueous medium. Single variant experiments were carried out for all optimizations of sorption/desorption steps including pH of solution, amount of nanoparticles, mixing type/period and eluent type. An SQT with five round slots was placed onto the burner of FAAS to increase the interaction between lead atoms and light from radiation source to enhance the absorbance signals. Under the determined optimum conditions, analytical figures of merit were evaluated and the limit of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) values were calculated as 5.2 and 17.3µg L- 1, respectively. The developed method showed a linear calibration range between 25 and 250µg L- 1 with a good regression coefficient value (0.9995). Recovery studies were also performed with domestic wastewater samples spiked at three concentrations and percent recovery values obtained in the range of 97%-102% validated the developed method's applicability and accuracy.

Determination of Palladium in Precious Metal Waste by Sieve Conducted Two Syringes Pressurized Liquid Phase Microextraction (SCTS-PLPME) and Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS)

Determination of palladium at trace levels in environmental samples is essential due to its harmful properties and threats to living organisms. Hence, a simple but efficient liquid-phase microextraction method is reported by sieve conducted two syringes pressurized liquid phase microextraction (SCTS-PLPME) and slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The originality of this system is based on the elimination of disperser solvents that are used to increase the surface area of extractant. The high pressure created by the movement of syringe plungers results in efficient dispersion of the extractants in the sample solution. Parameters that affect the overall efficiency of the extraction method were carefully optimized. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) under the optimum conditions were 6.0 and 20.0 μg L−1, respectively. The developed method showed good linearity between 20 and 1000 μg L−1, and provided a 25-fold enhancement in detection power compared to conventional FAAS. The optimized method was successfully used to determine the analyte in precious metal waste samples.

Determination of Lead in Urine by Slotted Quartz Tube (SQT) – Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Following Preconcentration by Dispersive Liquid Phase Microextraction (DLLME)

This study was aimed to develop a sensitive and accurate method for the determination of lead in urine. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was applied prior to slotted quartz tube – flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Dithizone was employed in generating water-insoluble forms of lead to isolate the analyte in the microextraction. All variables having a direct effect on extraction and instrumental outputs were systematically optimized. The detection limit was 0.5 µg L−1 which indicates a 305-fold enhancement compared to conventional FAAS. The wide linear range is between 2.0 and 250 µg L−1 with a high regression coefficient (0.9998). Urine samples were used in order to examine the practical application of the developed method. The recovery values were between 98.2 and 107.0%.

A Simple and Efficient Extraction Method for the Preconcentration of Copper in Tap Water and Linden Tea Samples Prior to FAAS Measurement

AbstractIn this study, a simple, low‐cost and eco‐friendly analytical method namely syringe assisted pipette tip dispersive solid phase extraction (SA‐PT‐DSPE) combined with slotted quartz tube‐flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT‐FAAS) system was presented for the determination of copper at trace levels in linden tea and tap water samples. Under the optimal experimental conditions, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values obtained for the SA‐PT‐DSPE‐SQT‐FAAS system were calculated as 3.7 and 12.5 μg/L, respectively. The SA‐PT‐DSPE‐SQT‐FAAS system provided a 44.0‐folds improvement in detection power of the conventional FAAS. The recovery results for tap water samples were calculated close to 100 % via external calibration strategy. Negative matrix effects on the analyte were observed for linden tea samples. Therefore, recovery studies were performed by matrix matching calibration strategy and percentage recoveries were found to be between 88.0–102.0 % with low standard deviation values.

Cloud point extraction‐slotted quartz tube with four‐exit holes‐flame atomic absorption spectrometry combination for the determination of cobalt at trace levels in fennel tea samples after complexation with a Schiff base ligand

In this work, a cloud point extraction (CPE) method was optimized for the extraction and preconcentration of cobalt for trace determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). A hydrophobic ion-associated cobalt complex was formed with a lab-made Schiff base ligand, synthesized from the reaction of 1-naphthylamine and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde. A univariate optimization was carried out for the main experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the respective limits of detection and quantification were found to be 2.7 µg L−1 and 8.9 µg L−1 for cobalt. Approximately 65 folds enhancement in detection power was recorded for the analyte with respect to the traditional FAAS system. Both applicability and accuracy of the method were validated with spiking experiments performed in fennel tea samples at different concentrations (40, 50 and 75 µg L−1). The percent recovery results were found in the range of 90–107%, establishing high accuracy and applicability to real samples.

A Simultaneous Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction-complexation Method to Determine Trace Cobalt in Chamomile Tea Extract Prior to Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A novel and effective analytical method was developed for the determination of trace cobalt by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) after simultaneous dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (S-DLLME) based on contemporaneous complexation and extraction. Approximately 48 times enhancement in detection power was recorded based on the comparison of detection limits of the developed system (4.7 ng/mL) with the detection power of the conventional FAAS. Percent relative standard deviation for the lowest concentration was calculated as 3.8%. Spiked recovery experiments on chamomile tea extract samples were carried out to determine applicability of the developed method to real sample matrix. Percent recovery results for two different concentrations were approximately 100%, with standard deviation values below 10%.

A Simple and Green Vortex-Assisted Switchable Solvent-Based Microextraction Method by Using Schiff Base Ligand Complexation for Iron Determination in Mineral Spring Water Samples Prior to Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

In this study, a vortex-assisted switchable solvent microextraction (VA-SSME) method was developed for the determination of iron by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). A ligand synthesized from the reaction of ortho-phenylenediamine and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde was used to form a coordinate complex of iron. All experimental variables such as switchable solvent amount, sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium hydroxide amount, and diluent amount were optimized to increase extraction efficiency for the iron complex. Optimum conditions were applied to aqueous standard solutions in the range of 20–750 ng/mL, and the percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) was less than 2.0%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined as 4.8 and 16.2 ng/mL, respectively. The optimized method recorded approximately 53 times enhancement according to the conventional FAAS system. The proposed method was applied to mineral spring water samples, and satisfactory percent recovery results (100–105%) were obtained for iron, indicating good applicability in addition to high accuracy.

Reverse phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry as a new analytical strategy for trace determination of cadmium in fish and olive oil samples

In the present study, trace level of cadmium was determined by a new, sensitive and simple analytical method called as reverse phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) combined to slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) system. Microextraction parameters such as type and volume of disperser solvent, volume of extraction solvent, heating effect, initial sample volume, final volume, centrifugation period and type/period of mixing were optimized. FAAS and SQT-FAAS systems were also examined to get high signal to noise ratio. After optimizing all significant parameters, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed analytical strategy were calculated as 0.74 and 2.48 μg/kg, respectively. In order to determine the applicability and accuracy of the RP-DLLME-SQT-FAAS method, recovery studies were performed in fish oil syrup. Matrix matching calibration strategy was used to eliminate heavy matrix effects on analytical signals, and percent recovery results were found between 95.6 and 105.7 %.

Determination of trace nickel in chamomile tea and coffee samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method using a Schiff base ligand

In the present study, an accurate and selective preconcentration/extraction method was developed for the determination of nickel at trace levels. Slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was used to obtain a very low detection limit for nickel. A Schiff base ligand derived from the reaction of 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine was used for the formation of a coordinate nickel complex. Under the determined experimental conditions, the detection and quantification limits of the DLLME-SQT-FAAS system were calculated as 4.9 and 16.4 ng/mL, respectively. Satisfactory analytical performance values of the SQT-FAAS, DLMME-FAAS and DLLME-SQT-FAAS methods were obtained and 1.8, 32.0, 66.4-fold enhancements in detection power were respectively obtained over the conventional FAAS system. The percent recovery ranges obtained for two different spike concentrations were 88.1–113.2% and 102.1–120.2% for coffee and chamomile tea samples, respectively.

Determination of palladium in soil samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after vortex-assisted ligandless preconcentration with magnetic nanoparticle-based dispersive solid-phase microextraction.

In this study, a rapid and effective dispersive solid-phase microextraction (d-SPME) method was developed to preconcentrate Pd from aqueous extract of soil samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The unique properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to directly isolate Pd from the sample solutions without the need for complexation. Significant parameters of the extraction method such as magnetic nanoparticle type and amount, pH and amount of buffer solution, amount of eluent, and mixing type and period were optimized together with other instrumental parameters to boost the absorbance signal of Pd. An SQT was fitted onto the burner head to boost the interaction between Pd atoms and hollow cathode lamp radiation to enhance absorbance signals. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for Pd determined (d-SPME-MNP-SQT-FAAS) were 6.4 and 21.4ng/mL, respectively. The percentage relative standard deviation of the developed method was calculated as 6.6%. The method was applied to soil samples taken from the campus area and spiked recovery experiments were performed to evaluate the method's accuracy/applicability. Satisfactory percent recovery results (90-101%) were obtained for different spiked concentrations and this proved the accuracy/applicability of the method.

Determination of cadmium at trace levels in parsley samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with cloud point extraction

In this study, a cloud point extraction (CPE) method for the extraction and preconcentration of cadmium was developed with its determination by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Method developed is based on the reaction of cadmium with diphenylcarbazone to form a coordinated hydrophobic ion-associated complex, and subsequent extraction into the surfactant-rich phase of extraction solvent. The main factors affecting the analyte recovery such as volume of surfactant and concentration, equilibrium temperature, eluent type and volume were investigated to obtain optimum extraction conditions.Under the optimum conditions, detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.70 and 2.3 ng mL−1, respectively. About 60 folds enhancement in detection power for the analyte was recorded over the FAAS instrument. The accuracy and applicability of the method was performed by spiking parsley samples at different concentrations, and the %recovery results were found to be between 93 and 105%.

Determination of lead in milk samples using vortex assisted deep eutectic solvent based liquid phase microextraction-slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry system

Determination of lead at trace levels was achieved by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) after the preconcentration with deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (DES-LPME). A green solvent was used to extract lead from the aqueous solution. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency and determination were optimized in the aim to lower the detection limit. Under the optimum experimental and instrumental conditions, the proposed method exhibited a linear range between 50 and 1000 µg L−1, and the limits of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ) were found to be 8.7 and 29.0 μg L−1, respectively. The detection power was improved by 48 times using DES-LPME-SQT-FAAS method with respect to conventional FAAS system. Recovery studies were carried out in raw milk samples to check the accuracy and the applicability of the developed method and the percent recoveries obtained were between 102.5 and 103.2% for the spiked raw milk samples.

Ultrasound assisted deep eutectic solvent based microextraction-slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of cadmium

This study made use of the unique extraction properties of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to determine trace levels of cadmium by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Ultrasound assisted (UA)-DES was applied in this study to improve the detection limit. The optimum extraction conditions were 1:2 ratio of choline chloride and phenol as DES, 0.50 mL DES volume, 1.0 mL emulsifier agent volume and 10 s of manual mixing. The linear calibration range of the optimum method was between 1.0 and 50 μg L−1. Combining the DES extraction method and SQT-FAAS gave 0.35 and 1.2 μg L− 1 as the limits of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ), respectively. The sensitivity was improved by about 80 folds when compared with the conventional FAAS system. Accuracy and applicability of the method were also checked using celery and apple samples, and the recovery results calculated were close to 100%, respectively.

An accurate and sensitive analytical strategy for the determination of palladium in aqueous samples: slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry with switchable liquid-liquid microextraction after preconcentration using a Schiff base ligand.

This study presents a green analytical method for palladium determination by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) following switchable liquid-liquid microextraction (SLLME). Efficient extraction of palladium was facilitated by complexation with a Schiff base ligand, synthesized specifically for this study. A three-stage thorough optimization procedure was carried out to boost the absorbance output of palladium. Complex formation was the first stage, and parameters evaluated included buffer solution pH and amount, concentration of ligand, and mixing period. The amount of switchable solvent and concentration and amount of sodium hydroxide and acid amount were optimized in the second stage. Optimization of sample and fuel flow rates and SQT parameters completed the third stage of optimization, and all optimum parameters were used to determine analytical performance of the method. The method had a broad linear dynamic range, and the calibration plots showed good linearity with R2 values greater than 0.9991. The limits of detection and quantification of the SLLME-SQT-FAAS method were 15 and 50μg/L, respectively. The precision of the method, expressed as percent relative standard deviation, was below 9.0% for all measurements. Spiked recovery results performed for a palladium electroplating bath solution gave poor results when quantified against aqueous calibration standards. Matrix matching was therefore used to improve recovery results which ranged between 97 and 105% for four different spike concentrations.