Slim Type Research Articles

Influence of size-anatomy of the maxillary central incisor on the biomechanical performance of post-and-core restoration with different ferrule heights.

The study aims to investigate the influence of the ferrule effect and types of posts on the stress distribution in three morphological types of the maxillary central incisor. Nine models were created for 3 maxillary central incisor morphology types: "Fat" type - crown 12.5 mm, root 13 mm, and buccolingual cervical diameter 7.5 mm, "Medium" type - crown 11 mm, root 14 mm, and buccolingual cervical diameter 6.5 mm, and "Slim" type - crown 9.5 mm, root 15 mm, and buccolingual cervical diameter 5.5 mm. Each model received an anatomical castable post-and-core or glass-fiber post with resin composite core and three ferrule heights (nonexistent, 1 mm, and 2 mm). Then, a load of 14 N was applied at the cingulum with a 45° slope to the long axis of the tooth. The Maximum Principal Stress and the Minimum Principal Stress were calculated in the root dentin, crown, and core. Higher tensile and compression stress values were observed in root dentin using the metallic post compared to the fiber post, being higher in the slim type maxillary central incisor than in the medium and fat types. Concerning the three anatomical types of maxillary central incisors, the slim type without ferrule height in mm presented the highest tensile stress in the dentin, for both types of metal and fiber posts. Post system and tooth morphology were able to modify the biomechanical response of restored endodontically-treated incisors, showing the importance of personalized dental treatment for each case.

Estimation of Human Errors During Cargo Unloading Operations on Bulk Carriers Using SLIM and Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Sets

Estimation of Human Errors During Cargo Unloading Operations on Bulk Carriers Using SLIM and Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Sets

Body composition analysis for non-athlete urban schoolgirls in the pubertal stage

Background and Study Purpose. Body composition analysis by bioimpedance is a modern investigation method that provides additional and relevant information, compared to the classical assessment, based only on BMI levels. The purpose of the research is to compare body composition parameters for secondary school girls, according to the stages of puberty and to identify the differences that appear between these stages. Material and Methods. The investigated group was made up of 115 non-athlete girls from the urban environment, divided into two distinct age categories: 10-12 years/55 cases (Under 12 with age=10.97±0.40, BMI=19.53±3.71, percentiles BMI=65.52± 25.78) and 12-13 years/end of puberty/60 cases (Over 12 with age=12.30±0.30 BMI=20.72±3.62, BMI percentiles=66.13±28.23). The assessment carried out with Inbody 720/Biospace (Korea). Results. Reporting to the percentile ranges indicates the absence of Underweight cases for the Over 12 group and only 7.27% of the Under 12 group falls within these values. In both groups, the Normal Weight class dominates (67.27% for Under 12 and 63.34% for Over 12), and the percentages of Overweight and Obese cases are higher for Over 12 (23.33% and 13.33%, respectively). The distribution according to body composition indicates the slim type for about a quarter of the students of both groups, but also the placement of a large number of subjects in the Chubby/normal type category (29.10% for Under 12 and 20% for Over 12). According to the percentage of mass fat, the Over 12 group has a double percentage of Obesity for high level, compared to Under 12 group (23.33% vs. 10.90%). The Over 12 group has statistically higher values (P<0.05) for body fat mass (BFM), Skeletal lean mass (SLM), fat free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) and has a much higher number of cases reporting abdominal obesity/ waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (33.34% vs. 14.55%). Conclusions. The analysis of body composition by bioimpedance allowed the precise identification of the ratio between the main components of the body, clearly highlighting the cases with problems related to the very high percentage of fat mass. In this sense, for many girls who fell according to the BMI percentiles in the Normal Weight category, the low percentage of muscle tissue and the excessive amounts of fat generated the reclassification in the Chubby/normal type or Obese/excessive fat type categories. The results confirm the increase in percentages of overweight and obese children for the last stage of puberty.

Analisis Destruction Test Tower Sutet dibandingkan dengan Software Ms Tower dan SAP 2000

The transmission line system which is currently growing rapidly in Sumatra, requires a reliable interconnection network to meet the electricity demand for the West Sumatra region. PT. PLN as a provider of electricity businesses in Indonesia conducted planning and destruction tests to design a new model Extra High Voltage Transmission Line (SUTET) tower with specification of 66.6 meters height, slim type tower, 275 kV, lattice BB+15, quadrapole zebra (435/55 mm2) 2 cct. This research aims to study tower collapse behavior caused by working loads, analyze and compare the suitability level of tower deformation and natural frequency among MS Tower, SAP 2000 space truss analysis, SAP 2000 space frame analysis with destruction test results. SAP 2000 space frame deformation analysis shows that the tower is unstable in the Leg section. The analysis of natural frequency and the mode shape in the SAP 2000 space frame analysis is close to the value of the natural frequency destruction test with a deviation of 30%. The tower collapse occurred due to imperfection geometry on the legs section, resulting in a global collapse. Improvements in the form of adding equal angle to the hip bracing were carried out, the result was able to withstand a load case load of 9870 up to 100%. Space frame analysis on SAP 2000 is closer to MS Tower, this can be seen from the deformation and natural frequency values that approach each other from the two analyses.

Natural nasal\u2013esophageal fiberscopy in the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014preventing sneezing without anesthesia: a case report

BackgroundWe are laryngologists. We observe natural phonatory and swallowing functions in clinical examinations with a trans-nasal laryngeal fiberscope (TNLF). Before each observation, we use epinephrine to enlarge and smooth the common nasal meatus (bottom of nostril) and then insert a wet swab inside the nose, as in taking a swab culture in the nasopharynx. During the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, this careful technique prevents any complications, including nasal bleeding, painfulness, and induced sneezing. Here, we introduce our routine to observe esophageal movement in swallowing in a natural (sitting) position without anesthesia.Case presentationThe case was a 70-year-old female who complained that something was stuck in her esophagus; there was a strange sensation below the larynx and pharynx. After enlarging and smoothing the common nasal meatus, we inserted the TNLF (slim type ⌀2.9 mm fiberscope, VNL8-J10, PENTAX Medical, Tokyo, Japan.) in the normal way. We then observed the phonatory and swallowing movements of the vocal folds. As usual, to not interfere with natural movements, we used no anesthesia. We found no pathological condition in the pyriform sinus. We asked the patient to swallow the fiberscope. During the swallow, we pushed the TNLF and inserted the tip a bit deeper, which made the fiberscope easily enter the esophagus, like in the insertion of a nasogastric tube. We then asked the patient to swallow a sip of water or saliva to clear and enlarge the lumen of the esophagus. This made it possible to observe the esophagus easily without any air supply. With tone enhancement scan, the esophagus was found to be completely normal except for glycogenic acanthosis.ConclusionsThe advantage of this examination is that it is easily able to perform without anesthesia and with the patient in sitting position. It is quick and minimally invasive, enabling observation the physiologically natural swallowing. It is also possible to observe without anesthesia down to the level of the esophagogastric junction using with a thin type flexible bronchoscope. In the future, gastric fiberscopes might be thinner, even with narrow band imaging (NBI) function. Before that time, physicians should remember to just insert along the bottom of the nose.

Arthrofibrosis following primary total hip arthroplasty: a distinct clinical entity

Arthrofibrosis is a relatively frequent complication after total knee arthroplasty. Although stiffness after total hip arthroplasty (THA), because of formation of heterotopic ossification or other causes, is not uncommon, to the authors' best knowledge, arthrofibrosis after THA has not been described. The aim of this study is to describe the arthrofibrosis of the hip after primary THA using an established clinical and histological classification of arthrofibrosis. We retrospectively examined all patients who were histologically confirmed to have arthrofibrosis after primary THA during revision surgery by examination of tissue samples in our clinic. Arthrofibrosis was diagnosed according to the histopathological SLIM-consensus classification, which defines seven different SLIM types of the periimplant synovial membrane. The SLIM type V determines the diagnosis of endoprosthesis-associated arthrofibrosis. The study population consists of 66 patients who were revised due to arthrofibrosis after primary THA. All patients had a limitation in range of motion prior to revision with a mean flexion of 90° (range from 40 to 125), mean internal rotation of 10° (range from 0 to 40) and mean external rotation of 20° (range from 0 to 50). All patients had histological SLIM type V arthrofibrosis, corresponding to endoprosthesis-associated arthrofibrosis. Histological examination revealed that seven patients (10.6%) had particle-induced and 59 patients (89.4%) had non-particle-induced arthrofibrosis. This is the first description of endoprosthetic-associated arthrofibrosis after primary THA on the basis of a well-established histological classification. Our study results could enable new therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities in patients with such an arthrofibrosis. Surgeons should keep arthrofibrosis as a possible cause for stiffness and pain after primary THA in mind. Diagnostic study, Level of Evidence IV.

Heterotopic Ossification in Orthopaedic and Trauma surgery: A Histopathological Ossification Score

Heterotopic Ossification (HO) is a potential long-term complication in orthopaedic surgery. It is commonly classified according to the Brooker classification, which is based on radiological findings. To our knowledge the correlation of histological features to the Brooker grade is unknown as is the association between HO and the indication for revision. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ossification grade of HO tissue in patients undergoing revision hip and knee arthroplasty and to propose a histologically based classification system for HO. We also assess the relationship between the grade of HO and the indication for revision (septic and aseptic revision). From January to May 2019 we collected 50 human HO samples from hip and knee revision arthroplasty cases. These tissue samples were double-blinded and sent for histopathological diagnostic. Based on these results, we developed a classification system for the progression of HO. The grade of ossification was based on three characteristics: Grade of heterotopic ossification (Grade 1–3), presence of necrosis (N0 or N1) and the presence of osteomyelitis (HOES-Score Type 1 to 5). Demographic data as well as surgical details and indication for surgery was prospectively collected from clinical records. Fifty tissue samples were harvested from 44 hips and 6 knee joints. Of these 33 exhibited Grade I ossifications (66%), followed by 11 Grade II (22%) and one Grade III (2%). Necrosis was noted in two tissue samples (4%) and 2 more had osteomyelitis findings according to HOES-Score. Six samples (12%) with radiologically suggestive of HO turned out to be wear-induced synovitis, SLIM Type 1. Of these cases 16 were septic (32%) and 34 aseptic (68%) revisions. Most of the HO tissue samples were classified as a low-grade. High-grade ossification-Score is rare. Higher grades of ossification seem to be associated with septic revision cases. Wear-induced synovitis potentially influences HO development. A histological scoring system for ossification grading can be derived from the data presented in this study.

슬림형 이중외피 창호 시스템의 단열성능 시험 및 시뮬레이션 결과 비교 분석

슬림형 이중외피 창호 시스템의 단열성능 시험 및 시뮬레이션 결과 비교 분석

Investigation of Slim Type BLDC Motor Drive with Torque Ripple Minimization using Abridged Space-Vector PWM Control Method

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are becoming an increasingly popular motor of choice for its unique characteristics. The BLDC motor drive is assumed to have trapezoidal back-electromotive force (EMF), rectangular phase currents and together produces the desired torque. However, practical back-EMF waveform might not be exactly trapezoidal because of current ripple, design considerations and manufacturing limitations. The adverse effect is the torque ripple generated due to the current ripple that causes mechanical vibration, acoustic noise and affects the accuracy of speed and position control which is not desirable in motor operation. In this paper an algorithm is developed to control and minimize the generated torque ripple using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) scheme. The efficiency improvement of slim type BLDC motor is confirmed using MATLAB environment and low cost TI Piccolo F28035 microcontroller (MC).

Usefulness of a novel slim type FlushKnife-BT over conventional FlushKnife-BT in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection.

AIMTo investigated the usefulness of a novel slim type ball-tipped FlushKnife (FlushKnife-BTS) over ball-tipped FlushKnife (FlushKnife-BT) in functional experiments and clinical practice.METHODSIn order to evaluate the functionality of FlushKnife-BTS, water aspiration speed, resistance to knife insertion through the scope, and waterjet flushing speed were compared between FlushKnife-BTS and BT. In clinical practice, esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) performed using FlushKnife-BTS or BT by an experienced endoscopist between October 2015 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The treatment speed and frequency of removing and reinserting the knife to aspirate fluid and air during ESD sessions were analyzed.RESULTSFunctional experiments revealed that water aspiration speed by the endoscope equipped with a 2.8-mm working channel with FlushKnife-BTS was 7.7-fold faster than that with conventional FlushKnife-BT. Resistance to knife insertion inside the scope with a 2.8-mm working channel was reduced by 40% with FlushKnife-BTS. The waterjet flushing speed was faster with the use of FlushKnife-BT. In clinical practice, a comparison of 6 and 7 ESD using FlushKnife-BT and BTS, respectively, revealed that the median treatment speed was 25.5 mm2/min (range 19.6-30.3) in the BT group and 44.2 mm2/min (range 15.5-55.4) in the BTS group (P = 0.0633). However, the median treatment speed was significantly faster with FlushKnife-BTS when the resection size was larger than 1000 m2 (n = 4, median 24.2 mm2/min, range 19.6-27.7 vs n = 4, median 47.4 mm2/min, range 44.2-55.4, P = 0.0209). The frequency of knife replacement was less in the BTS group (median 1.76 times in one hour, range 0-5.45) than in the BT group (7.02 times in one hour, range 4.23-15) (P = 0.0065).CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that FlushKnife-BTS enhances the performance of ESD, particularly for large lesions, by improving air and fluid aspiration and knife insertion during ESD and reducing the frequency of knife removal and reinsertion.

Mo1071 The Usefulness of a Novel Slim Type Flush Knife-BT Compared to the Conventional Flush Knife-BT

Mo1071 The Usefulness of a Novel Slim Type Flush Knife-BT Compared to the Conventional Flush Knife-BT

Men’s Hunger, Food Consumption, and Preferences for Female Body Types

Nelson and Morrison (2005 , study 3) reported that men who feel hungry preferred heavier women. The present study replicates these results by using real photographs of women and examines the mediation effect of hunger scores. Men were solicited while entering or leaving a restaurant and asked to report their hunger on a 10-point scale. Afterwards, they were presented with three photographs of a woman in a bikini: One with a slim body type, one with a slender body type, and one with a slightly chubby body. The participants were asked to indicate their preference. Results showed that the participants entering the restaurant preferred the chubby body type more while satiated men preferred the thinner or slender body types. It was also found that the relation between experimental conditions and the choices of the body type was mediated by men’s hunger scores.

The effect of wearing sanitary napkins of different thicknesses on physiological and psychological responses in Muslim females.

BackgroundMenstruation is associated with significant unpleasantness, and wearing a sanitary napkin (SN) during menses causes discomfort. In addition, many Muslim women use a thick type of SN during menses due to the religious requirement that even disposable SNs be washed before disposal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure the physiological and psychological responses to wearing SNs of different thicknesses during menstruation and non-menstruation phases at rest and during physical activity/exercise among Muslim women.MethodsEighteen Muslim females were randomly assigned to wear an ultra slim type (US, thin) or a maxi type (MT, thick) SN on two different occasions (i.e., during non-menses and menses). Each subject tested both types of SN. Upon arriving at the laboratory, each subject was equipped with an ambulatory electrocardiograph and rested in a seated position for 10 min. She was then given either an US or MT SN, put it in place, and rested in a seated position for 10 min. Each subject then walked at 3 km/h for 10 min, sat resting for 10 min, and then walked at 5 km/h for another 10 min. At the end of each 10-min stage, subjects marked their feelings of discomfort on the visual analog scale (VAS). Perceived exertion during exercise was evaluated using the Borg scale. Heart rate and low frequency-to-high frequency ratio (LF/HF) of heart rate variability were continuously recorded during rest and exercise.ResultsDuring both the non-menses and menses trials, VAS and LF/HF were significantly lower in subjects using the US SN compared to the MT SN. These results indicate that when wearing the US SN, subjects were more comfortable and did not increase sympathetic activities. Meanwhile, perceived exertion during exercise had no significant difference between US and MT although the means of the scores for US tended to be lower than those of MT.ConclusionsThe results of this study (VAS and LF/HF) indicate that wearing an US SN induces less physiological and psychological stress compared to wearing a MT SN. Thus, use of the former will empower women to live their lives with vitality during menses.

의료 종사자들의 의료 가운 선호도 실태 조사

This study's goal was to obtain basic data about the functional gowns of health care providers. 828 health care providers, including 150 doctors, 224 dentists, 202 nurses, 61 physical therapists and 191 medical technicians, living in Seoul and Daejeon areas, participated in this survey. A questionnaire was created using 15 items about the current health care providers' gowns. 15 items were consisted of 3 parts; satisfaction rate and activity (part 1), preference the details of medical gown (part 2), and personal information (part 3). In this study, "wearer activity" was the main concern for them and the majority of respondents, regardless of their age and type of work, preferred the V neckline, short gown length (waist line), loose sleeves and anti-bacterial textiles. Only the doctors preferred the full sleeves, whereas, the others preferred short sleeves. The younger health care providers showed a slightly higher preference for the slim type gown, while the older providers preferred the straight type. In this study, most health care providers were not satisfied with their current gowns, except dentists. Physical therapist answered the highest score of dissatisfied for current wearing medical gown among the all health care professionals. The 20's answered the highest score of dissatisfaction among the all generation.

다중 슬림형 감쇠장치의 개발 및 성능 실험

For the vibration control of residential buildings, a multiple type slim damper system is developed and dynamic performance test is performed in this study. In conventional damping systems, larger installation space is required in order to achieve acceptable seismic performance, and as a result, it is difficult to determine efficient damping capacity of the device. The proposed damping device is composed of several small slim type dampers and linkage units. It can control damping capacity easily by changing the number of the small damper. To evaluate the proposed damping device, three slim type dampers (single-type, triple-type and penta-type) are designed and manufactured in real scale. Dynamic loading tests are performed by using the three manufactured dampers. From the tests, it is shown that damping coefficient is proportional to the number of the damper combined. Thus, test results validates the practicality of the proposed slim type dampers. applying nonlinear curve fitting technique, numerical model of the dampers are developed and presented.

Confirmation of physical growth pattern in children with a slim body type: analysis of longitudinal data in Korean youth

There is little research carried into physical growth in obesity, and there is even less carried out into physical growth in slimness. In this study, using data on Koreans, who are racially similar to Japanese, we classified subjects into slim and medium types, and analyzed longitudinal growth data for height and weight in these two groups. The study groups comprised 600 boys and 501 girls in the final year of high school selected from schools in Busan, South Korea, and in a suburb of Busan. We identified the age at maximum peak velocity (MPV) in growth during puberty derived from the growth velocity curves for height using the wavelet interpolation method, and determined the levels of maturity. We also retrospectively analyzed the rate of appearance of the slim and moderate types back to the first year of elementary school, and investigated genetic elements by examining the proportion of slim children who remained slim. The proportions of boys and girls classified as slim in grade 1 were 26% and 38%, respectively, in relation to those classified as slim in the final year. The ages at MPV for height were 14.11 years (SD 1.07) among medium-type boys and 14.68 years (SD 1.01) among slim boys. The ages at MPV for height were 12.05 years (SD 1.30) among medium-type girls and 12.18 years (SD 1.36) among slim girls. The ages at MPV for height were significantly different (P < 0.05) between slim and medium-type boys, but were not significantly different in girls.

A new body mass estimation ofBrachiosaurus brancaiJanensch, 1914 mounted and exhibited at the Museum of Natural History (Berlin, Germany)

Body mass and surface areas are important in several aspects for an organism living today. Therefore, mass and surface determinations for extinct dinosaurs could be important for paleo-biological aspects as well. Based on photogrammetrical measurement the body mass and body surface area of the Late Jurassic Brachiosaurus brancai Janensch, 1914 from Tendaguru (East Africa), a skeleton mounted and exhibited at the Museum of Natural History in Berlin (Germany), has been re-evaluated. We determined for a slim type of 3D reconstruction of Brachiosaurus brancai a total volume of 47.9 m3 which represents, assuming a mean tissue density of 0.8 kg per 1,000 cm3, a total body mass of 38,000 kg. The volume distributions from the head to the tail were as follows: 0.2 m3 for the head, neck 7.3 m3, fore limbs 2.9 m3, hind limbs 2.6 m3, thoracic-abdominal cavity 32.4 m3, tail 2.2 m3. The total body surface area was calculated to be 119.1 m2, specifically 1.5 m2 for the head, 26 m2 neck, fore limbs 18.8 m2, hind limbs 16.4 m2, 44.2 m2 thoracic-abdominal cavity, and finally the tail 12.2 m2. Finally, allometric equations were used to estimate presumable organ sizes of this extinct dinosaur and to test whether their dimensions really fit into the thoracic and abdominal cavity of Brachiosaurus brancai if a slim body shape of this sauropod is assumed. doi:10.1002/mmng.200700011

Micro thermal design of swing arm type small form factor optical pick-up system

New multimedia information environment requires smaller optical data storage systems. However, one of the difficulties in the design of small form factor (SFF) optical pick-up is to emit the heat which is usually generated from laser diode (LD). The generated heat may reduce the optical performance of the system as well as the lifetime of LD. Therefore, it is important to include the thermal consideration in the development of SFF optical pick-up system for the high performance and longer lifetime of LD. It is also necessary to analyze the thermal characteristics of LD by the micro heat transfer analysis. In this study, micro heat transfer analysis was performed using the finite element method for the 28 × 11 × 2 mm3 super slim swing-arm type actuator of the optical pick-up in the Blu-ray disk (BD) format. Two different materials were used for a swing-arm; a double layer structure of polycarbonate/steel and a single layer structure of aluminum. The heat generated from LD (80 × 400 × 600 μm3) ranges from 100 to 250 mW. The maximum temperature at the LD is 78.9°C for the case of polycarbonate/steel swing-arm optical pick-up when the heat generation and the convection coefficient are 250 mW and 25 W/m2 K, respectively. On the other hand, it is 52.87°C for the case of aluminum swing-arm under the same conditions. The result of simulation indicates that the single layer structure of aluminum actuator is more suitable for the for the SFF optical pick-up in the viewpoint of heat release.

Slim Patch Type을 이용한 카페인의 경피흡수에 관한 연구

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and optimize permeability of slim patch type as a transdermal delivery system of caffein. Slim patch type was formulated and tested in modified Franz diffusion cell across cellulose membrane and hairless mouse skin in pH 5.8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The effect of and drug concentration on permeation at four model, 1,2% with caffein and 0.12, caffein with 2% through hairless mouse skin was studied in vitro. The release of caffein from slim patch with various loading was fitted by the Higuchi's diffusion equation. The result showed that chemical produced a large and significant increase of permeation. The effect of 2% on permeation of caffein was greater about 10-fold greater than 1% in first 60 minutes. The effect of drug concentration, however, was lower than that produced by chemical . Within the tested system, the most efficient combination for caffein slim patch type was caffein with 2% although caffein with 2% showed highest amounts permeation, because permeated percentages were significantly lower about times.

The Development of Cold Forging Progressive Die Technology for the Case of Slim Type Spindle Motor

To promote the competitiveness of 3C industries in Taiwan, the cold forging progressive die technology is still being developed. The technology can rapidly and steadily produce high quality and complex shape products. Moreover, it can reduce manufacturing costs and time, too. The design for the cold forging progressive die process for the slim type spindle motor case consists of three main stages. First, we arrange a reasonable and appropriate process planing for the case. Second, we use computer software to simulate the main forming processes. Third, we perform a simple forming test to check up the results of the simulation. According to the test results, the main forming of the slim type spindle motor case is similar to the results of the simulation. Consequently, we demonstrate that the one-piece slim type spindle motor case can be manufactured with a progressive die. The forming processes include piercing, coining, upsetting, ironing, sizing, and blanking. The results from computer simulation and forming test result indicate that a reasonable effective manufacturing process for the one-piece slim type spindle motor case is possible. The final conclusions will be introduced in the article. In addition, we also discuss the possible problem involving the production of the slim type spindle motor case.