Slogan Form Research Articles

What’s in a Name? Legal Fictions and Philosophical Fictionalism

This paper uses analytic philosophy to prevent merely verbal disputes about the concept of fiction within discussions on fictiones iuris. It provides a survey of potentially fruitful connections between legal fictions and fictionalism. More specifically, I will argue that by enriching current accounts of legal fictions in legal theory with insights from (1) the philosophy of language on fictional speech and from (2) contemporary metaphysics on philosophical fictionalism, it seems natural to explore the position that talk involving fictiones iuris is structurally an exemplification of elliptical speech. Such fictionalism about legal fictions illuminates why prominent condemnations of fictions in law – e.g. as blatant falsehoods, shady fraudulences, or legal defects – are theoretical myths, since they fail to distinguish between analytically distinct (ontological, epistemic, alethic, semantic, and evaluative) levels. Moreover, a fictionalist account might even sharpen our sense of which legal fictions are more “innocent” than others. I will begin by introducing philosophical fictionalism (II), before the fictiones iuris will be characterized as an operation in legal reasoning by consulting the Leibnizian reconstruction of Roman Law’s epistemology (III). Sections IV and V seek to provide further clarifications on the ‘fictional’ / ‘fictitious’ distinction as well as the heterogeneity of fictionalist research questions. Section VI then contains a little guided tour through the different analyses of the concept of fiction(s) within fictionalism. Subsequently, I will show how insights from those discussions contribute to demystify some of the most prominent allegations raised against legal fictions (VII). Fictionalism about legal fictions, Section VIII tentatively suggests, might not only harmonize with both classic and recent treatments of legal fictions, but help to also highlight their epistemic values. In slogan form: fictiones iuris are instruments to preserve legal truths worth having.

A Defense of Explanationism against Recent Objections

Abstract In the recent literature on the nature of knowledge, a rivalry has emerged between modalism and explanationism. According to modalism, knowledge requires that our beliefs track the truth across some appropriate set of possible worlds. Modalists tend to focus on two modal conditions: sensitivity and safety. According to explanationism, knowledge requires only that beliefs bear the right sort of explanatory relation to the truth. In slogan form: knowledge is believing something because it's true. In this paper, we aim to vindicate explanationism from some recent objections offered by Gualtiero Piccinini, Dario Mortini, and Kenneth Boyce and Andrew Moon. Together, these authors present five purported counterexamples to the sufficiency of the explanationist analysis for knowledge. In addition, Mortini devises a clever argument that explanationism entails the violation of a plausible closure principle on knowledge. We will argue that explanationism is innocent of all these charges against it, and we hope that the strength of the defense we offer of explanationism is evidence in its favor, and a reason to investigate explanationism further as the long-elusive truth about the nature of knowledge.

Too Easy, Too Good, Too Late?

Plausibly, one important part of a good life is doing work that makes a contribution, or a positive difference to the world. In this paper, however, I explore contribution pessimism, the view that people will not always have adequate opportunities for making contributions. I distinguish between three interestingly different and at least initially plausible reasons why this view might be true: in slogan form, things might become too easy, they might become too good, or we might be too late. Now, one response to these problems might be to deliberately attempt to undo them. However, I claim that this solution is intuitively misguided, and argue that explaining this supports a holistic approach to the value of contributions. Finally, I argue that if contribution pessimism is correct, it could provide an explanation of some widely held intuitions about issues in population ethics, with implications about the practical issue of how much priority we should give to addressing risks of human extinction.

Unspecific Evidence and Normative Theories of Decision

Abstract The nature of evidence is a problem for epistemology, but I argue that this problem intersects with normative decision theory in a way that I think is underappreciated. Among some decision theorists, there is a presumption that one can always ignore the nature of evidence while theorizing about principles of rational choice. In slogan form: decision theory only cares about the credences agents actually have, not the credences they should have. I argue against this presumption. In particular, I argue that if evidence can be unspecific, then an alleged counterexample to causal decision theory fails. This implies that what theory of decision we think is true may depend on our opinions regarding the nature of evidence. Even when we are theorizing about subjective theories of rationality, we cannot set aside questions about the objective nature of evidence.

Peran Literasi Baca Tulis Dalam Menumbuhkan Minat Membaca Siswa di Madrasah Tsnawiyah Negeri

The School Literacy Movement (GLS) which is being promoted by the MTsN 2 Medan school which aims to increase students' interest in books, even if it is only a sheet and frees them to read any book. However, not all students are enthusiastic about reading literacy, even though the school has made extracurriculars based on reading and writing. The research method used was descriptive research using a survey approach. The subjects studied were all students at MTsN 2 Medan from grades VI, VII, XI, however, it was narrowed down to 30 people, with 10 samples taken at each grade level. Collecting data in the study was carried out by interview, observation, and documentation methods. The data obtained in this study were then analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis and focused on using the Miles & Huberman model which consisted of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that the reading literacy activities carried out by MTsN 2 Medan schools provide good results and the growing interest in reading and writing of students. 'an. And the school also makes every class and corner of the school in the form of slogans that are easy for students to read and each class is provided with bookshelves that make it easier for students to read.

Мовна картина світу й енциклопедичний дискурс: когніція, претекст, постскриптум

The article embraces an in-depth analysis of the cognitive mechanism of the conceptual world-image lingual objectivity in projection onto the one of its top verbal results – the presentation of objects, phenomena, events, concepts, actions, processes, states, relations, etc. in the form of slogans, corresponding to the encyclopedia. As a result, the algorithm of universal and specific cognition actions was logically clarified; its impact on the multi-vector procedure of structuring definitions in encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries has been ascertained in succession. Special attention was paid to systematic analysis of such crucial aspects of the cognitive process under research as harmonic interaction of specific lingual resource and borrowings and ideological usualization. The latter one was determined by the replenishment of the political vocabulary replenishment, actualization of previously unactualized nominative units, the extension / narrowing of the semantic scope and connotative potential of the certain lexemes-markers, functional-stylistic, emotional-expressive, and synchronous-evaluative ranging of registered units, and also an adequate lexicographic interpretation of the ideologically relevant information.

Mind the matter: Active matter, soft robotics, and the making of bio-inspired artificial intelligence.

Philosophical and theoretical debates on the multiple realisability of the cognitive have historically influenced discussions of the possible systems capable of instantiating complex functions like memory, learning, goal-directedness, and decision-making. These debates have had the corollary of undermining, if not altogether neglecting, the materiality and corporeality of cognition-treating material, living processes as "hardware" problems that can be abstracted out and, in principle, implemented in a variety of materials-in particular on digital computers and in the form of state-of-the-art neural networks. In sum, the matter in se has been taken not to matter for cognition. However, in this paper, we argue that the materiality of cognition-and the living, self-organizing processes that it enables-requires a more detailed assessment when understanding the nature of cognition and recreating it in the field of embodied robotics. Or, in slogan form, that the matter matters for cognitive form and function. We pull from the fields of Active Matter Physics, Soft Robotics, and Basal Cognition literature to suggest that the imbrication between material and cognitive processes is closer than standard accounts of multiple realisability suggest. In light of this, we propose upgrading the notion of multiple realisability from the standard version-what we call 1.0-to a more nuanced conception 2.0 to better reflect the recent empirical advancements, while at the same time averting many of the problems that have been raised for it. These fields are actively reshaping the terrain in which we understand materiality and how it enables, mediates, and constrains cognition. We propose that taking the materiality of our embodied, precarious nature seriously furnishes an important research avenue for the development of embodied robots that autonomously value, engage, and interact with the environment in a goal-directed manner, in response to existential needs of survival, persistence, and, ultimately, reproduction. Thus, we argue that by placing further emphasis on the soft, active, and plastic nature of the materials that constitute cognitive embodiment, we can move further in the direction of autonomous embodied robots and Artificial Intelligence.

Ideological Underpinning of Political Slogans of Mainstream Political Parties of Pakistan: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Language is not merely a means of communication; it is also a carrier of the ideology of the people who speak it though it may not be easily discernible at times. This implies that language and ideology bear a very close relationship with each other. The present study reports how language and ideology are interwoven in the form of slogans found in the political gatherings and rallies of three mainstream political parties of Pakistan: PMLN(Pakistan Muslim League, N),PPP(Pakistan People's Party) and PTI(Pakistan Tehreek –e- Insaf). To critically analyse the selected slogans,methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) offered by Van Dijk and specific meanings which are not clear to the ordinary audience. The present study also aimed at finding out how the hidden ideology manipulates the judgements and reaction of the public.

Pengaruh Brand Image terhadap minat nasabah dengan Korean Wave sebagai variable intervening (Case Studi Bank Kb Bukopin)

Brand image means things that can be seen or assessed even before consumers or people use a product or service, including how the brand can meet the social and psychological needs of consumers. Since being acquired by Kokmin Bank, Bank Kb Bukopin has issued a new slogan "Bintang Finansial Indonesia" which can meet all financial needs, and become a reliable financial solution platform in Indonesia. The Bintang Finansial slogan has established Kb Bukopin bank in the competitive banking world in market liberalization competition and has made a significant impact in the banking industry, which previously was largely controlled by state-owned banks. This transformation is not only in the form of slogans, but holistically making changes through technological transformation, product diversification and also communicating through the Korean wave. as a brand ambassador for products. So with this transformation, Bank Bukopin's brand image changed to a foreign private bank owned by Korea. This research aims to find out how brand image influences customer interest. The research uses a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to 50 respondents. The research results show that brand image has a significant positive influence on customer interest.

Slogan as Marketing Strategies Used in Makassar Cafes: A Semantic Analysis

This research is conducted to investigate the use of language expressions which were prescribed in the form of slogans which receives less attention in some previous studies. This research employed descriptive qualitative method. This research used field study and contextual theory from J.R Firth (1957). In collecting data, researchers conducted interview sessions between cafe owners and visitors. Results of data analysis show that the meaning of the slogan in each cafe varies based on the concept and situation, but at least among the 20 slogans, there are some slogan that has the same intention. There are 6 slogans lead more to the introduction of their place, 7 slogans lead to the situation that they provide, 2 slogans are more directed in motivating visitors to remain comfortable in the cafe. The function of the slogan that they posted also different from one to another, such as making the cafe more unique and as an identity. The linkage between the slogan and the marketing strategy can also be proven by the existence of interconnected opinions between the slogan’s user and visitors. The presence of contextual theory is also expected to be able to expand the horizons of people who do not only understand lexical language but also contextually.

Affect in Artistic Creativity: Painting to Feel

Why do we paint pictures? We paint them to instruct, to delight or commemorate loved ones, to convey attitudes or emotions, or for money. Jussi A. Saarinen thinks there is a more fundamental motivation that explains the persistence of painting in the digital age. In slogan form ‘painters paint to feel’ (p. 1), by which he means that painters generate ‘highly valued’ (p. 1), affective feedback loops exclusively enabled through art-making. In this way, Affect in Artistic Creativity provides a fresh take on the familiar puzzle of the expression of emotions in pictures. Analytic philosophers commonly distinguish between expressive and non-expressive pictures, understanding expressive pictures to be those in which emotional feeling is conveyed. This distinction is central to the debate concerning how an expressive picture relates, triggers or conveys emotions. Saarinen’s focus is adjacent to this. His interest lies in how the activity of artistic painting provides the artist with access to a peculiarly pleasurable and valuable feeling of being. To this end, his argument draws on work in psychotherapy and analytic philosophy. The result is a substantially novel and potentially revitalizing angle on a well-worn puzzle. For, if Saarinen’s headline claim is true—that there is a distinctive existential feeling that arises from an activity only accessible to painter-artists, and which extends into the painting—then there is reason to revisit the idea of a conceptual tie holding between artist and pictorial content. In this way, the adjacent puzzle would move the needle on the central debate.

How Does Trust Relate to Faith?

AbstractHow does trust relate to faith? We do not know of a theory-neutral way to answer our question. So, we begin with what we regard as a plausible theory of faith according to which, in slogan form, faith is resilient reliance. Next, we turn to contemporary theories of trust. They are not of one voice. Still, we can use them to indicate ways in which trust and faithmightboth differ from and resemble each other. This is what we do. Along the way, we evaluate substantive issues related to these possible differences and similarities.

НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ ПОЛІТИЧНІ ГАСЛА СПРОТИВУ ПЕРІОДУ ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ 2022 РОКУ

Investigated here are slogans, recorded in Internet communication and media space during the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which the authors attribute to the folklorized texts of the folklore of the resistance. Attention is paid to justification of the choice of the research topic, the conditions of material fixation. It is also noted that the folklorist is limited in the ability to communicate with respondents during the active phase of the war. Therefore, the folklore material is recorded from various available sources. If available, its history of origin is described, the way of folklorization and existence in today's communicative space is drawn. It is emphasized that the recorded folklorized small communicative forms – slogans – play an important consolidating role of the people in the rear, unifying – uniting the people and the army as a single force in the fight against the enemy, informative – confirming the indomitable Ukrainian spirit and desire for freedom, democratic values for understanding civilized world and political establishment. An attempt to classify the studied samples thematically was made. It allowed the authors to trace the semantic and emotional-psychological load of these folklorized texts. All texts are classified by the authors into the following groups: slogans-glories (greetings), slogans-greetings, slogans-jokes, slogans-thanksgiving, slogans-statements, slogans-oaths, slogans-orders, slogans-threats, slogans-statements, slogans-requests and slogan-invective. It is also determined that the top slogans of the full-scale war are the slogan-greeting «Good evening, we are from Ukraine!» and the sloganinvective "Russian warship, go…!". It is confirmed that the tradition of using the slogan form of communication during the liberation struggle, active phases of aggravation of political confrontation, military aggression of the "brotherly people" remains unchanged. Traditional Ukrainian slogan-glories "Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to the heroes!", "Glory to the nation! – Death to the enemies!" carry the main semantic load of steadfastness and love of freedom of the Ukrainian people. They are used as a daily greeting among both military and civilian nationally conscious citizens. In the future the recorded material may be the subject of further scientific visions of the folklore of the resistance during the full-scale war of 2022.

Akiba's logic of indeterminacy

ABSTRACT A standard approach to indeterminacy treats ‘determinately’ and ‘indeterminately’ as modal operators. Determinacy behaves like necessity; indeterminacy like contingency. This raises two questions. What is the appropriate modal system for these operators? And how should we interpret that system? Ken Akiba has developed an account of ontic indeterminacy that interprets possible worlds as worldly precisifications. He argues that this account vindicates S4 as the logic of indeterminacy. In this paper I explore one significant and surprising consequence of this view. I do this in two stages. First, I prove a technical result, which I call the Infinite Indeterminacy Theorem. Roughly put, this theorem states that, at any given precisification w, either every instance of indeterminacy admits of never-ending higher-order indeterminacy, or else there's indeterminacy in an infinite amount of distinct atomic formulas. In slogan form: either all indeterminacy is infinitely ascending or else there's infinitely wide indeterminacy. Second, I unpack the metaphysical consequences of this technical result (under its intended interpretation) and assess their plausibility. I conclude that these consequences commit Akiba's theory to highly contentious – and arguably untenable – views about the metaphysics of indeterminacy and related matters.

RETRACTED: Network data mining based on artificial intelligence inference engine

Demand for rapid development of computerized reporting of the contract, the framework program tireless identity of a generalization of electronic records in the form of slogans, is a matter of major concern. In this paper, the term extraction method based on the use of text mining equipment business Word Stat and Compare-Suite Pro, devised a method to imaginative deployment of a large number of Expert System (ES) techniques. These processes include ES categories, including: Rule-based framework, information-based, case-based, wise experts, and based on the main frame fuzzy, object placement strategy, Depending on the position and the study in the article tile sets most repeated words, theories and buzzwords single ES strategy to select keywords. Build a framework for a main sequence induction query based, the extraction process is based on the slogan Policy. Catchword frame is sorted based on the weight of the sentence According to isolate the slogan, the planned a deduction to in data mining. The product will see the slogans of different ES process articles and all other system all the different articles using age-dependent rule set. First, the creation of an induction search to be adjusted to accommodate articles remaining articles produced, and then approve the use of the remaining items. The results show a very high accuracy rate approval. Artificial intelligence is useful computerized assets, can be integrated with information science and research, in order to provide a more feasible, faster way to break down information. Finally, the estimate can be further improved by limiting the policy test equipment for future business plans and receive orders.

Maqasidi Leadership of Minority Religions Figure for Maintaining Tolerance in Manado, Indonesia

Manado's Muslim minority mindset stops social, political, and religious activities. Although Islam is the second-largest religion after Protestantism, this mindset can be seen by the impression that Manado is a 'Christian City' known as the “Tower of a Thousand Churches.” This article describes the strategy of minority religious leaders (Islam) in tolerating the perspective of Maqasid al-Syari'ah. The research data was collected through observation and in-depth interviews with religious leaders from the Islamic boarding school Kiai, IAIN Manado lecturers, and Muslim youth. The research findings show that first, the values ​​of religious tolerance in Manado have developed in the form of slogans, such as "Torang Samua Basudara," " Torang Samua Ciptaan Tuhan, "and "Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou," second, the strategy of Islamic religious leaders in maintaining tolerance through (1) mutual respect for beliefs, (2) fighting for religious teachers and places of worship (mushola) in public schools, (3) creating dialogue forums between religious communities, (4) enlivening Islamic syi'ar, such as majlis taklim, the graduation ceremony for students from all over North Sulawesi, and (5) halal certification. This finding has implications for the Maqasidi type for religious minority leaders in tolerance to protect Muslims' faith.

Emotion: More like Action than Perception

Although some still advance reductive accounts of emotions—according to which they fall under a more familiar type of mental state—contemporary philosophers tend to agree that emotions probably constitute their own kind of mental state. Agreeing with this claim, however, is compatible with attempting to find commonalities between emotions and better understood things. According to the advocates of the so-called ‘perceptual analogy’, thinking of emotion in terms of perception can fruitfully advance our understanding even though emotion may not be reducible to ordinary perception. In this paper, I spell out and motivate a different analogy—that between emotion and action—an analogy which I think can do some important theoretical work. In particular, it constitutes a theoretically fruitful way to think about core aspects of emotions and might in fact be employed to provide a better account of certain aspects of emotions than the one based on the perceptual analogy. Emotions might not be a matter of seeing the world a certain way, but a matter of behaving internally in response to it. In a slogan form: Emotion is the inward counterpart of bodily movement.

A Semantic Analysis of the Political Slogans of Pakistan Tehreek-Insaf and Pakistan Muslim League-Noon

The use of language persuasively and diplomatically in the form of catchy and attractive political slogans plays a significant role in the politics of democratic states. This study analyzes the political slogans chanted by Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) and Pakistan Muslim League-Noon (PML-N) during the 2018 election campaign with the purpose to analyze Pakistan's political slogans from a semantic perspective to highlight the semantic properties and analyze the use of political slogans for presenting positive-self and a negative image of others. Data in the form of slogans were collected by random sampling technique. The data was analyzed semantically by following Leech's (1981) theory of meaning. It was revealed that political slogans are composed persuasively and diplomatically to communicate connotative, reflected, social, affective and collocative meanings. It was also found that Political slogans in Pakistan are chanted for portraying a positive image of themselves and a negative image of others.

The Humility Heuristic, or: People Worth Trusting Admit to What They Don’t Know

ABSTRACT People don’t always speak the truth. When they don’t, we do better not to trust them. Unfortunately, that’s often easier said than done. People don’t usually wear a ‘Not to be trusted!’ badge on their sleeves, which lights up every time they depart from the truth. Given this, what can we do to figure out whom to trust, and whom not? My aim in this paper is to offer a partial answer to this question. I propose a heuristic – the ‘Humility Heuristic’ – which is meant to help guide our search for trustworthy advisors. In slogan form, the heuristic says: people worth trusting admit to what they don’t know. I give this heuristic a precise probabilistic interpretation, offer a simple argument for it, defend it against some potential worries, and demonstrate its practical worth by showing how it can help address some difficult challenges in the relationship between experts and laypeople.

The Disappearance of Ignorance

Keith DeRose’s new book The Appearance of Ignorance is a welcome companion volume to his 2009 book The Case for Contextualism. Where latter focused on contextualism as a view in the philosophy of language, the former focuses on how contextualism contributes to our understanding of (and solution to) some perennial epistemological problems, with the skeptical problem being the main focus of six of the seven chapters. DeRose’s view is that a solution to the skeptical problem must do two things. First, it must explain how it is that we can know lots of things, such as that we have hands. Second, it must explain how it can seem that we don’t know these things. In slogan form, DeRose’s argument is that a contextualist semantics for knowledge attributions is needed to account for the “appearance of ignorance”—the appearance that we don’t know that skeptical hypotheses fail to obtain. In my critical discussion, I will argue inter alia that we don’t need a contextualist semantics to account for the appearance of ignorance, and in any case that the “strength” of the appearance of ignorance is unclear, as is the need for a philosophical diagnosis of it.