Slippery Liquid-infused Porous Surfaces Research Articles

Large-area customizable honeycomb patterned polycarbonate derived from roofing sheet waste for a slippery liquid-infused porous surface

Polycarbonate (PC) is widely recognized for its exceptional ductility, high heat resistance, and impressive transparency, making it a material of great importance and extensive use. However, the increasing accumulation of PC-based solid waste, particularly discarded roofing sheets, has raised significant environmental concerns worldwide. The incineration or incomplete decomposition of polycarbonate waste in landfills generates hazardous by-products such as microplastics and Bisphenol-A (BPA). In this study, we propose an innovative recycling approach that converts low-grade roofing sheets waste into large-area customizable honeycomb-patterned PC, offering great potential for the development of slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPs). The achievement of a highly ordered honeycomb pattern array is facilitated through the implementation of an improved phase separation (IPS) method, employing methanol as a pore inducer and template droplet stabilizer, thereby eliminating the necessity for surfactants or specially engineered polymers. This approach enables the formation of a monolayered pattern array with uniform closed dead-end pores shaped like round flowerpots, holding immense promise for creating SLIPs with self-cleaning, anti-fouling and electrification properties due to the reduction in surface-contaminant adhesion and friction, rendering them suitable for various applications, including smart coatings for rain corrosion protection and falling raindrop energy harvesting.

Infusing paraffin-based lubricant into micro-/nanostructures for constructing slippery marine antifouling coatings

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have enormous potential to substitute for traditional antifouling coatings due to green broad-spectrum antifouling properties. However, the serious loss of lubricants is a major problem in their applications. Herein, anodic aluminum oxides (AAO) with different morphologies were prepared, modified with siloxane and infused with paraffin-based lubricant to explore the lubricant retention capacity of specially-designed AAO. The results showed that pyramid-like cluster structures on the porous surface can offer large space to store more lubricant, forming a barrier to alleviate lubricant loss to a certain extent. Paraffin added to silicone oil crystallized and nucleated through a phase transition by temperatures to reduce the rheological properties of the lubricant and improve its stability. The combination of unique surface structures in AAO and the infusion of paraffin-based lubricant can ensure the long-lasting storage and conservation of the lubricant in AAO, moreover, the thermally sensitive paraffin-based framework can quickly switch and the dispersed silicone oil provided liquid-repellency properties. Antifouling tests showed that paraffin-based SLIPS demonstrated a reduced adhesion of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum to 96 % as compared to that of the flat aluminum alloy surface. This work shows that the combination of the geometric features of substrate and the fluid properties of paraffin-based lubricant can broaden the applications of SLIPS in marine antifouling technology.

A facile and high-efficient method to fabricate slippery liquid-infused porous surface with enhanced functionality

Inspired by Nepenthes pitcher, slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) has been extensively investigated owing to its potential applications required for water repellence. However, the existing preparation methods for SLIPS involve complicated processing technologies and toxic chemical reagents, which seriously restricts practical applications. Herein, we prepared the SLIPS on Al substrates by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation, low surface energy modification, and infusion of lubricant. The optimal laser parameters for the preparation of the SLIPS were explored. The as-prepared SLIPS showed good slippery performance with a sliding angle smaller than 5° for various liquids. A series of performance tests, including knife scratching, repeated tape peeling off, sandpaper abrasion, heating, hot water jet impacting, and long-term water immersion, were conducted to investigate the mechanical strength and durability of the prepared SLIPS, and the SLIPS showed high mechanical strength and good durability. Moreover, the fabricated SLIPS could also resist corrosion solution, avoid contamination, protect the substrates against freezing rain and have superior water collection efficiency in moist environments. Thanks to the excellent performances, the prepared SLIPS has promising potential for practical applications.

Design of an anticorrosion/bactericidal dual functional organic coating based on the slippery liquid-infused porous surface

In this work, a long-lasting slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) was fabricated on an organic coating to achieve both anticorrosion and antibacterial functions. Phenyl-modified etched basalt (PEB) scales were produced to construct micro-nano capillary structures and generate π electrons, which facilitated the retention of lubricant on the surface when assembled onto an epoxy resin layer. Plant oil was selected as a lubricant to introduce numerous –COOH, and was robustly trapped on the surface by π-COOH interactions, which enhanced the durability of the SLIPS coating. Based on the electrochemical tests, the coating displayed superior anticorrosion performance with |Z|0.01Hz values of 1.99 × 1010 Ω·cm2 after 14 days of immersion, which benefited from excellent barrier effect and liquid repellency. The zeta potential result proved that the corrosion resistance of SLIPS coating was further improved by the electrostatic repulsion. In addition, the antibacterial experiment results demonstrated only 0.32% of biofilm coverage and no live bacteria after 3 days of immersion, which implied the dual mechanisms of SLIPS coating in killing bacteria and inhibiting bacterial adhesion. The SLIPS coating with excellent lubricant retention and promising anticorrosion/bactericidal performance possesses tremendous application potential in marine protection.

One-step electrodeposition enables bioinspired SLIPS coating for corrosion inhibition of Mg-Li alloy

Advancements in the fabrication process are vital for practical application of Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) in corrosion inhibition. Currently, the method requires multiple steps, including forming a hydrophobic structure and infusing a lubricant. Developing a one-step strategy is crucial for practical implementation. In this report, we achieved a facile one-step electrodeposition of SLIPS onto a magnesium-lithium alloy (Mg-Li) using a versatile deep eutectic solvent (DES). Acting as the electrolyte, DES facilitates the electrodeposition of a solid-state material, serving as a corrosion inhibiting coating based on SLIPS principle. The as-deposited nanowall material acts as a porous matrix to anchor the DES phase. This DES based SLIPS provides corrosion inhibition and anti-icing property to the underneath Mg-Li alloy. By simplifying the fabrication process of SLIPS, this strategy paves the way for extensive utilization of the coating on various metals.

Transferrable Electrospinning Nanofiber Meshes as Strongly Adhered Scaffolds for Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces.

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) are self-healing protective coatings that can be made by infiltration of a porous scaffold with a chemically resistant oil. A popular method to apply a SLIPS coating is using electrospinning to deposit a nanofiber mesh onto the intended substrate. However, electrospinning only lightly deposits the nanofibers onto the intended substrate, so the coating detaches easily even when unintended. We report a simple, yet effective, solution to the adhesion problem. Electrospun nanofiber meshes are typically well entangled and cohesive, so they can be detached from the electrospinning target and transferred onto the final target. Using a thin layer of adhesive on the intended surface, the electrospinning mesh can be securely attached and infiltrated with protective oil to yield a more stable SLIPS coating. An adhered coating can be submerged under corrosive solution and repeatedly self-heal from damage to the same spot. With the electrospun nanofiber meshes' flexibility and stretchability, the meshes can be fitted around a wide range of targets including ones that are otherwise difficult to apply a nanofiber mesh on. The use of an adhesive interlayer between the nanofiber mesh and substrate is a simple solution to improve coating stability, and the solution facilitates application of SLIPS onto a broader range of substrates.

Biomimetic super slippery surface with excellent and durable anti-icing property for immovable heritage conservation

The formation and accumulation of ice on solid surface is not only a potential threat to our daily life, but also a hazard to cultural heritages, such as murals, grottoes, monuments, ancient buildings. Inspired by slippery inner surface of Nepenthes, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) for anti-icing attract a lot of attention recently. In this work, dip-coating approach is utilized to create a hydrophobic silica layer grafted with long-chain organic molecules. After infusing the oil phase, a three-layer Nepenthes-like structure is formed. The SLIPS shows excellent anti-icing property. It reduces the ice-surface adhesion strength to 0 kPa on non-porous surface and 6.83 kPa on porous surface (sandstone from Yungang Grottoes) respectively. After 35 icing/de-icing cycles, the SLIPS still shows good anti-icing ability. Our results show that the middle long-chain organic layer not only enhances the surface hydrophobicity but also increases its affinity with the oil phase to reduce lubricating oil loss, thus increasing its anti-icing durability. When the anti-icing ability decreases with time, simple re-infusing the oil phase can easily restore the anti-icing performance to its original level. The SLIPSs prepared in this work show outstanding hydrophobicity, ice repellency, durability and satisfying water vapor permeability on treated porous sandstones, which makes it potential to protect immovable cultural heritages from ice hazard.

Development of a Robust Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface with Grafted Polymer Brushes and Its Anti-Biofouling Applications in Marine Engineering

Development of a Robust Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface with Grafted Polymer Brushes and Its Anti-Biofouling Applications in Marine Engineering

A novel slippery liquid infused porous aluminum conductor with excellent corrosion resistance in simulated marine atmosphere

The overhead aluminum conductors are prone to corrosion, especially in areas with marine climates, which interferes with the safe operation of the power system. Herein, slippery liquid infused porous surface (SLIPS) conductors were successfully prepared on pure aluminum (Bare) conductors by anodizing and infusion of silicone oil. The corrosion resistance of the conductors during 30 days of salt spray corrosion and 7 days of energized conditions was studied. The results indicated that the corrosion of the Bare and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) conductors was more severe under energized (alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)) conditions. The exacerbation of corrosion by DC energization was remarkably higher than that of AC energization. The AAO conductor showed better corrosion resistance than the Bare conductor, which was attributed to the porous alumina retarding the medium intrusion. Due to the barrier effect provided by the lubricant layer, the SLIPS conductor always presented excellent corrosion resistance than the Bare and AAO conductors. In addition, the mechanical and electrical properties of the SLIPS conductor were comparable to the Bare conductor and could satisfy the basic requirements for practical applications. The prepared SLIPS conductors offer great application prospects for the corrosion protection of aluminum conductors.

Design of a Liquid Impregnated Surface with a Stable Lubricant Layer in a Mixed Water/Oil Environment for Low Hydrate Adhesion.

Clathrate hydrate is a naturally occurring icelike solid that forms in the water phase under suitable temperature and pressure conditions in the presence of one or more hydrophobic molecules. It also forms inside the oil and gas pipes, leading to higher pumping cost, flow blockage, and even catastrophic accidents. Engineered surfaces with low hydrate adhesion can provide an effective solution to this problem. Liquid impregnated surfaces are examples of engineered surfaces that have already shown tremendous potential for reducing the nucleation and adhesion of solids. Here, we report the design and synthesis of liquid impregnated surfaces with extremely low hydrate adhesion under an oil and water mixed environment. The most challenging aspect of designing these surfaces was to stabilize a lubricant layer simultaneously under water and oil. A detailed methodology to make such lubricant-stable surfaces from a theoretical perspective was described and experimentally validated for lubricant stability. Experimental measurements on such surfaces showed extremely low hydrate accumulation and 1 order of magnitude or more reduction in hydrate adhesion force.

Slippery liquid-infused porous surface by ZnAl-layered double hydroxide on AZ31 Mg alloys

BackgroundMetal corrosion causes tremendous economic losses, including Mg and its alloys. The development of protective coatings is a good strategy to alleviate or inhibit corrosion. MethodsHerein, a slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) was fabricated on the AZ31 Mg alloy substrate, based on ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH). Especially, the electrolyte pH was adjusted to synthesize ZnAl-LDH with different morphology to accommodate the most silicone oil for SLIPSs. Significant findingsA smooth and homogeneous liquid layer was stably anchored in the ZnAl-LDH, forming a SLIPS. Although water contact angle was less than 150° for the SLIPS, the water droplet can easily slide on the surface, presenting low adhesion to the external species. The SLIPS showed the best corrosion protection, with the lowest corrosion current density of 5.01 × 10−9 A cm−2 and largest impedance modulus of 4.92 × 107 Ω cm2. Moreover, a long-term immersion test and stability examinations in harsh conditions were carried out to further evaluate the performances of superhydrophobic surface and SLIPS. The much more stable liquid layer than air pockets made the SLIPS perform better and provide reliable corrosion protection. Therefore, SLIPSs can further promote the wide applications of Mg alloys.

A facile fabrication method of wettability modification of TiAl6V4 based on alkali solution treatment: Superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic and slippery surface

The rapid development of nanoscale surface modification technology has led to the development of superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) in recent decades. These surfaces have excellent self-cleaning and anti-contamination performance, and many studies have reported their industrial applications. Industrial and modern medical applications of titanium are rapidly expanding owing to its advantages of chemical stability, high mechanical strength, stable corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility; however, performing surface modification of titanium remains challenging. In this study, superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, and SLIPS were fabricated on titanium using a simple surface fabrication method, and their wettabilities were analyzed and compared. Furthermore, we succeeded in applying the method used in this study to bulky and complex objects. Chemical and physical analyses were performed to confirm the fabrication, wettability properties, and nanostructures of the modified surfaces. The simple fabrication method presented a significant advancement as there are no limitations in its application to large areas, complex shapes, or mass production, unlike existing titanium wettability modification methods.

Mechanically robust liquid-embedded coating with anti-icing/deicing durability

The slippery liquid-infused porous surface has been concerned for their excellent icephobicity. However, unavoidable lubricant consumption can result in the failure of anti-icing/deicing properties. Traditional coatings cannot escape the choice between anti-icing/deicing property and mechanical performance. This paper reports mechanically robust liquid-embedded coating (MRLC) with anti-icing/deicing durability. The MRLC is prepared by a facile one-step method via adding silica and silicone oil in the process of co-curing PDMS and epoxy resin. The prepared MRLC-5–5–80 have excellent anti-fouling, self-cleaning, anti-icing/deicing and anti-frost properties in high humidity and low temperature environment. This surface remained free of liquid residue and ice within 30 min in supercooled water droplet impact test. In addition, this coating exhibited a low τice (5.48 kPa) and excellent durability. The PDMS polymer and fumed silica serve as oil storage reservoir for the coating to ensure durability, and the anti-icing/deicing durability can be restored by self-replenishing and external-replenishing. More importantly, the coating guarantees anti-icing/deicing durability while possessing excellent mechanical robustness. The liquid repellency and anti-icing/deicing performance still prevailed after various mechanical damages. This method opens the door for production of durable and mechanically robust for various anti-icing/deicing practical applications.

Silicone-Based Lubricant-Infused Slippery Coating Covalently Bound to Aluminum Substrates for Underwater Applications.

Wetting of solid surfaces is crucial for biological and industrial processes but is also associated with several harmful phenomena such as biofouling and corrosion that limit the effectiveness of various technologies in aquatic environments. Despite extensive research, these challenges remain critical today. Recently, we have developed a facile UV-grafting technique to covalently attach silicone-based coatings to solid substrates. In this study, the grafting process was evaluated as a function of UV exposure time on aluminum substrates. While short-time exposure to UV light results in the formation of lubricant-infused slippery surfaces (LISS), a flat, nonporous variant of slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces, longer exposure leads to the formation of semi-rigid cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings, both covalently bound to the substrate. These coatings were exposed to aquatic media to evaluate their resistance to corrosion and biofouling. While the UV-grafted cross-linked PDMS coating effectively inhibits aluminum corrosion in aquatic environments and allows organisms to grow on the surface, the LISS coating demonstrates improved corrosion resistance but inhibits biofilm adhesion. The synergy between facile and low-cost fabrication, rapid binding kinetics, eco-friendliness, and nontoxicity of the applied materials to aquatic life combined with excellent wetting-repellent characteristics make this technology applicable for implementation in aquatic environments.

Enhanced corrosion resistance of slippery liquid infused porous aluminum surfaces prepared by anodizing in simulated marine atmosphere

Transmission aluminum conductors in coastal areas are highly susceptible to corrosion by salt and acidic solutions, which leads to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the transmission conductors and even causes serious accidents of fracture. Traditional anti-corrosion methods have problems such as huge costs and low efficiency, and superhydrophobic coatings based on the lotus effect show poor durability. Herein, slippery liquid infused porous surface (SLIPS) for enhanced corrosion resistance was successfully prepared on 1060 pure aluminum (Bare) using anodizing combined with dimethyl silicone oil impregnation. The corrosion tendency and long-term corrosion resistance of SLIPS in simulated marine atmosphere were investigated. SLIPS exhibited the lowest corrosion tendency than Bare and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). The corrosion current of Bare (7.85 × 10−7 A/cm2) was remarkably decreased by SLIPS to only 1.85 × 10−10 A/cm2. SLIPS showed excellent corrosion resistance in 14-day salt spray corrosion and 30-day simulated seawater immersion. After prolonged corrosion, SLIPS still displayed very low corrosion current and extremely high lubricant layer resistance. The corrosion weight gain of SLIPS was reduced by one order of magnitude than Bare. Under the synergistic effect of the aluminum oxide layer and lubricant, SLIPS presented certain self-healing performance and could maintain good anti-corrosion performance for a long time.

Durability of Slippery Liquid-Infused Surfaces: Challenges and Advances

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have emerged as a unique approach to creating surfaces that can resist fouling when placed in contact with aqueous media, organic fluids, or biological organisms. These surfaces are composed of essentially two components: a liquid lubricant that is locked within the protrusions of a textured solid due to capillarity. Drops, immiscible to the lubricant, exhibit high mobility and very-low-contact-angle hysteresis when placed on such surfaces. Moreover, these surfaces are shown to resist adhesion to a wide range of fluids, can withstand high pressure, and are able to self-clean. Due to these remarkable properties, SLIPS are considered a promising candidate for applications such as designing anti-fouling and anti-corrosion surfaces, drag reduction, and fluid manipulation. These collective properties, however, are only available as long as the lubricant remains infused within the surface protrusions. A number of mechanisms can drive the depletion of the lubricant from the interior of the texture, leading to the loss of functionality of SLIPS. Lubricant depletion is one challenge that is hindering the real-world application of these surfaces. This review mainly focuses on the studies conducted in the context of enhancing the lubricant retention abilities of SLIPS. In addition, a concise introduction of wetting transitions on structured as well as liquid-infused surfaces is given. We also discuss, briefly, the mechanisms that are responsible for lubricant depletion.

Lubricant-infused iron palmitate surfaces with high durability and stable condensation heat transfer

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces are vulnerable to lubricant depletion caused by three major factors encompassing, the evaporation, cloaking, and shearing. Herein, lubricant-infused iron palmitate surfaces (LI-IPSs) are presented addressing the challenges of (1) evaporation-driven lubricant depletion enabled by the immensely clustered micro-/nano-structures of iron palmitate surface (IPS), (2) completely suppressing the wetting ridge even with miscible water-oil combinations enabled by only the handful uptake of oil by IPS. The apparent contact angle θa and sliding angle α of water on LI-IPSs are 98° ± 2° and 3° ± 1°, respectively. Under evaporation-driven lubricant depletion analysis, the shelf-durability of LI-IPSs has been found to last for 10 days in partially open environment at the ambient temperature (25 °C). The heat fluxes and condensate fluxes have been determined. The highest condensate flux on LI-IPSs (14 kgh−1 m−2) is ascribed to the dropwise condensation mode with efficient droplet dynamics. However, the service durability of LI-IPSs has lasted only for 50 ± 5 min under rigorous condensation, which is further addressed by developing a LI-IPS prototype. Based on the excellent wicking capability of IPS, LI-IPS prototype is capable of maintaining the dropwise condensation unless the oil is available in the oil tub. The LI-IPS prototype has been subjected to open environment at ambient temperature for 168 h, and even after that, the stable dropwise condensation has been achieved with the same range of droplet speed as had been observed in the first hour. Meantime, the high condensation heat fluxes at various subcooling temperatures are obtained, justifying the promising ability of LI-IPS.

Why does SLIPS inhibit P.aeruginosa initial adhesion in static condition?

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) have distinguished themselves in inhibiting bacteria attachment and biofilm development in static conditions. However, underlying antifouling mechanisms, especially from gene level in bioinformatics, is still lacking. In this work, we investigated the initial attachment difference of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface and the infused silicone slippery surface (i-PDMS). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the differences in the expression of PAO1 gene on elastomer surface during initial adhesion before and after oil injection. Compared with PDMS, bacterial attachment on i-PDMS was remarkably decreased 98.0 ± 0.7 % within 10 mins. And the antifouling ability of i-PDMS significantly outperformed PDMS throughout the entire culture period of PAO1 (14 days) in static conditions. RNA-seq reveals that the down-regulated PA1382 of PAO1 in bulk near the i-PDMS surfaces may inhibit bacterial initial adhesion. PA1382 gene encodes type II secretion outer membranes (OM) secretin, also known as type II secretion system (T2SS) protein GspD, which is involved in regulating the opening or closing of exoprotein channels, influencing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation by controlling the secretion of toxins or effectors. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism by which SLIPS inhibits initial bacterial adhesion.

Dependence of Slippery and Elastic Properties of Thin Polymer Films on the Grafted Flexible Sidechain Amount

In modern life, people face a wide number of sticky problems when adhesion is highly undesirable: water and dirt stick to clothes, useful materials stick to the walls of their containers and cannot be fully used, water sticking and freezing on airplane wings affects handling and can be dangerous, biological liquids can stick and form clots inside medical devices threatening patients' lives, etc. Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) with pressure stable omniphobicity could help to solve these issues. Lubricant depletion from porous surface and subsequent degradation of omniphobic properties is the major problem for SLIPS. It could be resolved by attaching flexible, liquid-like sidechains to the polymer matrix. Understanding the relationship between the structure of such polymer films and wetting effects is therefore of great importance. The present work is devoted to the study of droplet pinning on crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer films with varied amounts of attached flexible PDMS sidechains and clarification of the relationship between slippery and viscoelastic properties of the films. An one-stage approach to the synthesis of such slippery coatings on smooth and porous substrates in "eco-friendly" pressurized CO2 solutions is proposed. Pinning force and Young's modulus (E) of the films on silicon substrates with variation of the grafted sidechains amount (x) are measured. The non-monotonic dependence of the pinning force on the amount of sidechains is obtained: the pinning force decreases at small x values (region I) and starts to increase at higher x (region II). The effects of the grafted sidechains amount, as well as matrix softening, are discussed for each case. It is demonstrated that the proposed method of film synthesis allows one to obtain thin, uniform coatings on fabrics without gluing the fibers. Such coatings with an optimal amount of PDMS sidechains demonstrate decreased sliding angles for droplets of water and aqueous alcohol solutions, as compared to PDMS coatings without grafted sidechains. The proposed technique may be of interest for deposition of coatings on porous surfaces having a complex morphology, such as textiles, aerogels, porous electrodes, etc.

Durable solid lubricant wind turbine blade anti-icing coating based on saturated chain polyhydrocarbons

The use of anti-icing coatings and surfaces can be an effective solution to the problem of icing on infrastructure equipment such as wind turbines. Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) are receiving increasing attention due to their stability under droplet impact, high humidity tolerance, and low ice adhesion strength. Nevertheless, since SLIPS uses a sacrificial liquid lubricating fluid for deicing, improving the durability and economy of SLIPS is an important challenge at present. The present research aimed to prepare a cross-linked solid lubricant SLIPS using a simple coating method, and compare it with a SLIPS using liquid paraffin as a lubricant to study their wettability, impact resistance, freezing time, and ice adhesion strength. The results showed that the solid lubricant could bond well to the substrate material and that the surface presented hydrophobicity, which effectively repelled water droplets. Furthermore, the coating has good delayed icing properties and high durability in different environments. Compared with the SLIPS, which uses liquid lubricants, the solid lubricant has almost no lubricant loss after 8 h of rainwater impact, and it offers better environmental friendliness. After 15 icing/deicing tests, the ice adhesion strength still reaches a low 44.1 kPa. In addition, the stable performance and low price of the solid lubricant make the coating a good candidate for the development of a practical ice-repellent coating that can be used to solve the problem of ice accumulation on wind turbine blades in humid alpine regions.