Slope Contours Research Articles

Aesthetically Ideal Breasts Created With Artificial Intelligence: Validating the Literature, Racial Differences, and Deep Fakes.

A female's breasts are integrally tied to her identity and sense of femininity. Despite extensive study of breast aesthetics, there is no discrete formula for the "ideal breast" to guide the aesthetic surgeon. Racial and cultural differences heavily influence preferences in breast morphology. Artificial intelligence (AI) is ubiquitous in modern culture and may aid in further understanding ideal breast aesthetics. This study analyzed AI-generated images of aesthetically ideal breasts, evaluated for morphologic differences based on race, and compared findings to the literature. An openly accessible AI image-generator platform was used to generate images of aesthetically ideal Caucasian, African American, and Asian breasts in 3-quarter profile and frontal views using simple text prompts. Breast measurements were obtained and compared between each racial cohort and to that of previously described ideal breast parameters. Twenty-five images were analyzed per racial cohort, per pose (150 total). Caucasian breasts were observed to fit nicely into previously described ideal breast templates. However, upper-to-lower pole ratios, nipple angles, upper pole slope contours, nipple-areolar complex positions, and areolar size were observed to have statistically significant differences between racial cohorts. Defining the aesthetically ideal breast remains a complex and multifaceted challenge, requiring consideration of racial and cultural differences. The AI-generated breasts in this study were found to have significant differences between racial groups, support several previously described breast ideals, and provide insight into current and future ethical issues related to AI in aesthetic surgery.

New failure mechanism for evaluating ultimate inclined load adjacent to slope.

A new failure mechanism is proposed for calculating the ultimate inclined load adjacent to the slope, i.e., the slope is in the limit state when the critical slope contour and the slope surface are at the critical position where two intersections will occur. The conventional view is that the critical slope contour calculated by the method of characteristics has only a concave shape. This study found that the critical slope contour changes from concave to convex when the inclined load imposed on the slope top surface increases. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the finite element limit analysis (FELA) and the definition of the ultimate load. The parametric analysis showed that the current method of characteristics (CMOC) overestimated the ultimate inclined load and gave an incorrect conclusion since it assumed larger failure models at a low strength ratio or large friction angle. The proposed method does not require assumption or search of the failure models, and it can solve the shortcomings of CMOC.

Investigating the stability of contour ridge system using rare earth element tracers under natural rainfall in the rocky mountain areas of Northern China

Erratic and intensively erosive natural rainfall is becoming more frequent with the intensification of global climate warming, increasing uncertainty and unpredictable risks of the stability of contour ridge system. However, little attention has been paid to the in situ quantitative evaluation of contour ridge stability under natural rainfall. When water ponds in furrows, contour ridges tend to breach, inducing contour failure followed by ephemeral gully erosion, which greatly affects the stability of contour ridge system. To track sediment sources during ridge slope erosion, contour failure, and ephemeral gully erosion stages, ten rare earth element (REE) tracers were applied in three soil layers (total 0.3 m in depth) at four slope positions in-situ runoff plots under five rainfall levels. Runoff plots were conducted with contour ridgess for sweet potatoes (SP) and peanuts (PT). The stability of contour ridges was gradually weakened when erosion form shifted from ridge slope erosion to contour failure and then to ephemeral gully erosion. Ridge slope erosion controlled contour ridge stability, with contribution of 76.28–80.49 % to the total sediment yield. Sediment yield occupied 40.99 % of the total after contour failure appearing and 55.80 % after ephemeral gully formation. The lower-middle slope was the most fragile area for contour ridge system. Rainstorm (with precipitation 50–100 mm in 24 h) played a destructive role in weakening contour ridge stability, which generated the largest runoff (36.81–39.25 % to the total) and sediment yield (46.75–57.84 % to the total). Rainstorm made the greatest contribution to the occurrence of ridge slope erosion (51.64–59.99 %), contour failure (38.07–40.91 %), and ephemeral gully erosion (24.32–30.53 %). When using REE oxides to determine contour ridge stability, the tagging depth above 0.2 m and the uniform binding of oxides with < 0.05 mm particles should be considered. Thus, some modifications to lower the likelihood of ridge failures under rainstorm conditions may be effective to enhance the stability of contour ridge system.

Research on interaction law of longitudinal/lateral slip of mountain tractor based on tire-soil model

When the mountain tractor is along the slope contour operation, the driving wheel will cause a longitudinal or lateral slip due to complex driving conditions. In order to investigate the influence law between the longitudinal slip, lateral slip, and deflection slip, the parametrically modified wheel-soil model, dynamics model, and motion trajectory model were established, and the tractor lateral slope simulation model was built based on MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim software. The simulation results show that load traction has the most significant effect on the longitudinal slip rate, lateral slope variation has the most significant impact on the side-slip angle and lateral slip rate, and the lateral slope and load traction together affect the yaw angle and deflection slip rate. When the lateral slope is 15°, the tractor longitudinal speed of 3 and 6 km/h can maintain lateral stability of the longitudinal slip rate of 0.39 and 0.25, respectively. In order to verify the accuracy of the simulation model, the test platform was built. The results show that the average errors of the absolute values of left longitudinal slip rate, right longitudinal slip rate, yaw angle, and side-slip angle are 14.47%, 13.06%, 12.27%, and 11.04%, respectively. To sum up, the extreme driving conditions of the tractor will aggravate the longitudinal slip of the driving wheel, which in turn affects the lateral slip and deflection slip, and should be controlled to avoid tractor instability.

Daya Tarik Wisata di Sari Ater Hotel &amp; Resort

The increasing development of Ciater hot spring tourism in Subang Regency has encouraged the management to build resort hotel facilities. The design of this project refers to ecotourism principles. The design area is 47,000 m 2 consisting of 23 villa units, supporting facilities and recreational facilities. This project was designed by raising three main issues, namely environmental issues, privacy, and atmosphere. These three issues are then elaborated into the main concept, namely Tranquil Coexistence of Nature and Architecture which means harmony between architecture and its environment. The beautiful scenery of the mountains of West Java and the sloping contours of the land are a reference for laying out the mass composition and zoning on the site. The arrangement of masses in the eco-resort area is made natural by avoiding angles and symmetrical geometries. The concept of an open mass and roof form adapted from Sundanese architecture is a reference for spatial planning and building masses in villa facilities and public facilities using local materials. As an effort to reduce degradation of environmental quality in Ciater, the design of the site utility was made using a water sensitive landscape design approach in which the water element will be recycled and reused on the site. The results of this eco-resort design are expected to be able to contribute to environmental preservation, increase the tourism potential of Ciater hot springs, and increase the welfare of the surrounding community in line with the increasing number of visitors who come.

New Failure Mechanism for Evaluating the Static and Seismic Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings Adjacent to Slope

The seismic slip line field theory (SLFT) is derived based on the method of characteristic, and the critical slope contour calculated by the SLFT is a convex shape when a high surcharge is imposed on the slope top surface. A simple and robustness failure mechanism is proposed to calculate the static and seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing adjacent to the cohesion-frictional slopes where the critical slope contour shifts from the inside of the slope to the outside of the slope with the increase of the boundary load, and the slope is at the limit state when the critical slope contour is tangent to the slope surface. The influence of slope and footing geometric features, soil parameters, and the seismic load on the bearing capacity is analyzed. The ultimate bearing capacity decreases as the strength parameters decreases, and the slope angle and the seismic coefficient increases. The static and seismic bearing capacity calculated by the proposed method does not require the failure models to be initially assumed, and the results are consistent with those of the other methods.

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar versus Inclinometer Ground Surface Deformations at Active Landslide

Rockfalls and landslides commonly occur in the Hawaiian islands. When these events occur along a thoroughfare, they can result in the loss of lives, cause significant damage to infrastructure, and force full or partial road closures, resulting in traffic congestion and commuting delays, sometimes for months. The Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) is interested in historic slope movements along its roads and highways, as this history can guide in prioritizing spending on slope remediation. This has prompted HDOT to be interested in the use of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) imagery for detecting historical slope movements and identifying areas that might pose concern for landslide or rockfall activity. To provide a proof of concept for the implementation of this technology in Hawaii, an InSAR case study of a landslide on the island of O’ahu was conducted to compare the results with available inclinometer data. Two-dimensional decomposition was implemented for opposing orbits of descending and ascending Sentinel-1 datasets. Overall, the results show that when both ascending and descending datasets are used to derive line-of-sight displacements that are resolved in a direction along the direction of movement (typically perpendicular to the slope contours), InSAR analysis can effectively capture inclinometer trends in areas experiencing relatively no or little displacement over time (&lt;30 mm/year) but the accuracy diminishes in fast-moving slides (≥270 mm/year).

Progressive belowground soil development associated with sustainable plant establishment during copper mine waste revegetation

Critical to the environmental sustainability of hard rock mining is the reclamation of disturbed lands following mine closure through revegetation. Improved understanding of associations between above- and belowground processes that characterize successful plant establishment is critical to the implementation of more efficient revegetation strategies for nutrient-poor mine waste materials. The specific objective of this five-year temporal study was to identify progressive biotic and abiotic indicators of primary soil development on mine waste rock (WR) on a slope hydroseeded with native plant species, and to quantify comparative effects of plant lifeform on soil development. Aboveground plant diversity and belowground substrate properties were measured annually at 67 m intervals along transects following the slope contour. Seeded WR was compared to unseeded WR and the adjacent native ecosystem. A temporal increase in WR microbial biomass was observed in seeded WR relative to unseeded areas. Microbial community analysis found the unseeded WR to be defined by oligotrophic microbes, whereas targeted grass and shrub root zone samples demonstrated significant increases in specific cellulose and lignin degrading and N-cycling phylotypes. More extensive chemical and biological fertility development was observed in shrub root zones relative to grass. Ten chemical and biological indicators increased significantly in shrub WR relative to unseeded WR, whereas grass WR was only enriched in bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number/g substrate and bacterial/archaeal and fungal diversity. In addition, the shrub root zone had significantly higher nitrogen-cycling potential than grass root zones or unseeded WR. Thus, both grasses and shrubs improve belowground WR development; however, shrub establishment had greater fertility outcomes. Concurrent belowground fertility development is critical to sustainable plant establishment. Coupled evaluation of above- and belowground metrics provides an improved quantitative assessment of revegetation progress and a valuable tool to guide management decisions.

FITUR AKUSTIK PADA POLA INTONASI ANAK AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DAN KONTROL MENGGUNAKAN FONETIK EKSPERIMENTAL (Measurement of Acoustic Features on Intonation Pattern in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Control Using Experimental Phonetics)

This study aimed to analyze prosodic elements of speech segments of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and compare with the control group (typical development children); 9-10 years old.. The instrument of the research was used as script, which contains interrogative and declarative sentences. Data were analyzed using the PRAAT software. The acoustic features of the measured are the value F 0 , the mean value of F 0 , the initial pitch, the pitch range, the final pitch, and the temporal aspect. The results showed that acoustic measures in speech produced by ASD children tend to vary so that it is difficult to establish intonation patterns. The children produce intonation patterns with sloping contours in declarative and interrogative sentences, and tend to make the final pitch lengthening so that speech tends to show inclination patterns. The dominant variation occurs in the initial F 0 , there is a tendency for the initial F 0 production to be higher compared to the second pitch. Although the intonation patterns of ASD and typical development are different, there is a tendency for the same pattern, namely the lengthening of the pitch in the final speech which has an impact on increasing the total duration or temporal aspect.

Linear polygonal faults initiated Gully system around the margin slope of middle Miocene carbonate platform in the Northwest South China sea

An ancient gully system was revealed in the Northwest South China Sea using high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. They are straight, regular, and intensely spaced sediment transporting routines, and are much smaller in size than channels. The gully system was distributed on the margin slope of the peri-carbonate platform in the middle Miocene. Two different types of gullies were identified based on the variation in the seismic response. Among them, most of the gullies are filled by low seismic amplitude reflectors, except a unique one, developed on the east slope of the study area, and is characterised by high seismic amplitude reflectors. The head of this gully reaches the carbonate platform, which provides carbonate clasts to the gully. The other gullies, expressing low seismic amplitude reflectors, develop limitedly on the slope of the carbonate platform and seldom receive source sediments from the carbonate platform. The gullies sit on the polygonal faults of middle Miocene, exhibit same strike with larger-scale linear ones of polygonal faults. These linear polygonal faults elongate from northwest to southeast, perpendicular to the slope contours, and in the same direction as the gullies. The coincidence between gullies and polygonal faults exhibits that the formation of gullies has been triggered mainly by the polygonal fault system (PFS) in the middle Miocene. These findings suggest that the middle Miocene carbonate platform provides favourable fine-grained lithology conditions for the formation of the PFS, while the linear polygonal faults initiate the gully system peri-carbonate platforms. Subsequently, the following gravity flows shape the initial configuration into the final features, while different provenances and different types of gravity flows create various characteristics of gullies.

Engineering geomorphological and InSAR investigation of an urban landslide, Gisborne, New Zealand

The East Coast region of New Zealand has some of the highest erosion rates in the world, due to its proximity to an active plate boundary, susceptibility to high-intensity storms and steep terrain underlain by young soft sedimentary rock and soil. In the city of Gisborne, expansion of residential blocks into steeper terrain in peri-urban areas has required improved capacity for the characterisation and monitoring of slope stability. Landslides have affected several properties and have destroyed infrastructure. Slope failure commonly occurs during heavy rainfall events when slow-moving retrogressive slides transition into earthflows and mudflows. In this study, we used in situ sampling and testing methods combined with remote sensing techniques to provide an understanding of the pre-failure and post-failure behaviour of an urban landslide in Gisborne. High-resolution aerial imagery, unmanned aerial vehicle imagery and light detection and ranging data revealed slope morphology and contours of prehistoric failures in the area, and highlighted the more recent impacts of deforestation on slope stability. Furthermore, Sentinel-1 InSAR analysis determined that gradual deformation began in 2017, following two ex-tropical cyclone events. Deformation downslope continued until an initial failure in July 2020. Following that event, some parts of the slope proceeded to accelerate, leading to a further reactivation event in November 2021, following heavy rainfall. During this November 2021 event, average line of sight velocities ranged from −7.9 to −11.2 mm/year, and deformation rates in the vertical direction (related to rotational slumping) averaged −11.2 to −11.9 mm/year, consistent with field observations.

Mathematical vector framework for gravity-specific land surface curvatures calculation from triangulated irregular networks

ABSTRACT Land surface curvature (LSC) is a basic attribute of topography and influences local effects of gravitational energy and surface material transport. However, the calculation of LSCs based on triangulated irregular networks (TINs) has not been fully studied, which restricts further geoscience studies based on TIN digital elevation models (DEMs). The triangular facets and vertices of a TIN are both expressions of the land surface; therefore, based on their adjacency relationship, the LSCs can be calculated. In this study, we propose a mathematical vector framework for LSC calculation based on TINs. We define LSCs from the perspectives of the curvature tensor, slope and normal contour direction vectors, and then provide the calculation operators for LSCs based on both TIN triangular facets and vertices. Next, based on a mathematically simulated surface, we find that the TIN-based method exhibits similar effects on the scale as the grid-based methods and very low error sensitivity. In addition, based on different real landform cases with various data sources, we perform experiments involving land surface concavity–convexity and hillslope unit classification by using the TIN-based method. The results show that the TIN-based method can enhance the performance of TINs in landform classification over grid-based DEM methods. The proposed mathematical vector framework for LSC calculation can improve other geoscience studies based on TINs.

Assessing slope failure of soil erodibility problem by soil dispersive identification

Dispersive soils are becoming a common building material. Due to their susceptibility to internal erosion and leakage, dispersive soils should only be used in combination with precise engineering measures to avoid catastrophic failures. Dispersive soils stabilization is critical and has been investigated in several studies conducted throughout the world. Erosion is a significant issue in structures built on sloping contours. As was the case with St. 670+250 Lipat Kajang road in Aceh Singkil. Soil erosion happens as a result of water’s dispersion and transport force. Dispersive soil is one of the factors that contribute to an increase in the soil erodibility index. The objective of this research is to develop a method for enhancing the soil’s dispersive qualities. In this investigation, specimens were prepared in three different soil mix plans (10%, 20%, and 30%) and then tested using a pinhole. The quantity of erodibility that happens in Sta. 670 + 250 Lipat Kajang - Aceh Singkil Regency is based on the results of testing the soil's dispersive properties because the soil in this area is highly dispersive.

An optimized method for extracting slope length in RUSLE from raster digital elevation

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) have been widely used for predicting average soil loss. Slope length is an important topographical parameter of the L factor in USLE/RUSLE. Among the widely studied GIS procedures for extracting slope length, the distributed watershed erosion slope length (DWESL) based on the unit contributing area estimation method, which considers two-dimensional runoff process and cutoff factors, is a relatively complete model for calculating slope length. Slope length in the DWESL model is primarily calculated using conventional flow direction algorithms such as D8, Dinf, MS and MFD-md. However, DWESL outputs require further improvement due to the errors in the usual estimates of the uphill contributing area and the effective contour length of discrete elements. Combined with a theoretical differential equation of specific catchment area on hillsides, the calculation of the DWESL model was optimized without estimating the uphill contributing area or the effective contour length for each cell. The proposed integration method based on the topographical features slope line, contour curvature and cutoff factors (ITF method) was used to extract slope length from the raster digital elevation. Slope length extracted using the ITF method had the smallest error in verification of mathematical surfaces (average RRMSE = 0.0573), and its spatial distribution was more consistent with the structure of the terrain surface for all test data, relative to the conventional flow direction algorithms in the original DWESL model. The proposed ITF method could provide a reference for predicting soil erosion using the USLE/RUSLE model.

Analisis Kavitasi pada Saluran Transisi dan Peluncur Pelimpah Bendungan Kluet – Model Fisik Skala 1:60

River Region of Baru-Kluet has a steep slope contour and high rainfall so that it is vulnerable to flooding while during the dry season rice fields experience drought due to lack of water. Therefore, a dam is built to mitigate these issues. The spillway is a flow-control component in the dam which is used to improve regulation and enlarge the flow rate that will cross the spillway building. Spillway that has a steep slope is vulnerable to hydraulic behavior called cavitation. The experiment was carried out at the River and Coast Laboratory of Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the value of the damage cavitation index interval in each series and discharge variation. Cavitation index analysis method used formula of ratio between local water pressure and flow velocity. Flow velocity and pressure at each outflow discharge was collected from the experiment. The results of the damage cavitation index interval in the 0 series and the modified series are located at level 1 for the transition region, level 3 for the launcher region and level 2 for the launcher region of modified series. It is found that the change in series 0 to a modified series with extending width in the side channel, lowering the elevation of side channel, and displacement sill in the transition channel with the aim of reducing the flow velocity. This change still has the possibility of cavitation damage, but it is much safer than the cavitation results of the 0 series. High quality of materials or concrete are not recommended because they are expensive and economically unfeasible, therefore the use of slot aeration/aerator is a suitable option for this case. Keyword: Dam, spillway, cavitation, model test.

Mega‐scale glacial lineations formed by ice shelf grounding in the Canadian Beaufort Sea during multiple glaciations

AbstractMega‐scale glacial lineations formed by the raking of ice shelves across the seafloor have been reported from multiple polar regions. Here, we present the first evidence of continental slope situated buried lineations in the southern Canadian Beaufort Sea in present‐day water depths of 220 to 800 m. Three separate surfaces with lineations are defined at sub‐seafloor depths of 40 m to 390 m. All lineations are mostly parallel to the general trend of slope contours. The uppermost surface is recognized over a distance of 56 km. In water depths &gt; 500 m the lineations are parallel to each other at a consistent direction (43°–44°). The second lineated surface is a regionally occurring erosional unconformity. This event has two sub‐sets of lineations: mid‐slope situated lineations oriented at 42°–48°, and lineations closer to the continental shelf break at 55°–59°. The third lineated surface is an unconformable horizon buried up to 390 m below seafloor with lineaments oriented between 30° and 55°. All three sets of lineations are interpreted to have been produced by ice‐ploughing on the paleo‐seafloor through the grounding of an ice shelf. Our observations are similar to those documented along the slope off northern Alaska, Chukchi Rise, and Lomonosov Ridge. Collectively, these observations support the concept of an extensive ice shelf across the Arctic Ocean that grounded locally along its margins during multiple glaciations, including during the penultimate (or an earlier) glaciation. The youngest set of lineations indicates ice movement to the southwest with a suggested source in Amundsen Gulf and/or M'Clure Strait. Tentative age considerations for these youngest lineations indicate the first evidence for an analogous extensive ice shelf configuration for the Last Glacial Maximum.

Digital laser speckle technique for generating deflection, slope, and curvature contours of bent plates

A digital method is proposed whereby spatial speckles created when an optically rough surface is illuminated by a diffuse coherent laser beam are used to generate slope contour fringes. This is done by photographing the speckles contained in a parallel plane in front of the plate before and after deformation. The resulting photographs are then fast Fourier transformed twice and numerically compared with the digital speckle correlation software called computer-aided speckle interferometry to produce slope contours of the plate. The slope contour data are then stored in a computational array. The curvature contours are generated by numerical differentiation of the slope data; similarly, the deflection contours are generated by numerical integration of the slope data. The curvature data can then be further used in conjunction with plate theory to obtain the bending and twisting moments the plates experience as well as the stress distribution in the surface of the plate. The method is simple and straight forward. A comparison with several other techniques is presented.

Distribution of Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharinus melanopterus) Based on Habitat Characteristics by the Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) Method in Morotai Waters of North Maluku

Morotai has abundant marine biological resources, sharks being one of them. The blacktip reef shark is one of the dominant types of coral reef sharks in Morotai waters. Worldwide shark are threatened due to the demand for shark fins and over fishing, to protect sharks is important to know their distribution so protected areas can be established. This research aims to examine the distribution of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) based on habitat characteristics in the Morotai Waters. Through surveys and observation of coral cover, using the Line Intercept Transect (PIT) method and the Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) to record the blacktip reef sharks who passed by the coral reef. Water quality parameters measured include temperature, salinity, visibility, acidity, current type, tides, and moon phases. Blacktip reef sharks were found in three of the four research stations. Station 4 was the one with the most blacktip reef shark appearances, amounting to 91 individuals. This station has the lowest sloping contour and has the smallest live coral cover of only 1%. Station 4 is dominated by sand covering 40%. All water quality parameters influence blacktip reef shark occurrence. The highest appearance of the blacktip reef shark happens during the new moon phase, when the tides are loose and the currents are quite strong.

Effects of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Red Soil Slope Farmland under Natural Rainfall

This paper analyzes the relationship between runoff, soil erosion, sediment particles, and natural rainfall characteristics on sloping farmland in the red soil region of southern China. The surface runoff and soil loss data were measured on runoff plots during 66 natural rainfall events from 2015 to 2018 in Jiangxi Province. The results show that the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity (I30) is positively related to the runoff depth, soil erosion modulus, and sediment mean weight diameter (MWD). With the increase in I30 during rainfall, the coarse sand content increases, and the fine sand content decreases. The average annual runoff of slope tillage, hedgerows with slope tillage, straw mulching with conventional tillage, and contour tillage decreased by 32.56%, 65.87%, 83.99%, and 87.30%, respectively, compared with that of bare land. Soil and water conservation measures can significantly reduce slope runoff. The flow-reduction effect of contour tillage and straw mulching with conventional tillage increases as I30 increases, and the flow-reduction effect of hedgerows with slope tillage first increases and then decreases as I30 increases. The coefficients of variation and standard deviations of the flow-reduction effects of different soil and water conservation measures decrease with increasing I30. The average annual soil erosion moduli of slope tillage, hedgerows with slope tillage, contour tillage, and straw mulching with conventional tillage decreased by 59.33%, 91.29%, 97.17%, and 98.45%, respectively, compared with that of bare land. Soil and water conservation measures can significantly reduce the sediment yield on slopes. The flow-reduction effects of hedgerows with slope tillage, contour tillage, and straw mulching with conventional tillage all increase with I30, and their coefficients of variation and standard deviations decrease with I30. The average single rainfall erosion sediment MWD of decreased by 5.91%, 8.33%, 9.69%, and 13.32%, respectively, compared with that of bare land. Straw mulching with conventional tillage can significantly reduce the MWD of erosion sediment, effectively reduce the content of coarse sand, and increase the content of fine sand. Straw mulching with conventional tillage is a very good soil and water conservation measure for sloping farmland. It not only has the best effect on reducing flow and sediment, but also can effectively intercept coarse sand and reduce the MWD of erosion sediment.

New Instability Criterion for Stability Analysis of Homogeneous Slopes

Abstract A new instability criterion based on the strength reduction method (SRM) is proposed, where the slope is in the limit equilibrium state when the critical slope contour determined by the sl...