Slope Of Relationship Research Articles

Thermal dependencies of fruit puree density

Density is among the key properties of liquid food media, affecting homogenisation and dispersion. The work aimed to study the temperature effect on fruit puree density, determine temperature constants and grade purees by density. The study included apple, pear and cherry plum purees. Pycnometric densities were measured at 20, 30, 40 and 50ºC temperatures. Different media were shown to vary in the density reduction rate at increasing measurement temperatures. The correlation coefficient was strongly dependent on the reference (baseline) density and extremely — on temperature coefficient. Correlation dynamics modelling of elevating temperature revealed the slope vs. temperature coefficient pairwise correlation to monotonously increase starting from very high baseline values of >0.999. The relative slope vs. baseline density pairwise correlation coefficient decreased monotonously from 0.9032. It was additionally found that the media density grading is temperature-dependent. Thus, the descending series was pear–apple–cherry plum at 0–+24.68ºC, pear–cherry plum–apple at +24.68–+84.34ºC, cherry plum–pear–apple at +84.34–+174.31ºC and cherry plum–apple–pear at ≥+174.31ºC. For three study media, the number of temperature ranges inducing puree density gradients was 4. This approach to study thermal impact on the density of food fluids is generally acknowledged and can be successfully applied in the areas, where physical density and its comparative assessment are substantive.

Observed structural parameters of EAGLE galaxies: reconciling the mass–size relation in simulations with local observations

ABSTRACT We use mock images of z = 0.1 galaxies in the 100 Mpc EAGLE simulation to establish the differences between the sizes and morphologies inferred from the stellar mass distributions and the optical light distributions. The optical, r-band images used were constructed with a radiative transfer method to account for the effects of dust, and we measure galaxy structural parameters by fitting Sérsic models to the images with galfit. We find that the derived half-light radii differ systematically from the stellar half-mass radii, as the r-band sizes are typically 0.1 dex larger, and can deviate by as much as ${\approx}0.5\,$ dex, depending on the dust attenuation and star formation activity, as well as the measurement method used. Consequently, we demonstrate that the r-band sizes significantly improve the agreement between the simulated and observed stellar mass–size relation: star-forming and quiescent galaxies in EAGLE are typically only slightly larger than observed (by 0.1 dex), and the slope and scatter of the local relation are reproduced well for both populations. Finally, we compare the obtained morphologies with measurements from the GAMA survey, finding that too few EAGLE galaxies have bulge-like light profiles (Sérsic indices of n ∼ 4). Despite the presence of a significant population of triaxial systems among the simulated galaxies, the surface brightness and stellar mass density profiles tend to be closer to exponential discs (n ∼ 1–2). Our results highlight the need to measure the sizes and morphologies of simulated galaxies using common observational methods in order to perform a meaningful comparison with observations.

Contribution of Lake-Dune Patterning to the Dune Height of Mega-Dunes in the Badain Jaran Sand Sea, Northern China

Mega-dunes in the lake group area of the Badain Jaran Sand Sea, China, are generally taller than dunes in the non-lake group area. This spatial distribution of dune heights may provide a new perspective on the controversy regarding the dunes’ formation mechanism. In this study, we calculated the relative heights and slopes of individual dunes based on a digital elevation model, and we confirmed the height distribution of abnormally tall dunes in the lake group area of the sand sea. It was also found that slopes of more than 10° in the lake group area are more common than those in the non-lake group area. Based on meteorological observations, coupled with the measurement of water content in the sand layers, we propose a conceptual model demonstrating that moisture exchange between the lakes and soil via non-rainfall water will humidify dune slopes and form a more favorable accumulation environment for aeolian sand, thus increasing dune heights. Although long-term observations are yet to be carried out, the present study can be used as evidence for understanding the basis of dune formation in the lake group area and assessing groundwater utilization in deserts.

Increased Backward Wave Pressures Rather than Flow Explain Age-Dependent Heart Rate Effects on Central, But not Peripheral Arterial Pressure.

Through both backward (Pb) and forward (Pf) wave effects, a lower heart rate (HR) associates with increased central (PPc), beyond brachial pulse pressure (PP). However, the relative contribution to Pf of aortic flow (Q) versus re-reflection of Pb, has not been determined. Using central pressure, aortic velocity and diameter measurements in the outflow tract (echocardiography), we constructed central pressure waveforms that account for the relative contribution of Q versus re-reflection to Pf. We thus evaluated the mechanisms of HR-PPc relations in a community sample (n=824) and the impact of age thereon. Inverse HR-PPc (P<0.0001), but not HR-brachial PP (P=0.064) relations were noted. The slope of HR-PPc relation was increased in older adults (P<0.005). HR was inversely associated with ventricular filling time, ejection duration, stroke volume, and peak Pf (P<0.001 to P<0.0001). However, an increased Q and hence pressures generated by the product of aortic characteristic impedance and Q did not account for Pf effects. Age-dependent HR-PPc and Pf relations were both accounted for by enhanced Pb (P<0.0001) with an increased Pf mediated by increments in wave re-reflection (P<0.0001). The lack of impact of ejection duration on PPc was explained by an increased time to peak Pb (P<0.0001). In conclusion, increases in PPc and Pf at a decreased HR are accounted for by an enhanced Pb rather than by a prolonged ejection or filling duration and hence flow (Q). These effects at a young-to-middle age are of little clinical significance, but at an older age, are of clinical importance.

XGASS: characterizing the slope and scatter of the stellar mass–angular momentum relation for nearby galaxies

ABSTRACT We present a detailed study of the stellar mass versus specific angular momentum (AM) relation (Fall relation) for a representative sample of 564 nearby galaxies in the eXtended GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey (xGASS). We focus on the dependence of the Fall relation’s slope on galaxy type and the galaxy properties regulating its scatter. Stellar specific AM is determined by combining single-dish H i velocity widths and stellar mass profiles for all H i detections in the xGASS sample. At fixed morphology (or bulge-to-total ratio), we find that the power-law slope of the Fall relation is consistent with 2/3. However, when all galaxy types are combined, we recover a much shallower slope of ∼0.47. We show that this is a consequence of the change in galaxy morphology as a function of mass, highlighting that caution should be taken when using the slope of the Fall relation to constrain galaxy formation models without taking sample selection into account. We quantify the Fall relations scatter and show that H i gas fraction is the strongest correlated parameter for low stellar masses (Spearman correlation: ρs = 0.61), while the bulge-to-total ratio becomes slightly more dominant at higher masses (ρs = −0.29). Intriguingly, when only the disc components of galaxies are considered, H i gas fraction remains the strongest correlated parameter with the scatter of the relation (regardless of disc stellar mass). Our work provides one of the best characterizations of the Fall relation for a representative sample of galaxies in the local Universe.

Quantifying Scatter in Galaxy Formation at the Lowest Masses

Abstract We predict the stellar mass–halo mass (SMHM) relationship for dwarf galaxies, using simulated galaxies with peak halo masses of M peak = 1011 M ⊙ down into the ultra-faint dwarf range to M peak = 107 M ⊙. Our simulated dwarfs have stellar masses of M star = 790 M ⊙ to 8.2 × 108 M ⊙, with corresponding V-band magnitudes from −2 to −18.5. For M peak &gt; 1010 M ⊙, the simulated SMHM relationship agrees with literature determinations, including exhibiting a small scatter of 0.3 dex. However, the scatter in the SMHM relation increases for lower-mass halos. We first present results for well-resolved halos that contain a simulated stellar population, but recognize that whether a halo hosts a galaxy is inherently mass resolution dependent. We thus adopt a probabilistic model to populate “dark” halos below our resolution limit to predict an “intrinsic” slope and scatter for the SMHM relation. We fit linearly growing log-normal scatter in stellar mass, which grows to more than 1 dex at M peak = 108 M ⊙. At the faintest end of the SMHM relation probed by our simulations, a galaxy cannot be assigned a unique halo mass based solely on its luminosity. Instead, we provide a formula to stochastically populate low-mass halos following our results. Finally, we show that our growing log-normal scatter steepens the faint-end slope of the predicted stellar mass function.

Abstract 12140: SCN1B Expression Modulates Sodium Influx in Cardiomyocytes and Diastolic Function in the Adult Heart

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are macromolecular complexes composed of a number of proteins regulating channel biophysical properties. VGSCs generate Na + current (I Na ) in myocytes and play fundamental roles in excitability and impulse conduction in the heart. Moreover, VGSCs condition mechanical properties of the myocardium, a process that appears to involve the late component of I Na . Variants in the gene SCN1B , encoding the VGSC β1 and β1B subunits, result in inherited neurological disorders and cardiac arrhythmias. But the precise contributions of β1/β1B subunits and VGSC integrity to the overall function of the adult heart remain to be clarified. For this purpose, adult mice with cardiac-restricted, inducible deletion of Scn1b (conditional knock-out, cKO) were studied. Myocytes from cKO mice had decreased levels of Scn1b transcripts (-85%) and increased densities of fast- (+20%) and slow-inactivating (+140%) components of I Na , with respect to cells from corresponding control (Ctrl) animals. By echocardiography, left ventricular (LV) mass, chamber volume, and systolic function were preserved in both male and female cKO mice, with respect to sex- and age-matched Ctrl animals. However, by transmitral flow Doppler echocardiography, cKO mice presented reduced velocity of the passive filling wave (-~20%), attenuated ratio of the passive-to-active filling velocity waves (-~20%), and prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (+~16%). Moreover, by pressure-volume (PV) loop assessment, cKO mice had steeper slope of the LV end diastolic PV relation and prolonged LV relaxation tau, suggesting impairment of diastolic function. Importantly, inhibition of late I Na with GS967 (0.5 mg/kg body weight) normalized left ventricular filling pattern and isovolumic relaxation time in cKO mice, but had no consequences in Ctrl animals. At the cellular level, cKO myocytes presented delayed kinetics of Ca 2+ transients decay and cell shortening with respect to Ctrl myocytes. These defects were partly corrected by inhibition of the late I Na . Collectively, these results document that VGSC β1/β1B subunits modulate electrical and mechanical function of the heart by regulating, at least in part, Na + influx in cardiomyocytes.

Exploring the determinants and distribution patterns of soil mattic horizon thickness in a typical alpine environment using boosted regression trees

Mattic horizon, grassroots intertwined surface horizon for soils in alpine meadow, is of great importance for alpine ecosystems with its thickness serving as a critical indicator for the extent of alpine meadow degradation. However, the distribution patterns and key environmental factors controlling mattic horizon thickness (MHT) remain unknown. We evaluated the potential of a boosted regression trees (BRT) based variable selection approach to identify the determinants of MHT, to reveal the predictor-response relationship, and to map the spatial distributions of MHT. Results showed that the selected six key environmental variables can reliably reflect the pedogenic processes of mattic horizon in such alpine environment. Among which, the most important environmental variables controlling MHT were modified soil-adjusted vegetation index 2 (relative importance of 31.9%), elevation (22.7%), followed by slope (13.2%), topographic wetness index (11.4%), relative slope position (10.4%), and mean annual precipitation (10.4%). Additionally, the BRT model using those six key variables for mapping MHT performed an acceptable prediction with R2 value of 0.447 (standard deviation of 0.019). The variable selection procedure dramatically reduced the number of environmental variables by 77% (from 26 to 6), which could not only improve computational efficiency but also significantly improve model performance with a 30.3% increase in R2. Our results demonstrate that the proposed BRT algorithm-based variable selection approach can reliably identify the determinants of MHT both statistically and pedologically. It can be used as a promising approach for revealing the predictor-response relationship, mapping the distribution patterns of MHT, and may provide a solution to map soil depth over large areas.

On the relationship between energy input to the ionosphere and the ion outflow flux under different solar zenith angles

The ionosphere is one of the important sources for magnetospheric plasma, particularly for heavy ions with low charge states. We investigate the effect of solar illumination on the number flux of ion outflow using data obtained by the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) satellite at 3000–4150 km altitude from 7 January 1998 to 5 February 1999. We derive empirical formulas between energy inputs and outflowing ion number fluxes for various solar zenith angle ranges. We found that the outflowing ion number flux under sunlit conditions increases more steeply with increasing electron density in the loss cone or with increasing precipitating electron density (> 50 eV), compared to the ion flux under dark conditions. Under ionospheric dark conditions, weak electron precipitation can drive ion outflow with small averaged fluxes (~ 107 cm−2 s−1). The slopes of relations between the Poynting fluxes and outflowing ion number fluxes show no clear dependence on the solar zenith angle. Intense ion outflow events (> 108 cm−2 s−1) occur mostly under sunlit conditions (solar zenith angle < 90°). Thus, it is presumably difficult to drive intense ion outflows under dark conditions, because of a lack of the solar illumination (low ionospheric density and/or small scale height owing to low plasma temperature).Graphical abstract

OzDES reverberation mapping program: Lag recovery reliability for 6-yr C iv analysis

ABSTRACT We present the statistical methods that have been developed to analyse the OzDES reverberation mapping sample. To perform this statistical analysis we have created a suite of customizable simulations that mimic the characteristics of each source in the OzDES sample. These characteristics include: the variability in the photometric and spectroscopic light curves, the measurement uncertainties, and the observational cadence. By simulating the sources in the OzDES sample that contain the C iv emission line, we developed a set of criteria that rank the reliability of a recovered time-lag depending on the agreement between different recovery methods, the magnitude of the uncertainties, and the rate at which false positives were found in the simulations. These criteria were applied to simulated light curves and these results used to estimate the quality of the resulting Radius–Luminosity relation. We grade the results using three quality levels (gold, silver, and bronze). The input slope of the R–L relation was recovered within 1σ for each of the three quality samples, with the gold standard having the lowest dispersion with a recovered a R–L relation slope of 0.454 ± 0.016 with an input slope of 0.47. Future work will apply these methods to the entire OzDES sample of 771 AGN.

Selecting environmental factors to predict spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stocks, northwestern Iran.

Knowledge of environmental factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks can help predict spatial distribution SOC stocks. So, this study was carried out to select the best environmental factors to model and estimate the spatial distribution of SOC stocks in northwestern Iran. Soil sampling was performed at 210 points by multiple conditioned Latin Hypercube method (cLHm) and SOC stocks were measured. Also, environmental factors, including terrain attributes, moisture index, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were calculated. SOC stocks were modeled using random forest (RF) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models. Modeling SOC stocks by RF model showed that the efficient factors for estimating the SOC stocks were slope height (slph), terrain surface texture (texture), standardized height (standh), elevation, relative slope position (rsp), and normalized height (normalh). Also, the PLSR model selected standardized height (standh), relative slope position (rsp), slope, and channel network base level (chnl base) to model SOC stocks. In both RF and PLSR methods, the standh and rsp factors were suitable parameters for estimating the SOC stocks. Predicting the spatial distribution of SOC stocks using environmental factors showed that the R2 values for RF and PLSR models were 0.81 and 0.40, respectively. The result of this study showed that in areas with complex land features, terrain attributes can be good predictors for estimating SOC stocks. These predictors allow more accurate estimates of SOC stocks and contribute considerably to the effective application of land management strategies in arid and semiarid area.

Response of particle number concentrations to the clean air action plan: lessons from the first long-term aerosol measurements in a typical urban valley in western China

Abstract. The strictest ever clean air action (CAA) plan has been implemented by the Chinese government since 2013 to alleviate the severe haze pollution. The PM2.5 mass concentration was found to largely be reduced in response to emission mitigation policies, but the response of particle number concentrations (PNCs) to CAA was less evaluated in the previous studies, which may be significantly different from PM2.5 mass due to newly formed particle impacts. In this work, the first in situ observation of particle number size distributions (PNSDs) during 2012–2019 in urban Lanzhou was used to analyze long-term PNC variations and CAA impacts. The average number of particles in nucleation (N13−25, particle number in the size range of 13–25 nm), Aitken (N25−100, particle number in the size range of 25–100 nm) and accumulation (N100−800, particle number in the size range of 100–800 nm) modes were respectively 2514.0, 10 768.7 and 3258.4 cm−3, and N25−100 accounted for about 65.1 % of total PNCs during the campaign. The k-means clustering technique was used to classify the hourly mean PNSDs into six clusters, and each cluster corresponded to a specific source and influencing factor. The polluted clusters governed the winter PNCs before 2016, and their occurrence was less and less frequent after 2016, which was largely dominated by reduction in primary emissions. However, the contribution of new particle formation (NPF) events to summer N13−25 decreased from 50 % to about 10 % during 2013 to 2015 and then increased to reach around 60 % in 2019. The trends of size-resolved PNCs for each cluster were quantified by Theil–Sen regression. The size-segregated PNCs exhibited downward trends for all clusters during 2012–2015, especially in spring. The annual relative slopes of spring PNCs varied from −54.7 % to −17.2 %, −42.6 % to −14.1 %, and −40.7 % to −17.5 % per year for 13–25, 25–100, and 100–800 nm size ranges, and the reduction in the polluted clusters was much larger than NPF clusters. The ultrafine particle number was increased, and the amplitude was much greater during 2016–2019. The annual relative slopes of N13−25 varied between 8.0 % in fall and 135.5 % in spring for the NPF cluster. In response to CAA, the increased daytime net radiation, higher ambient temperature and lower relative humidity at noon for NPF events also could partly explain the higher N13−25 induced by the more frequent nucleation events after 2016, especially in spring. The air masses were mainly from the adjacent regions of urban Lanzhou and less affected by long-range transport for NPF events, and thus the particles were not easily grown by coagulation during transport processes, which was helpful for the occurrence of NPF events. Therefore, some effective measures to cooperatively control particle number concentration and mass should be taken for the Chinese megacities.

A new framework for understanding systematic errors in cluster lens modelling – I. Selection and treatment of cluster member galaxies

ABSTRACT With high-quality data from programs like the Hubble Frontier Fields, cluster lensing has reached the point that models are dominated by systematic rather than statistical uncertainties. We introduce a Bayesian framework to quantify systematic effects by determining how different lens modelling choices affect the results. Our framework includes a new two-sample test for quantifying the difference between posterior probability distributions that are sampled by methods like Monte Carlo Markov chains. We use the framework to examine choices related to the selection and treatment of cluster member galaxies in two of the Frontier Field clusters: Abell 2744 and MACS J0416.1–2403. When selecting member galaxies, choices about depth and area affect the models; we find that model results are robust for an I-band magnitude limit of mlim ≥ 22.5 mag and a radial cut of rlim ≥ 90 arcsec (from the centre of the field), although the radial limit likely depends on the spatial extent of lensed images. Mass is typically assigned to galaxies using luminosity/mass scaling relations. We find that the slopes of the scaling relations can have significant effects on lens model parameters but only modest effects on lensing magnifications. Interestingly, scatter in the scaling relations affects the two fields differently. This analysis illustrates how our framework can be used to analyse lens modelling choices and guide future cluster lensing programs.

ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD INFLUENCE CRITERIA IN THE LAM RIVER BASIN USING A COMBINED DELPHI-AHP METHOD

Flood is represented as one of the most destructive natural hazards to humankind. Assessing and predicting floods hazard is necessary to offer appropriate solutions for flood mitigation and sustainable environmental management. It is only possible when the main criteria that contributed to creating the flood hazard are pointed out. The purpose of the current research was to choose and attribute scores to all various flood-causing factors in the Lam river basin. Firstly, the Delphi method was applied to the expertbased survey to choose six key parameters that led to the floods, including rainfall, slope, relative slope length, drainage density, land cover, and soil. Then, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is employed as an effective tool to obtain a better understanding of all the factors or indicator contributions in the flood process based on weight given to each of six flood influencing elements. The consistency analyses revealed that the findings were coherent and consistent with a previous study. It is also interesting to notice that rainfall and slope are the most prominent flood occurrence criteria with 45% and 25.5%, respectively. However, the influence of other factors (drainage density, relative slope length, land cover, and soil) is not visible. These parameters are assigned to the small weights and do not have a significant influence on the flood phenomenon. The study results provide baseline information, which needs to be taken into account to mitigate and control floods.

Extraction of proxy relative sovereign bond yield curve factors

ABSTRACT This study analyses the relationship between sovereign yield factors and exchange rate changes. A new method is proposed to extract proxy relative yield factors from the yield curves of two countries. As previous studies showed (e.g. Chen and Tsang 2013; Wellmann and Trück 2018), the relative yield curve factors play an important role in explaining the variation in the foreign exchange rates. Especially, the proxy relative level and slope factors have explanatory power for exchange rate changes, especially for the JPY/USD pair.

Spectral and Petrographic Properties of Inclusions in Carbonaceous Chondrites and Comparison with In Situ Images from Asteroid Ryugu

Abstract We imaged a set of carbonaceous chondrites from the CM2, CO3, CV3, and CK4 groups using the qualification model of MasCam, the camera on board the asteroid lander MASCOT, which touched down on asteroid Ryugu in 2018 October. A CI1 meteorite was also imaged but excluded from the analysis due to prominent terrestrial weathering. Following the methods used to image the rock on Ryugu, we placed a total of 14 meteorites approximately 20 cm in front of the camera to achieve a spatial resolution of about 0.2 mm per pixel and illuminated the samples with onboard light-emitting diodes of four different colors in the visible wavelength range. We mapped bright and dark inclusions within the meteorites and derived the inclusion brightness relative to the matrix in the red light, the relative spectral slope of each inclusion, the inclusion size frequency distribution and the matrix volume abundance. We find that the meteorite groups overlap within these parameters, but individual samples, as well as individual inclusions, can have deviating values. Terrestrial weathering appears to have no systematic influence on these parameters. Relating our analysis to the inclusions found in the rock on Ryugu, we find that the spectral parameters of Ryugu’s inclusions fit well in the parameter space of the carbonaceous chondrites. Compared with the most common types of carbonaceous chondrites, Ryugu’s rock has larger inclusions (mean diameter: 0.63 ± 0.91 mm) and a higher upper limit to the matrix abundance (92.4 vol%).

Prediction of Transition-State Scaling Relationships and Universal Transition-State Vibrational and Entropic Correlations for Dehydrogenations

Linear scaling relationships (LSRs) and Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) or transition-state scaling (TSS) relations aid with the prediction of electronic energies. However, temperature effects and pre-exponentials are often taken as constants across metal surfaces or a homologous series. Vibrational scaling relationships (VSRs) offer a way to determine such parameters. Transition-state VSRs (TSVSRs) between local minima and transition states of AHX (A = C, N, O) surface diffusions correlate with BEP relations and broaden to thermochemical property scaling. Using density functional theory, we extend TSVSRs to AHX dehydrogenation reactions on transition-metal surfaces, relating vibrational modes of local minima to transition states. We first predict the slopes of the TSS relations by incorporating bond angles using the Slater–Koster structure factors and hybridization through crystal orbital overlap population analysis and energy overlap integrals between adsorbates and metal surfaces. Additionally, we uncover universal thermochemical property scaling, enabling the estimation of entropies and temperature corrections to enthalpies across a homologous series. We demonstrate both significant vibrational corrections in reactions with low intrinsic electronic barriers and considerable variation in the pre-exponential of a simple dehydrogenation reaction across metals and AHX adsorbates.

Atacama Cosmology Telescope measurements of a large sample of candidates from the Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey

Context.Galaxy clusters are an important tool for cosmology, and their detection and characterization are key goals for current and future surveys. Using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), the Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey (MaDCoWS) located 2839 significant galaxy overdensities at redshifts 0.7 ≲ z ≲ 1.5, which included extensive follow-up imaging from theSpitzerSpace Telescope to determine cluster richnesses. Concurrently, the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) has produced large area millimeter-wave maps in three frequency bands along with a large catalog of Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ)-selected clusters as part of its Data Release 5 (DR5).Aims.We aim to verify and characterize MaDCoWS clusters using measurements of, or limits on, their thermal SZ effect signatures. We also use these detections to establish the scaling relation between SZ mass and the MaDCoWS-defined richness.Methods.Using the maps and cluster catalog from DR5, we explore the scaling between SZ mass and cluster richness. We do this by comparing cataloged detections and extracting individual and stacked SZ signals from the MaDCoWS cluster locations. We use complementary radio survey data from the Very Large Array, submillimeter data fromHerschel, and ACT 224 GHz data to assess the impact of contaminating sources on the SZ signals from both ACT and MaDCoWS clusters. We use a hierarchical Bayesian model to fit the mass-richness scaling relation, allowing for clusters to be drawn from two populations: one, a Gaussian centered on the mass-richness relation, and the other, a Gaussian centered on zero SZ signal.Results.We find that MaDCoWS clusters have submillimeter contamination that is consistent with a gray-body spectrum, while the ACT clusters are consistent with no submillimeter emission on average. Additionally, the intrinsic radio intensities of ACT clusters are lower than those of MaDCoWS clusters, even when the ACT clusters are restricted to the same redshift range as the MaDCoWS clusters. We find the best-fit ACT SZ mass versus MaDCoWS richness scaling relation has a slope ofp1= 1.84−0.14+0.15, where the slope is defined asMλ ∝15p1andλ15is the richness. We also find that the ACT SZ signals for a significant fraction (∼57%) of the MaDCoWS sample can statistically be described as being drawn from a noise-like distribution, indicating that the candidates are possibly dominated by low-mass and unvirialized systems that are below the mass limit of the ACT sample. Further, we note that a large portion of the optically confirmed ACT clusters located in the same volume of the sky as MaDCoWS are not selected by MaDCoWS, indicating that the MaDCoWS sample is not complete with respect to SZ selection. Finally, we find that the radio loud fraction of MaDCoWS clusters increases with richness, while we find no evidence that the submillimeter emission of the MaDCoWS clusters evolves with richness.Conclusions.We conclude that the original MaDCoWS selection function is not well defined and, as such, reiterate the MaDCoWS collaboration’s recommendation that the sample is suited for probing cluster and galaxy evolution, but not cosmological analyses. We find a best-fit mass-richness relation slope that agrees with the published MaDCoWS preliminary results. Additionally, we find that while the approximate level of infill of the ACT and MaDCoWS cluster SZ signals (1–2%) is subdominant to other sources of uncertainty for current generation experiments, characterizing and removing this bias will be critical for next-generation experiments hoping to constrain cluster masses at the sub-percent level.

A Multi-Step Model of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis.

BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) may result from the combined effect of multiple etiological factors. The relationship between disease incidence and age, as demonstrated in the cancer literature, can be used to model a multistep pathogenic process, potentially affording unique insights into disease development.ObjectivesWe tested whether the observed incidence of PD is consistent with a multistep process, estimated the number of steps required and whether this varies with age, and examined drivers of sex differences in PD incidence.MethodsOur validated probabilistic modeling process, based on medication prescribing, generated nationwide age‐ and sex‐adjusted PD incidence data spanning 2006–2017. Models of log(incidence) versus log(age) were compared using Bayes factors, to estimate (1) if a linear relationship was present (indicative of a multistep process); (2) the relationship's slope (one less than number of steps); (3) whether slope was lower at younger ages; and (4) whether slope or y‐intercept varied with sex.ResultsAcross >15,000 incident cases of PD, there was a clear linear relationship between log(age) and log(incidence). Evidence was strongest for a model with an initial slope of 5.2 [3.8, 6.4], an inflexion point at age 45, and beyond this a slope of 6.8 [6.4, 7.2]. There was evidence for the intercept varying by sex, but no evidence for slope being sex‐dependent.ConclusionsThe age‐specific incidence of PD is consistent with a process that develops in multiple, discrete steps – on average six before age 45 and eight after. The model supports theories emphasizing the primacy of environmental factors in driving sex differences in PD incidence. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Experimental investigation of wave reflection at a wave energy converter breakwater

The wave energy converter breakwater innovation model with an overtopping mechanism with an impermeable single smooth slope was investigated experimentally in the laboratory. Investigations were carried out to determine how the relative freeboard and slope influence the reflection waves. This research is interesting because the main objective of this model is actually to capture overtopping waves to be collected in the reservoir and used as energy conversion, therefore besides the occurrence of wave overtopping through the model peak, one important parameter which is also interesting to know is how the effect of the relative freeboard and slope of this model to the reflection waves in front of the model. The physical model test research was conducted on a two-dimensional wave flume. The single smooth impermeable slope wave energy converter breakwater model is made of a size that can be mobilized by the flume. Several parameters of the model are varied, such as the slope angle and height of the freeboard model. In hydraulic parameters, variations such as incident wave height and wave period are also carried out. The results showed that the 1: 2 and 1: 2.5 slope models generally produce a greater reflection than the 1: 3 slope model. For the effect of the relative freeboard, it is found that the greater the value of the structure relative freeboard, the greater the wave reflection coefficient, with the range of wave reflection coefficient values obtained in this study are 0.1-0.7.