Slope Conditions Research Articles

Singular Arcs in Optimal Periodic Controls for Scalar Dynamics and Integral Input Constraint

We revisit recent results about optimal periodic control for scalar dynamics with input integral constraint, under lack of convexity and concavity. We show that in this more general framework, the optimal solutions are bang-singular-bang and generalize the bang-bang solutions for the convex case and purely singular for the concave one. We introduce a non-local slope condition to characterize the singular arcs. The results are illustrated on a class of bioprocesses models.

Drought and stand susceptibility to attacks by the European spruce bark beetle: A remote sensing approach

Abstract Several time‐series analyses have demonstrated that after extreme summer drought bark beetle damage increased. However, studies predicting stand susceptibility over large spatial extents are limited by technical constraints in obtaining detailed, spatially‐explicit data on infestation spot occurrence. Using a unique dataset of georeferenced bark beetle infestation data, we tested whether the spatial variation of local growing conditions of forest stands, topography, and landscape variables modified the local occurrence of Ips typographus infestations after a severe hot drought in Central Europe. Bark beetle infestation occurrence depended on soil‐related aridity intensity, elevation, slope, and soil conditions. We showed that elevation interacted with growing conditions and topography. At low elevations, spruce forests growing on flat areas and wetter soils were more sensitive to the infestations. On the contrary, forests on steep slopes and soils with low water availability were rarely attacked. At the landscape scale, bark beetle damage increased with host tree cover but decreased with compositional diversity. Our findings are generally consistent with the growth‐differentiation balance hypothesis that predicts that trees growing under chronic dry conditions tend to be more resistant against biotic disturbances. Spruce stands at low elevations located in homogeneous landscapes dominated by spruce were those more exposed to bark beetles in the initial phase of a drought‐induced outbreak.

A novel empirical classification method for weak rock slope stability analysis

This study presents a novel empirical classification system for stability analysis of rock slopes in weak rock based on their geotechnical and geological properties. For this purpose, consideration is given to the marly rock slopes, which include three main groups of weak rock (lime marlstone, marlstone, and marly limestone). The 40 different slopes located in the South Pars special zone (Assalouyeh), southwest of Iran, are targeted in classification. To prepare comprehensive graphical stability charts for weak rocks, extensive field surveys, sampling, geotechnical laboratory tests, and ground measurements are conducted in slope sites. Using the findings of the study, empirical stability charts for slopes composed of weak materials were developed. The charts are associated with geotechnical indexes, geo-units’ weathering impact, and in-situ stress conditions. Using these graphical charts assists in investigating the stability condition of rock slopes and estimating the geotechnical characteristics of clay-based weak rocks such as marlstones.

ANALISIS KERENTANAN TANAH LONGSOR DI SUB DAS CEMORO DENGAN APLIKASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS

Landslides in Bengawan Solo Watershed can be caused by the increasing area of critical land and continuous process of erosion. Landslides vulnerability also caused by the condition of slope that are sloping to steep, soil textures which tends to smooth and deep regolith. It can affect the activity of the community around the watershed. This study aims to analyze the level of landslides vulnerability in Cemoro sub-watershed as part of the Bengawan Solo Watershed in order to reduce the impact of landslides by using Geographic Information System. Landslides vulnerability is determined by considering factors such as geological type, soil regolith depth, slope, fault and soil texture. Based on the result of landslides vulnerability analysis, the Cemoro sub watershed has two levels of landslides vulnerability which are a low level of 68,17% with 658,4 ha of area and a medium level of 31,83% with 307,35 ha of area. Results of this study is a map of landslides vulnerability which is used as a reference to improve mitigation in the Cemoro sub watershed using soil conservation.

No-Till Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Patterns as Affected by Climate and Soil Erosion in the Arable Land of Mediterranean Europe

No-tillage (NT) has been considered an agronomic tool to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) and match the 4p1000 initiative requirements of conservative soil management. Recently, some doubts have emerged about the NT effect on SOC sequestration, often because observations and experimental data vary widely depending on climate and geographic characteristics. Therefore, a suitable SOC accounting method is needed that considers climate and morphology interactions. In this study, the yearly ratio between SOC in NT and conventional tillage (CT) (RRNT/CT) collected in a previous study for flat (96 samples) and sloping (44 samples) paired sites was used to map the overestimation of SOC sequestration. It was assumed that there would be an overestimation of NT capacity in sloping fields due to lower erosion processes with respect to CT. Towards this aim, Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques and an extensive input database of high spatial resolution maps were used in a simplified procedure to assess the overestimation of SOC stocks due to the sloping conditions and spatial variability of the Aridity Index (AI). Moreover, this also made it possible to quantify the effects of adopting NT practices on soil carbon sequestration compared to CT practices. The method was applied to the arable lands of five Mediterranean countries (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) ranging between the 35° and 46° latitude. The results showed an overestimation of SOC sequestration, when the AI and soil erosion were considered. The average overestimation rate in the studied Mediterranean areas was 0.11 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Carbon stock overestimation ranged from 34 to 1417 Gg for Portugal and Italy, respectively. Even if overestimation is considered, 4p1000 goals are often reached, especially in the more arid areas. The findings of this research allowed us to map the areas suitable to meet the 4p1000 that could be achieved by adopting conservative practices such as NT.

Experimental Study of the Effect of Slope on the Spread and Burning Characteristics of a Continuous Oil Spill Fire

Elucidating the characteristics of continuous oil spill fires for different slope conditions can provide important theoretical support for the prevention of, and rescue strategies during, oil spill fire accidents. For this research, we conducted experiments to observe the spread and burning process of continuous oil spill fires under different slope conditions. The changes in physical attributes, such as flame spread rate, burning rate, heat convection at the bottom surface, and flame feedback radiation, were analyzed for the different slope conditions. The results showed that the shrinking phase becomes difficult to see, and the steady phase disappears when the slope increases in the spread and burning process. When the slope increases, the spread speed and spread area increase, and burning rate decreases. Compared with a non-burning process, the resistance to spread decreases in the burning process. We show that the slope directly affects the spreading process, and indirectly affects the burning process.

DeepBBWAE-Net: A CNN-RNN Based Deep SuperLearner for Estimating Lower Extremity Sagittal Plane Joint Kinematics Using Shoe-Mounted IMU Sensors in Daily Living

Measurement of human body movement is an essential step in biomechanical analysis. The current standard for human motion capture systems uses infrared cameras to track reflective markers placed on the subject. While these systems can accurately track joint kinematics, the analyses are spatially limited to the lab environment. Though Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) can eliminate the spatial limitations of the motion capture system, those systems are impractical for use in daily living due to the need for many sensors, typically one per body segment. Due to the need for practical and accurate estimation of joint kinematics, this study implements a reduced number of IMU sensors and employs machine learning algorithm to map sensor data to joint angles. Our developed algorithm estimates hip, knee, and ankle angles in the sagittal plane using two shoe-mounted IMU sensors in different practical walking conditions: treadmill, level overground, stair, and slope conditions. Specifically, we proposed five deep learning networks that use combinations of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) based Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) as base learners for our framework. Using those five baseline models, we proposed a novel framework, DeepBBWAE-Net, that implements ensemble techniques such as bagging, boosting, and weighted averaging to improve kinematic predictions. DeepBBWAE-Net predicts joint kinematics for the three joint angles under all the walking conditions with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) 6.93-29.0% lower than base models individually. This is the first study that uses a reduced number of IMU sensors to estimate kinematics in multiple walking environments.

Life stages and habitat types alter the relationships of tree growth with leaf traits and soils in an old-growth temperate forest

• Growth of saplings is more affected by leaf traits and soil variation than that of adults in broadleaf trees. • Growth of adults is more affected by leaf traits and soil variation than that of saplings in coniferous trees. • Absolute growth rate is more sensitive to leaf traits and soil variation than relative growth rate. • Leaf traits showed different effects on broadleaf sapling growth in different habitat types. • Soil variation had positive effects on broadleaf sapling and coniferous adult growth in the high-nutrient habitat type. Knowledge of the leaf trait–growth rate relationship is essential for assessing plant physiological performance in forest ecosystems. Intraspecific leaf trait variation may have different effects on tree growth at various spatial and temporal scales. Plant functional-group and life-stage approaches have the potential to clarify the specific roles to understand the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. Our research determined the significance of leaf traits and soil variation in broadleaf and coniferous tree growth across different life stages and habitat types. In a 9 ha Liangshui forest dynamic plot in Northeast China, we used linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) to model tree growth as a function of leaf traits and soil variables in three habitat types with different soil organic matter and slope conditions. Tree growth in the broadleaf saplings was more significantly influenced by leaf traits and soil variation than that in the adults. On the other hand, the growth of coniferous adults was more significantly influenced by leaf traits and soil variation than that of the saplings. The influence of leaf traits on the growth of broadleaf saplings was dependent on the habitat type. Soil variation had positive effects on the growth of broadleaf saplings and coniferous adults in the high-nutrient habitat type. Different functional types can provide different insights into the influence of leaf traits on tree growth. To apply leaf traits to forest management, the relationships of plant functional types, life stages, and local environments with tree growth need to be carefully considered, particularly in mixed-species forests with varying tree sizes.

Structural Characterization of a Toppling Rock Slab From Array‐Based Ambient Vibration Measurements and Numerical Modal Analysis

AbstractAccurate assessments of the internal structure and boundary conditions of unstable rock slopes are imperative for evaluating landslide hazard scenarios. However, instability characterization at depth remains challenging and is often limited by costly or invasive subsurface investigations. Here, we develop a new approach coupling array‐based ambient vibration modal analysis and numerical modeling to improve structural characterization of rock slope instabilities at depth. We used ambient noise cross‐correlation on 4 hr of seismic data recorded by an array of 30 nodal geophones at a 500‐m‐long toppling rock slab in Utah, USA to identify modal frequencies between 0.8 and 3.5 Hz and derive modal displacements. We show that transverse and longitudinal bending modes span the length of the instability, indicating an interconnected slab. Statistical comparison of field results with outputs from >1,000 finite element models with varying boundary conditions showed that the instability depth varies between 40–70 and 10–20 m in the middle and lateral regions, respectively. Our approach yields new information on the structural conditions of rock cliff and column instabilities at depth, which is not easily obtained by other means but is imperative for change detection monitoring and improved hazard assessments.

Predicting the volume of slope failure material using the 2-dimensional limit equilibrium method

Mining operations in areas with the potential for landslides require careful analysis of the risks that will occur so that the consequences of losses can be anticipated early with the approach to predicting the volume of landslide material. This study aims to evaluate and predict materials that are at risk of slope failures on the slopes of the PT. TMR mining located in Bengalon East Kutai District of East Kalimantan Province. The method used is to collect geological data, soil shear strength parameters and earthquake factors and the influence of groundwater on the body of the slope. Estimation of the predicted volume of slope failures based on the area of each slip surface is calculated using the prismoidal cross section method and multiplied by the probability of slope failures. The results show estimated volume of 122,298 m3 if the slope failure is caused by saturated slope conditions and 2,438 m3 if the slope failure is caused by a semi-saturated slope.

Analisis Kestabilan Lereng Metode Morgenstern-Price Jalan Poros Malino - Sinjai Kabupaten Gowa

Malino-Sinjai Road, Gowa Regency is an area that is prone to landslides in the rainy season, where the geological condition is in the form of Baturape-Cindako Volcano unit, namely volcanic rock of Pliocene. The research location is located on Malino-Sinjai Road Km ± 54 Parangloe District and Km ± 71 Tinggi Moncong District, Gowa Regency, the average slope of the study area is >45 °. The purpose of this research is to conduct geological engineering observations on the slopes in the form of lithological conditions, and discontinuous areas on the slopes. Conduct slope stability analysis using software using the Morgenstern-Price method, and provide technical or design recommendations for the observed slope conditions. The research methodology uses primary data, namely data from observations of engineering geology and geometry of the slopes, as well as secondary data in the form of data from previous studies, books and also the results of laboratory tests of physical and mechanical properties of rocks. The results of the study obtained technical geological observation data that on the slope (A) which is located on Malino-Sinjai Road Km ± 54 Parangloe District in the form of basalt rock has a high level of weathering characterized by an average joint distance of 9 cm and the condition of the top of the slope area has been become residual soil, while on the slope (B) which is located on Malino-Sinjai Road Km ± 71 Kecamatan Tinggi Moncong in the form of tuff rock, the level of weathering is still in the mildly weathered category and the solid condition is not visible. Based on the results of interpretation using the Morgenstern-Price method, the slope safety factor value (A) is FK 1.101 which is considered unstable based on the minimum standard of slope safety factor of the Ministry of Public Works in 2014 which is > 1.25. On the slope (B) the safety factor value is obtained, namely FK 1.371, where the slope is considered stable or safe. As for technical or design recommendations to prevent ground shaking, the slope (A) can use retaining walls or retaining walls and for slopes (B) use wire mesh or wire nets around the observation slope.

SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS IN ANDESITE STONE MINING ROLAS NUSANTARA TAMBANG Ltd. IN PASURUAN REGENCY

In mining activities Rolas Nusantara Tambang Ltd. needs to do a slope stability analysis because at that location there has never been a study on the condition of the slopes. In addition, there are several problems that can cause unstable slopes such as slope geometry that is too upright, the presence of discontinuity fields and mining locations that are close to several active volcanoes in East Java, namely Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo so that the potential for earthquakes and vibrations is high and can be affect the stability of the slopes at that location. This study aims to analyze slope stability using the Janbu method in calculating the factor of safety and the Monte Carlo method for the probability of landslides. From the results of the study, the actual slope safety factor (FK) was 1.703 and the probability of landslide (PK) was 0.000% with a slope height of 12 meters and a slope of 850. Then recommendations were given for the overall slope with an overall height of 36 meters and an overall slope of 570, the factor value was obtained. safety (FK) of 2.170 and probability of landslide (PK) of 0.000%. From these results it can be concluded that the slope conditions are in the safe category.

Population dynamics of forest-forming tree species on landslide-scree slopes of the right bank of the Kuibyshev reservoir (Tatarstan)

The dynamics of forest-forming tree populations under conditions of landslide slopes makes it possible to assess the impact and the anthropogenic regulation of the Kuibyshev reservoir on the forest vegetation state. The Shannon index characterizes the phanerophytes diversity in the structure of forests by landslide elements. The integral signs of the activity/stability of landslide processes on the slopes are the trees functional parameters – the trunks height, the dynamics of cross-sectional areas and wood volumes, reflecting not only the different trees populations state and productivity according to the landslide elements, but also the stage of phytocenoses reforestation of along the right bank of the Kuibyshev reservoir.

Removal of the cervical collar from alpine rescue protocols? A biomechanical non-inferiority trial in real-life mountain conditions

BackgroundAlpine skiing rescues are challenging because of the mountainous environment and risks of cervical spine motion (CSM) induced during victims’ extrications (EXs) and downhill evacuations (DEs). The benefits of applying a cervical collar (CC) over manual in-line stabilization without CC (MILS) in terms of spinal motion restriction during simulated alpine rescues are undocumented. Our hypothesis was that CSM recorded using MILS alone is non-inferior to CSM recorded with a CC according to a 10 degrees margin.MethodsA total of 32 alpine extrications and 4 downhill evacuations on different slope conditions were performed using a high fidelity mannequin designed with a motion sensors instrumented cervical spine. The primary outcome was the peak extrication 3D excursion angle (Peak 3D θEX,) of the mannequin’s head. The secondary objectives were to describe the time to extrication completion (tEX) and to highlight which extrication manipulation is more likely to induce CSM.ResultsThe median Peak 3D θEX recorded during flat terrain extrications using CC was 10.77° (95% CI 7.31°–16.45°) compared to 13.06° (95% CI 10.20°–30.36°) using MILS, and 16.09° (95% CI 9.07°–37.43°) for CC versus 16.65° (95% CI 13.80°–23.40°) using MILS on a steep slope. Peak 3D θEX with CC or using MILS during extrications were equivalent according to a 10 degrees non-inferiority hypothesis testing (p < 0.05). Time to extrication completion (tEX) was significantly reduced using MILS without CC on a flat terrain with a median duration of 237,3 s (95% CI 197.8 s, 272.2 s) compared to 358.7 s (95% CI 324.1 s, 472.4 s). During downhill evacuations, CSM with and without CC across all terrain conditions were negligible (< 5°). When CC is used; its installation manipulation induces the highest CSM. When EXs are done using MILS without CC, the logroll initiation is the manipulation inducing the highest risk of CSM.ConclusionFor experienced ski patrollers, the biomechanical benefits of spinal motion restriction provided by CC over MILS during alpine skiing rescues appear to be marginal and CC use negatively affects rescue time.

The Level of Correlation of the Influence of Slope Conditions and Land Cover on the Level of Flood Disaster Risk in Pesisir Selatan Regency

Pesisir Selatan Regency, which is located in the Province of West Sumatra, is one of the areas that has a significant level of flood risk. This is evidenced by an incident where on May 12, 2021, one thousand twenty-four houses were flooded and three of them were washed away, on May 17, 2021, eight hundred houses were flooded, and on May 29, 2021, six houses were damaged by the flood. Factors related to the slope and land cover also become several forms of variables that are able to determine how big the level of flood risk can appear in an area. With the availability of slope data from the DEMNAS website, land cover data from the Ina-Geoportal website, and even flood risk data from Ina-Risk BNPB, of course, it should make it easier for the community and students to investigate the correlation between the three considering that this data is open-source. By utilizing methods such as scoring techniques, GIS technology, and also SPSS, it is possible to find a form of correlation between the level of correlation between the influence of slope conditions and land cover on the level of flood risk, especially in Pesisir Selatan Regency in order to obtain good evaluation results on the importance of alignment in several related data. . The results show that there is inequality where the level of discrepancy reaches the level of 53.16% and then is followed by a very appropriate level of 17.98%.

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Soil Carbon-Fixing Microbial Diversity on Different Slopes in a Degraded Alpine Meadow.

Autotrophic carbon-fixing bacteria are a major driver of carbon sequestration and elemental cycling in grassland ecosystems. The characteristics of the response of carbon-fixing bacterial communities to nitrogen (N) addition in degraded alpine meadows are unclear. In this study, it was investigated that the effects of N addition in three levels [they are low (LN), middle (MN), and high (HN) with N supplement of 2, 5, and 10 g N⋅m–2⋅a–1, respectively] on soil carbon-fixing bacteria on different slopes in a degraded alpine meadow in the Yellow River on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The results showed that there were significant differences in the abundance of some low abundance genera of carbon-fixing bacteria on the same slope (P < 0.05), but the differences in the abundance of various phyla and dominant genera were not significant. MN on gentle slopes significantly reduced the Chao1 index and observed species (P < 0.05), whereas N addition on steep slopes had no significant effect on the diversity. The abundance of the Cyanobacteria phylum and 28 genera of identified carbon-fixing bacteria differed significantly between slopes (P < 0.05), and observed species of carbon-fixing bacteria were significantly higher on steep slopes than on gentle slopes (P < 0.05). Factors affecting the carbon-fixing bacteria community structure include slope, N addition, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH4+), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil water content (SWC), pH, soil C:N ratio, and microbial C:N ratio. Slope, N addition, soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass, and stoichiometric ratio did not significantly affect the carbon-fixing bacteria diversity. Thus, the effect of exogenous N addition on carbon-fixing bacteria in degraded alpine meadows was dependent on slope conditions, and the response of carbon-fixing bacteria abundance and species number to N addition on gently slope sites was threshold-limited.

Suitable coverage and slope guided by soil and water conservation can prevent non-point source pollution diffusion: A case study of grassland

Non-point source pollution caused by surface runoff has been a popular hydrological and environmental safety issue and has attracted extensive attention from global scholars. To identify the optimal vegetation coverage of Festuca arundinacea grassland for controlling soil erosion and purifying surface runoff, bare land was chosen as the control in this experiment. Simulated rainfall experiments were carried out with three levels of coverage (low coverage, moderate coverage and full coverage) under four slope conditions (flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope, and steep slope) and at four rainfall intensities (moderate rainfall, heavy rainfall, rainstorm and heavy rainstorm). The comprehensive evaluation results suggested that the capacity of Festuca arundinacea grassland for reducing the surface runoff, sediment yield, suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased with increasing rainfall intensity and slope but increased with increasing vegetation coverage. Structural equation model (SEM) results suggested that there were positive relationships between the vegetation coverage and purification capacity index and negative correlations between the rainfall intensity and slope and the purification capacity index. The response surface analysis results suggested that the optimal vegetation coverage should be higher than 84% and that the slope should be smaller than 10° for controlling soil erosion and avoiding pollution via diffusion with surface runoff in Festuca arundinacea grassland. This study proposes recommendations for the vegetation configuration pattern in the development and management of runoff purification systems.

A Control Method for the Differential Steering of Tracked Vehicles Driven Independently by a Dual Hydraulic Motor

It is well known that tracked vehicles can adapt well to all kinds of terrain. However, the safety of tracked vehicles should be considered during steering on sloped terrain. This paper focuses on the differential steering control of tracked vehicles independently driven by a hydraulic motor. Firstly, the dynamic model of hydrostatic drive system was built and the kinematics and dynamics of differential steering driving were analyzed theoretically. Secondly, in order to prevent rollover of the tracked vehicle, the method of vehicle speed constraint was proposed. The constraint conditions of vehicle speed and steering angular velocity were analyzed under different slope conditions. Thirdly, based on the analysis results, differential steering control rules for tracked vehicles were formulated. To verify the effectiveness of the control rules, the models of vehicle driving dynamics and Fuzzy PID control simulation were established in MATLAB/Simulink. Longitudinal steering simulation was carried out on a slope (0°, 30°), and an analysis of the simulation of lateral steering along the contour line was carried out. The simulation results showed that this steering control strategy was able to automatically adjust the target vehicle speed to avoid rollover while the driver was inputting steering signals.

EFFECT OF LAND BIOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS ON LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY IN MENOREH HILLS (CASE STUDY IN GIRITENGAH VILLAGE)

Giritengah Village is one of the villages with tourism potential, strategically located in the Menoreh hills, best known for the landmass movement on Java Island. This study aimed to identify the biophysical conditions of the land that could trigger landslides in the Menoreh Hills, especially in Giritengah Village. This research was carried out in two stages divided into identifying the occurrence of landslides and identifying the land conditions. There were 33 landslides in 28 locations, with 3 locations of repeated landslides two times and 1 location of repeated landslides three times in the 2015-2021 period. Landslides In Giritengah Village are classified as shallow slides and deep slides, also a flat slip plane or translational landslide. The trend of landslides experienced a sharp increase in 2018 as many as nine events. A decrease that influenced this trend was community activity in maintaining irrigation channels. Based on the overall biophysical conditions observed and analyzed in this study, there are two patterns of landslide drift in Giritengah Village. The first pattern was a landslide at very steep slope conditions, little vegetation with low density, and not too thick soil solum. The second pattern was a landslide at steep slope conditions, thick soil solum to very thick, and lots of vegetation with medium density. These two patterns create a stronger driving force than the restraining force, making Giritengah Village a landslide-prone area.

EFFECT OF LEAF PHENOLOGY, TOPOGRAPHY AND WIND SPEED ON FOREST CANOPY HEIGHT AND ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION USING OPTICAL UAV DATA IN MALAWI’S MIOMBO WOODLANDS

The study investigated the effect of tree leaf phenology, topography and wind speed on estimating forest canopy height (FCH) and above ground biomass (AGB) using optical drone data in Miombo Woodlands of Malawi. Data were acquired in 2019 from thirteen plots of Ntchisi Forest Reserve, in two-fold; tree measurements from 0.1ha in-situ plots and airborne RGB ortho-images overlaid on the terrestrial plots from 50 ha boxes. The imagery were acquired by DJI Phantom-4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) at ~7cm pixel resolution. These were processed using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry algorithm in Agisoft Metashape Professional software. Malawi’s local allometry was used to estimate AGB while the Analysis of Variance was employed to test accuracy. Results reveal that leaf phenology, topography and wind speed significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected estimation of FCH and AGB using the airborne observations. Wind speed contributed highly (53.95% and 55.52%) to the total variation of FCH and AGB, respectively. Furthermore, wind speed upsurge &gt;5m.s-1 (-666.90±27.62%; -64.78±8.47%), topography &gt;15% slope (-114.53±2.92%; -17.07±2.31%) and leaf-off condition (-188.45±25.62%; -27.80±7.98 %) bore higher errors for FCH and AGB, respectively. A significant variation of relationship (R2=0.71; P&lt;0.05) was observed between ground-based height and UAV canopy height. Nevertheless, the variation of the relationship strongly increased by 10% to R2=0.81 when two plots highly affected by the wind speed were excluded from the analysis. Similarly, a significant variation of relationship (R2=0.81; P&lt;0.05) was registered between the ground-based and UAV-based AGB. Correspondingly, a very strong variation of relationship (R2= 0.95; an increase by 14%) was yielded when the two plots highly affected by wind speed were excluded from the analysis. These findings imply that seasonal leaf-fall, slope and wind speed significantly influence the accuracy of FCH and AGB estimations in Miombo Woodlands. Hence, for accurate results, it is a pre-requisite to consider leaf-phenology, topography and wind speed prior to undertaking ground and airborne inventory in the Woodlands.