Slopes Of Volcano Research Articles

Ore Elements and Minerals in The Elements of Alaid Volcano (Kuril Island Arc)

Sublimates tested in 2013–2020 were studied. in the near-crater zone and on the slopes of the Alaid volcano, located in the Kuril Island arc. It has been established that in the near-crater zone there are native metals confined to zones of acid leaching, within which the original lavas and tuffs have been transformed into opal-like formations or rocks sharply enriched in ferric hydroxides. In these zones, the presence of native gold, palladium, silver, chromium, copper, zinc and alloys of gold and palladium, copper and zinc, copper and tungsten has been established. On the slopes of the Alaid volcano, the range of minerals in sublimates is wider, while the temperature of their formation is lower. Of the ore minerals, copper-containing ones predominate, and sublimates with vanadium-containing minerals belonging to hydrous oxides and vanadate-silicates are established. Two genetic types of slope sublimates have been identified: 1) minerals crystallizing from hydrothermal or steam-hydrothermal solutions near the outcrops of near-surface fumaroles and 2) copper and ferruginous colomorphic formations formed as a result of sedimentation from colloidal solutions in the shallow waters of drying up reservoirs, including small and large puddles.

Detectability of gravity changes on the sea surface due to magma accumulation beneath submarine volcanoes

SUMMARY This study estimated the gravity change expected on the sea surface due to magma accumulation beneath submarine volcanoes. For calculation, a semi-analytical model describing the deformation of an infinite elastic cone was considered, in which a point spherical source was embedded on the axis. The expected gravity change exceeds 0.2 mGal in certain scenarios when $\delta V = 10^8\, \mathrm{m^3}$ of source volume change occurs 2 km below the summit, and the summit is shallower than 300 m below the sea surface. The steeper the slope of a submarine volcano, the greater the expected gravity change. 0.2 mGal of gravity variation can be detected with recent marine gravimeters such as cold atom interferometers. The computation method for the gravity change based on the integral transform (Mellin type) is elaborated in this paper.

Лишайники восточного склона вулкана Берутарубе, о. Итуруп (Курильские острова, Дальний Восток России)

The paper presents an annotated list of lichens of the eastern slope of Berutarube volcano, one of the most inaccessible and poorly studied active volcanoes on Iturup Island. Samples of lichens were collected in August 2023 from eroded areas in the summit part of the volcano, as well as on the eastern slope along the Andrey Creek, in the upper reaches of which unnamed cold acidic springs discharge. In total, 53 species of lichens were identified from the sampling sites, of which 20 species were new to Iturup Island, 2 species were new to the Kuril Islands, and 1 species was new to the Sakhalin region. In the summit part of the volcano, lichens typical for areas of volcanic activity were identified: Cladonia crispata, Cladonia straminea, Huea confluens, Lecidea plana, Melanelia stygia, Pseudephebe pubescens, Rhizocarpon badioatrum, and Umbilicaria torrefacta. The influence of the solfataric gases of the volcano on the lichen biota of the Andrey Creek valley has not been revealed, which allows us to make the assumption that there is no direct influence of the products of the solfataric activity of Berutarube volcano on the natural environment of its eastern slopes.

On the Importance of the Volcano Slope and Mechanistic Pathways to Comprehend Activity and Selectivity Trends in Electrocatalysis

Electrochemical processes for energy storage or conversion require efficient electrocatalysts to enhance intrinsic activity as well as to minimize energy losses in terms of applied overpotential. Since the initial works of Nørskov and coworkers, it is believed that the understanding of correlations between materials in a homologous series contributes to the rational design of electrocatalysts [1]. In this context, volcano plots have been largely used to capture the trends of electrocatalytic processes, thereby relying on scaling relations and thermodynamic considerations at the equilibrium potential by connecting the thermodynamics to the kinetics via the Sabatier principle and Brønsted−Evans−Polanyi (BEP) relation [2].The thermodynamic theory of volcano plots identifies the limiting reaction step in the thermodynamic picture, which is reconciled with the activity descriptor U L (limiting potential) and denoted as the potential-determining step (PDS) [3]. In recent years, several works reported that the concept of the PDS is too simplistic to determine the trends of electrocatalytic processes correctly. To overcome this shortcoming, the author has introduced the notion of the free-energy span model in terms of the descriptor G max(η), which allows for a dedicated analysis of the elementary steps to comprehend activity and selectivity trends of proton-coupled electron processes at electrified solid-liquid interfaces [4,5].In my lecture, I am going to focus on the construction of volcano plots by the descriptor G max(η) for the oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, corresponding to the bottleneck in electrolyzers and fuel cells, respectively. In this context, I will highlight important factors that, hitherto, were overlooked in trend studies in thata) the volcano slope is prone to change even at the leg of the volcano whereas, so far, it was considered to be altered at the volcano apex only [6,7];b) the importance of various mechanistic pathways for volcano analyses is stressed, demonstrating that the consideration of traditional mechanisms only is insufficient for a proper description of highly active catalyst [8].The derived methodology for the construction of volcano plots by the activity measure G max(η) is of universal nature [9], and its application even goes beyond the oxygen electrocatalysis, indicating that it may also contribute to the identification of next-generation battery materials [10].

ПОЛЕВЫЕ РАБОТЫ НА СЕВЕРНЫХ СКЛОНАХ КРОНОЦКОГО ВУЛКАНА В ИЮЛЕ-АВГУСТЕ 2023 г.

In July-August 2023, field work was carried out on the northern slopes of Kronotsky volcano in the territory of the Kronotsky State Reserve, which is rarely visited by researchers. The aim of our work was to sample lavas that build the volcanic edifice in this sector, and also to search for traces of the volcano’s explosive activity in the Holocene. This report lists and illustrates interesting findings and the main results of the work. In particular, lava flows, dikes and pyroclastic horizons were sampled at altitudes ranging from 780 to 2200 m; several cinder and lava cones were discovered; samples of cognate inclusions and xenoliths were found. In addition, Holocene soil-pyroclastic sections, presumably containing tephra horizons from Kronotsky volcano, were documented in detail and sampled.

Under the volcano: Encountering La(r)val anxieties in Metal

This article explores how recent intercultural contemporary concert dance collaborations in Asia and Australasia address questions of authorship and the subjectivity that concert dance performances produce. The work examined here is Metal (2020), created by Melbourne-based company Lucy Guerin Inc and Ensemble Tikoro, a heavy-metal choir based in West Java led by composer Robi Rusdiana. This work is critically analysed in terms of the production of subjectivity in dance and the influence of culture, politics and hegemonic regimes of representation in contemporary performance. Metal, which features five dancers and eight choir-members, was created in both Melbourne and Bandung. The work incorporates the aesthetics of heavy metal music culture; but it is a shadowy and decelerated piece. It has a quiet, disappearing-at-the-edges quality and a dramatic structure that develops through a series of enigmatic interactions between two groups. In these meetings, body practices and cultural practices are negotiated in a process of gradual unlearning, problematizing the conventions by which performers are turned into subjects. It is the depiction of solidities returning to a state of flux. The work was partly inspired by the place of its creation: the slopes of the active Tangkuban Perahu Volcano. Motifs of shifting earth and molten flows are referenced in both the composition of movement and sound, and in the work’s dramaturgical structure. As the work progresses, the fragments merge, culminating in a long series of tableaux performed in a wash of red light. In this volcanic scene, the performers are finally suspended in a state of potential subjectivity or becoming-individual. In this way, Metal points to the possibility of a choreographic practice that is a reversal and return to plurality, a subjectivity that is not multicultural but properly transcultural.

Initial Limnology of Laguna Pozo Verde, Costa Rica: Bathymetry, Water, Sediments, and Diatoms

Introducción : Costa Rica tiene cientos de lagos, muchos de los cuales nunca han sido estudiados científicamente. Objetivo: Conocer limnológia de la Laguna Pozo Verde en el Parque Nacional Juan Castro Blanco, Costa Rica (~1935 m de elevación), para proporcionar datos de referencia para estudiar cambios futuros. Métodos: Medimos la profundidad y temperatura del agua y la profundidad de Secchi; sedimentos superficiales analizados; y examinó mapas e imágenes de satélite. Resultados: Aunque algunos la describen como formada por procesos volcánicos, la Laguna Pozo Verde probablemente se formó en un deslizamiento de tierra, que ocurre con frecuencia en esta zona lluviosa en la empinada ladera sur del inactivo volcán Porvenir. Nuestros sondeos mostraron una profundidad máxima de 9,25 m cerca del centro del lago. El agua era moderadamente transparente (profundidad de Secchi 2,6 m), con pH circunneutro y temperaturas de 15,9 a 18,1 °C, con estratificación débil a 0,5 m. Los sedimentos superficiales contenían 27% de materia orgánica y tenían relaciones C/N y valores de isótopos de carbono estables consistentes con algas lacustres y plantas C 3 ; Surirella angusta compuso más del 90% de las diatomeas. Conclusión: La laguna es significativamente más omera de lo informado y los sedimentos superficiales albergar una combinación de diatomeas única entre los 88 lagos examinados en Costa Rica.

Early Pliocene fauna from the Lower Laetolil Beds, Laetoli, Tanzania

ABSTRACT The mid-Pliocene Upper Laetolil Beds at Laetoli in northern Tanzania have produced a rich diversity of fossil vertebrates, including the remains and traces of the early hominin, Australopithecus afarensis. The fauna from the older Lower Laetolil Beds, dating from 3.8 Ma to older than 4.3 Ma, has not previously been the subject of detailed analysis. This study, based on renewed palaeontological investigations, provides the first systematic account of the fauna, along with a brief synthesis of the geology and palaeoecology. Forty species of mammals are recorded from the Lower Laetolil Beds, dominated by bovids, equids, rhinocerotids, and proboscideans, in addition to reptiles, birds, and invertebrates. The mammal fauna is very similar to that from the Upper Laetolil Beds, and to a lesser extent to the Upper Ndolanya Beds, indicating a high degree of faunal continuity and provinciality in the Laetoli area during much of the Pliocene. Evidence indicates that the palaeoecology of the Lower Laetolil Beds was predominantly dry open woodlands-shrublands-grasslands, but dense woodlands and forests were present on the lower slopes of the nearby Satiman volcano. Water was more abundant than in the Upper Laetolil Beds, with seasonal rivers, marshes and shallow lakes bordered by riparian woodland.

On the Importance of the Volcano Slope and Mechanistic Pathways to Comprehend Activity and Selectivity Trends in Electrocatalysis

In this conference proceeding, the importance of the volcano slope to the description of catalytic processes with applications in energy conversion and storage is discussed. Herein, the oxygen evolution – 2 H2O → O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e–, U 0 = 1.23 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) – and oxygen reduction – O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e– → 2 H2O, U 0 = 1.23 V vs. RHE – reactions are chosen as prototypical examples.

Scots pines colonizing the harsh environment of volcano slopes increased their hydraulic safety margin

Scots pines colonizing the harsh environment of volcano slopes increased their hydraulic safety margin

Implementasi Progam Peningkatan Pemahaman Masyarakat Nagari Pariangan Dalam Penaggulangan Bencana Dan Evakuasi Tahun 2023

There are 10 percent of Indonesian people who live around the slopes of volcanoes. One of the areas in Indonesia that has an active volcano is in the province of West Sumatra, namely Mount Marapi which is located between the districts of Tanah datar and the city of Bukittinggi. The risk of loss of life in the event of an eruption or eruption of Merapi in the future will have a high risk of loss of life if the people and tourists of Village Pariangan do not understand disaster mitigation and evacuation. in analyzing details to provide an overview of community understanding of mitigation and evacuation with a Likert scale then unification of activities to increase community understanding in terms of mitigation and evacuation such as community empowerment, infrastructure improvement, and so on with related agencies around village Pariangan. By holding regular evacuation training and simulations for the community. It is hoped that people's understanding of disaster mitigation and evacuation can increase and be better prepared in dealing with future disaster risks.

The Taverna San Felice Dike (NE of Roccamonfina Volcano): Unraveling Magmatic Intrusion Processes and Volcano‐Tectonics in the Tyrrhenian Margin of the Southern Apennines

AbstractThe Roccamonfina volcano is located within the Garigliano Graben (southern Apennines, Italy) and has been active throughout the Middle‐Late Pleistocene. Along its polyphase volcanic history (630–55 ka), including several caldera‐forming eruptions (385–230 ka), several effusive/mildly explosive monogenetic events occurred along the volcano slopes, within the summit caldera, and along the graben‐bounding carbonate reliefs. In this paper, we present a multidisciplinary study of a mafic magmatic feeder dike intruded within the Meso‐Tertiary carbonates and overlying Lower Pleistocene breccias of Mt Cesima, northeast of the Roccamonfina volcano. We performed a stratigraphic and structural survey of the area and petrographic analyses on several samples of the dike. Results indicate that a ∼1 km long fissure fed an eruption that also emplaced a Strombolian pyroclastic sequence. Petrological data show that an open‐system mafic recharge fueled the tephritic magma that fed the eruption, whereas no evidence of significant pre/syn‐eruptive assimilation of carbonate has been identified. Stratigraphic and petrological data do not allow to firmly constrain the timing of the eruption, which could belong both to the pre‐Brown Leucitic Tuff (>354 ka) and to the post‐White Trachytic Tuffs (<230 ka) epochs of activity of the Roccamonfina volcano. Structural data show that the dike is broadly oriented E‐W and changes direction toward NE‐SW in correspondence with a pre‐existing fault damage zone. We suggest that magma was intruded during an N‐S trending extensional event in the Middle Pleistocene, whose prolonged activity resulted in regional uplift and exhumation of regional significance.

Present Use and Production of Metates and Molcajetes in Turícuaro (Michoacán, Mexico): Deciphering the Evolution of Food Preparation Practices

ABSTRACT In Central America, maize processing for the production of tortillas bears a strong cultural connotation of the preservation of cultural traditions. The METATE project aims to explore the long-term history, from Prehispanic times until today, of the production and use of grinding stone tools (metates and molcajetes) on the slopes of the El Metate volcano (Michoacán, Central Mexico). It has been approached through a multidisciplinary program including volcanology, archaeology, and anthropology. The village of Turícuaro has been recognized for centuries as a major center of metate production for the entire Purépecha region in Michoacán. According to the few remaining craftsmen who make metates (metateros) in the village of Turícuaro, the quality of the rock selected and the organization of metate production have undergone significant changes during recent decades. We discuss how the introduction of new mechanical and electronic devices has generated important social consequences at the domestic, village, and regional scales.

Importance of the volcano slope to comprehend activity and selectivity trends in electrocatalysis

Importance of the volcano slope to comprehend activity and selectivity trends in electrocatalysis

Tectonic Activities Description in the Ongoing Collision Zone of the Eurasia-Arabia Plates Using 2D Surface Waves Tomography

In order to better understand the regional tectonic activities of the continent-continent ongoing collision-compressed edge zone of the Eurasian-Arabic plates, 2D tomography maps of the Caucasus territory using the Rayleigh waves were generated. The 2D tomography images of this study, illustrate the large variety in surface wave propagation velocity in different complex geologic units of the Caucasus. To draw the 2D tomography maps, we accomplished a 2D-linear inversion procedure on the Rayleigh wave dispersion curves for the periods of 5 to 70 s (depth= ~180 km). To conduct this, local-regional data from ~1300 earthquakes (M≥3.9) recorded by the 49 broadband stations from 1999 to 2018 in a wide area with complicated tectonic units were used. In comparison with results of previous studies in Caucasus, the tomography maps for the long-periods (T= 50-70 s; depth ~180 km) are more influenced by the velocity structure of the uppermost mantle which demonstrate the ultralow and ultrahigh-velocity anomalies. The results for the medium-periods (30≤T≤45 s), the low-velocity zones coincide with areas thought to be correlated with underplating of the lower crust (e.g. shallow LAB), while, the high-velocity zones are usually demonstrating the presence of a normal continental crust over a stable and thick or oceanic-like lid. Short-periods (5≤T≤25 s) are more influenced by the ever-evolving deformations of the geological units, sedimentary basins, volcanic complexes, uplifts, and reveals a low-velocity small zone, on the NW slope of the Aragats volcano (depth= ~7 km), which is different from the results of other studies.

Study of geothermal and volcanic activity at Mount Awu, the deadliest active volcano in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia using Optical Satellite Imagery

The history of the north part of Sangihe Island is the motivation for using the strengths of remote sensing methods to monitor the volcano activities and geothermal potential of Awu Volcano. We used the last 50 years of satellite image data composed by Landsat 1, Landsat 4, Landsat 5, Landsat 7, ASTER, and Landsat 8 to get the multi-temporal analysis and results. This study used the single-channel algorithm to derive land surface temperature (LST). We also used the band combination and ratio to understand the relationship between the Awu Volcano's geological condition and geothermal potential. The NDVI result as a component of the LST calculation shows that the vegetation is increasing when there is no eruption event. However, the amount of vegetation decreased after the 1994 and 2004 eruptions. The LST results show the 2004 eruption gave the highest surface temperature in the last 50 years, with a number of 318.69 °K as the mean value in the caldera. The multi-temporal nature of LST explained the activity of Awu Volcano, including the increased status announced by the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) in 2016 and 2021. The accuracy of LST results is seen by the same pattern in the LST provided from the Landsat and ASTER data and the R2 of time and LST with the values of 0.1529 and 0.2436 in the volcano slope and caldera, respectively. The long gap between the phreatic eruption in 1994 and the previous eruption in 1964 revealed that there was a caldera lake formed in Awu Volcano, which was detected by the natural color band combination from 1972 to 1996. The geothermal potential is centralized in the volcano slope around the caldera, with a value of almost 10 °K and some areas in the slope with a value of >5 °K. The first area that contains high geothermal potential is located in the basaltic andesite, with the alteration detected by the combination of bands 7/4, 6/3, and 5/7. Mount Awu's multiple eruptions have shown that multi-source optical satellites could be used to keep an eye on volcanic activity and could also be used as a first step in figuring out geothermal potential.

Palaeocene high-latitude leaf flora of Antarctica Part 2: Tooth-margined angiosperms

The late Palaeocene (Thanetian) Cross Valley Formation on Seymour Island is one of the few floras of this age in Antarctica. Understanding the diversity is critical for comparisons with coeval high-latitude forests and their evolution across South America and Australasia. This macroflora has few conifers and ferns but a significant diversity of angiosperms. Taxonomic assessment of previously undescribed morphotypes, based on new and existing collections, facilitated the identification of twelve new tooth-margined angiosperms of uncertain affinities. Comparisons to Gondwanan families already established in the Cross Valley Flora from pollen and wood records include Nothofagaceae, Proteaceae and Cunoniaceae. A total of 37 angiosperm taxa, including 23 tooth-margined and 14 entire-margined morphotypes, have been described from the Cross Valley Flora. They provide evidence that the most diverse Palaeocene floral assemblage recorded from this region inhabited the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The new morphotypes enrich the cool-temperate nature of the angiosperms that dominated over the conifers in these high-latitude forests. They indicate dynamic forests that responded to frequent disturbance as they grew on the slopes of active volcanoes; a physical divide that created a rainfall and climatic gradient from east to west across the Antarctic Peninsula. Floral elements, such as Proteaceae that indicates drier climates and Nothofagaceae that indicates cooler climates, signify that these forests were on the lee side of volcanoes on the Antarctic Peninsula. These forests represent extirpation and retraction of the Valdivian cool-temperate rainforests, which extended further south than their modern Patagonian distribution, in southern South America. Thus, the new morphotypes suggest additional floral diversity was present in the late Palaeocene and highlight the diversity contrast between the east and west Antarctic Peninsula.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE RELIEF OF THE INTRAGLACIAL PALEOVOLCANO DERBY-TAIGA AND THE ADJACENT PART OF THE AZASS PLATEAU (TODZHA BASIN, NORTH-EASTERN TUVA)<a href="#FN1"><sup>1</sup></a>

The Azass Plateau in the Altai-Sayan mountain region is the only known territory in the continental Eurasia know for distribution of intraglacial volcanoes formed by the interaction of erupting lava with ice and melt waters. The orographic factor in the Todzha Basin caused the development of thick shield glaciers covering the area of approximately 13 000 km2 during cold epochs.The variety of geomorphological units reflecting the history of neotectonic evolution, volcanism and Quarternary glaciations creates a unique opportunity to perform paleogeographic reconstructions. The geomorphological map is constructed based on the selection of genetically homogeneous surfaces. Morphometrical indicators, paragenesis and time series were obtained for the later. A special attention was paid to the relief of intraglacial volcanoes and traces of glaciations of different ages.The lower level of intraglacial volcanoes formed in the second half of the Late Pleistocene was subdivided into three levels. These volcanoes formed under a few hundreds of meters of ice. The glacial-exaration genesis of microrelief under the influence of the inland ice was established as appose to the previously accepted water-glacial (catafluvial) genesis. The age of the upper slopes of volcanoes (except the Derbi-Taiga volcano) is the Late Pleistocene. Consequently, glacial valleys and kars complicating them are rejuvenated .The study of the rockfall bodies triggered by an earthquake and rockfalls rupture surfaces in glacial valleys of the Derbi-Taiga mountain massif and their comparison with the traces of the Chuya earthquake (2003) allowed to estimate the Ms = 7.5 magnitude of the Holocene earthquake that caused them.Presented results of the geomorphological investigation contradict the paleogeographic reconstructions performed earlier on the basis of absolute dating.

Geological and Morphometric Characteristics of Quaternary Pyroclastic Aquifers in Salak and Pangrango Stratovolcano.

Indonesia is located in a subduction zone formed by the collision of continental and oceanic plates. Many volcanoes form as a result of these conditions along the arc. Springs on the volcano's slopes are widely used for domestic, irrigation, and industry water use. Investigating the characteristics of aquifers and springs is essential to ensure groundwater sustainability by providing a robust geological framework. Meanwhile, groundwater in a volcanic geological setting has good quality characteristics because of its occurrence process, which interacts with many minerals in pyroclastic rocks that act as aquifers. The study area is located in the Lido Catchment Area (LCA), which is situated between two distinct volcanic slopes. Geological and morphometric analysis at LCA is the basis of important information relating to its hydrogeological systems. The analysis of thin rock sections and parameters of the physical properties of water in groundwater springs supports our research. We applied a comprehensive geological and morphometric analysis to obtain detailed information about the aquifer. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of aquifers in pyroclastic rocks and their relationship to the formation of springs. From the research conducted, the characteristic of water can be distinguished based on the geological conditions of its constituents. There are 6 different lithological characteristics in the study area: polymictic breccia, monomictic breccia, lapilli, lapilli tuff, coarse tuff, and fine tuff. From the lithology variations obtained, breccia, lapilli, and coarse tuff can play a good role as aquifers. Geological correlations and groundwater systems in the study area show groups of superficial, mixed, and alteration springs. The system of water flows in aquifers through inter-grains or rock fractures. The types of springs in LCA are dominated by depression and fracture types. These results are fundamental information for understanding hydrogeological systems in future volcanic geological settings.

Steering Selectivity in the Four-Electron and Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reactions: On the Importance of the Volcano Slope.

In the last decade, trends for competing electrocatalytic processes have been largely captured by volcano plots, which can be constructed by the analysis of adsorption free energies as derived from electronic structure theory in the density functional theory approximation. One prototypical example refers to the four-electron and two-electron oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), resulting in the formation of water and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The conventional thermodynamic volcano curve illustrates that the four-electron and two-electron ORRs reveal the same slopes at the volcano legs. This finding is related to two facts, namely, that only a single mechanistic description is considered in the model, and electrocatalytic activity is assessed by the concept of the limiting potential, a simple thermodynamic descriptor evaluated at the equilibrium potential. In the present contribution, the selectivity challenge of the four-electron and two-electron ORRs is analyzed, thereby accounting for two major expansions. First, different reaction mechanisms are included into the analysis, and second, G max(U), a potential-dependent activity measure that factors overpotential and kinetic effects into the evaluation of adsorption free energies, is applied for approximation of electrocatalytic activity. It is illustrated that the slope of the four-electron ORR is not constant at the volcano legs but rather is prone to change as soon as another mechanistic pathway is energetically preferred or another elementary step becomes the limiting one. Due to the varying slope of the four-electron ORR volcano, a trade-off between activity and selectivity for hydrogen peroxide formation is observed. It is demonstrated that the two-electron ORR is energetically preferred at the left and right volcano legs, thus opening a new strategy for the selective formation of H2O2 by an environmentally benign route.