Slight Rotation Research Articles

Lateral Inhibition Map Updating Method to Prevent Map Deformation for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in Natural Environment

In this paper, a novel real time map updating algorithm using a concept of lateral inhibition was proposed and it was evaluated by simple 2D mapping experiment. For long time and difficult map creation process of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, stable map updating is one of the important topics. By using the lateral inhibition process to the map updating process, it is able to reduce the complexity of the map updating process of the SLAM. It could reduce the noise around the wall and emphasize the border (such a wall). The experimental result of map updating process of 6.0 x 3.5 m 2D room with many obstacles shows the x-y positional and the rotational estimation precision would be measured as x,y= 1.8 ×10-6 m (less than the LIDAR measurement error about 0.04 m) and the = - 1.9×10-2 deg (1 hour measurement), and the map was updated real time when the LIDAR sensor was moving from a position to another room position with low speed. After the 38 min outdoor experiment, the occupancy map was stably maintained, and there is also slight rotation and position estimation errors (x,y = 0.0 m, = 8.3 ×10-2 deg). The proposed method could suppress the wall existence probability distribution creeping induced by the natural environment vibration such as tree or leaves.

Adapted Surgical Procedure for Argus II Retinal Implantation: Feasibility, Safety, Efficiency, and Postoperative Anatomic Findings

To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficiency of an adapted surgical procedure used for postmarket Argus II implantations, so as to lower risks of postoperative hypotony or conjunctivoscleral erosion, and to describe the observed anatomic characteristics of the positioning of the implanted array. Single-arm prospective multicenter clinical trial. Eighteen consecutive patients with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa. To protect the site of insertion of the cable of the device, a scleral flap was systematically added to the standardized implantation procedure. It was associated with temporalis fascia autograft, so as to cover the episcleral-fixed electronics case. Intraoperative and postoperative data at day 1, weeks 1 and 2, and months 1, 3, and 6 were collected. Postoperative distance between electrode-array and retina was measured on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images. Position of the array was evaluated on fundus images between months 1 and6. Feasibility of the modified surgical technique (time constraints, intraoperative complications), variations of intraocular pressure over time, postoperative ocular findings and adverse events, postoperative distance between the array and the retina, and rotation of the array between months 1 and 6 after implantation. The adapted surgical technique was performed easily without associated specific complications. No cases of chronic hypotony or conjunctivoscleral erosion were reported. One serious device/procedure-related adverse event was recorded (sterile posterior uveitis), which resolved after vitrectomy. Postoperative distance between array and retina was variable: full apposition was achieved in 4 patients (22.22%), partial apposition observed in 9 patients (50.00%), and absence of strict apposition noted in 5 patients (27.78%, 4 of whom had posterior staphyloma). A statistically significant slight rotation of the array was observed between months 1 and 6 (P < 0.0001), occurring downwardly in 68.75% of cases. The combined use of scleral flap and temporalis fascia autograft was easily achieved and effective in preventing hypotony and conjunctival erosion in our study. Postoperative distance between semirigid array and retinal surface was variable, and increased in the case of preoperative staphyloma. A slight rotation of the device occurred over time. Further studies based on larger samples are needed to confirm our findings and determine their functional consequences.

Posterior Malleolar Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Through a Posterolateral Approach for Trimalleolar Fractures.

The patient is prone for the operation. A longitudinal incision is made between the lateral border of the Achilles tendon and the posteromedial border of the fibula. The posterior aspect of the fibula is easily reached through the interval just lateral to the peroneal muscle. After debridement of the fracture, it can be reduced and is fixed with either (1) a buttress plate or (2) lag screw(s) with a neutralizing plate. The belly of the flexor hallucis longus is bluntly dissected off of the interosseous membrane and the lateral side of the tibia through the interval medial to the peroneal muscle. Retracting the muscle belly medially allows the posterior aspect of the tibia to be seen. The periosteum is incised to expose the posterior malleolar fracture. Loose fragments can be removed by levering the posterior fragment distally. Reduction is performed and is held temporarily by Kirschner wires. Fixation is undertaken using either lag screws or a slightly prebent 3-hole buttress plate. Placement of a lag screw through the most distal hole of the plate can help to close any possible gaps. Slight internal rotation of the lower leg allows the medial malleolus to be approached and fixed. Percutaneous anterior-to-posterior screw fixation is an alternative, but it frequently leads to a nonanatomical reduction of the fragment. This technique provides an adequate view of the fracture, an anatomical reduction in most cases, and sound fixation of the posterior malleolar fragment. Other advantages are that small fragments are easier to fix and small intra-articular fragments can be removed from the site of the fracture.

The Lattice Boltzmann Investigation for the Melting Process of Phase Change Material in an Inclined Cavity

The solid–liquid phase change process is of importance in the usage of phase change material (PCM). In this paper, the phase change lattice Boltzmann (LB) model has been used to investigate the solid–liquid phase change in an inclined cavity. Three heat flux distributions applied to the left wall are investigated: uniform distribution, linear distribution, and parabolic symmetry distribution. The results show that for all the heat flux distributions, the slight clockwise rotation of the cavity can accelerate the melting process. Furthermore, when more heat is transferred to the cavity through the middle part (parabolic symmetry distribution) or bottom part (linear distribution) of left wall, clockwise rotation of cavity leads to larger temperature of PCM.

Chiral Thiophene Sulfonamide—A Challenge for VOA Calculations

Two enantiomers of 2-methyl-N-(1-thien-2-ylethyl)propane-2-sulfonamide (TSA) were synthesized, and their VCD, ROA, IR, and Raman spectra were registered. The solved (S)-TSA X-ray structure shows a disorder connected to the presence of two TSA conformers differing by a slight rotation of the thiophene ring. Two molecules in the unit cell of the monoclinic P21 crystal form a net of NH···OS and C*H···OS hydrogen bonds. Out of a series of computational levels tested to interpret the spectra, the B3LYP functional combined with the def2TZVP basis set satisfactorily reproduces the experimental VCD and ROA spectra. To simulate the VCD spectra of TSA enantiomers in KBr pellets, dimers and tetramers, with two different positions of the thiophene ring, were considered. The VCD spectra measured in CDCl3 are completely different from those taken in KBr due to the conformational freedom of TSA in chloroform. Seven TSA conformers fall into two groups of opposite configurations at the pyramidal N atom forming the additional stereogenic center. However, the barriers between conformers in each group are lower than the energy of thermal motions at 300 K. Thus, all conformers, but the most stable in each group, are likely to be metastable states. The calculated IR, VCD, Raman, and ROA spectra of the conformers depend not only on the type of stereogenic N atom but also on the thiophene ring rotation. Yet, they are likely to coexist because of low barriers between them. Three approaches were tested to reproduce the chiroptical spectra in solution using PCM and hybrid solvation models. As a consequence, it was found that a model in which all conformers contribute to the spectra with equal population factors seems to best reproduce the experimental data. Such a result suggests that in a dissolved state in 300 K TSA occurs in a very shallow potential well and all of its conformers coexist.

Effect of pressure on the Raman-active modes of zircon (ZrSiO4): a first-principles study

Density-functional theory (DFT) was employed in a first-principles study of the effects of pressure on the Raman-active modes of zircon (ZrSiO4), using both the generalized gradient and local density approximations (GGA and LDA, respectively). Beginning with the equilibrium structure at zero pressure, we conducted a calibration of the effect of pressure in a manner procedurally similar to an experimental calibration. For pressures between 0 and 7 GPa, we find excellent qualitative agreement of frequency–pressure slopes $$\partial \omega /\partial P$$ calculated from GGA DFT with results of previous experimental studies. In addition, we were able to rationalize the ω vs. P behavior based on details of the vibrational modes and their atomic displacements. Most of the $$\partial \omega /\partial P$$ slopes are positive as expected, but the symmetry of the zircon lattice also results in two negative slopes for modes that involve slight shearing and rigid rotation of SiO4 tetrahedra. Overall, LDA yields absolute values of the frequencies of the Raman-active modes in good agreement with experimental values, while GGA reproduces the shift in frequency with pressure especially well.

Investigation of ligament strains in lateral ankle sprain using computational simulation of accidental injury cases

In order to clearly understand the injury mechanism of the Lateral ankle sprain (LAS), we purposed to evaluate the ligament strains in the human ankle joint during the real accidental events of LAS. Three different accidental ankle sprain cases were selected based on their reported motions, which are rarely captured under laboratory settings. The ligament strains were investigated using a computational ankle joint model based on the kinematic data from these case reports. Our result revealed that the excessive ankle inversion coupled with slight internal rotation could lead to LAS. Therefore, the ankle inversion and internal rotation should be primarily considered in LAS studies. This study quantitatively contributes to our understanding of the LAS mechanism in sport and clinical research.

Why knees move like they do: A simulation of the effect of varying distal femoral and proximal tibial anatomy on coronal kinematic curve morphology

Objective:Computer assisted total knee arthroplasty (CA TKA) platforms can provide detailed kinematic data that is presented in various forms including a coronal plane graphic that maps the flexion arc from full extension to deep flexion. Graphics obtained from normal tibiofemoral articulations reveal varied and complex kinematic patterns that have yet to be explained. An understanding of what drives curve variation would allow prediction of how a preoperative curve would be altered by total knee arthroplasty. Implant position could then be tailored to maintain a desirable curve or avoid an undesirable one.Methods:An articulated lower limb saw bone with a stable hip pivot was obtained. Adjustable osteotomies were created so that femoral torsion, femoral varus-valgus and tibial varus-valgus could be altered independently. The saw bone limb was registered with a CA TKA navigation system using the posterior condyles as a rotational axis. Axial and coronal plane morphology of the distal femur and coronal plane morphology of the proximal tibia were systematically altered and a kinematic curve obtained for each morphologic combination. Femoral rotational position was varied from 100 of internal torsion to 100 of external torsion in 20 increments. Similarly, femoral coronal position was varied from 20 of varus to 60 of valgus and tibial coronal position was varied from 5.50 of varus to 10 of valgus. Curves were obtained by manually flexing the joint through a full range of motion with the femoral condyles in contact with proximal tibia at all times.Results:Varying femoral rotation has no effect in full extension but drives the curve away from neutral as the knee flexes. Maximal deviation is seen at around 900 of flexion. Internal torsion drives the curve into valgus as the knee flexes and external torsion has a reciprocal effect. Varying femoral varus-valgus causes maximal deviation from neutral in full extension. Femoral varus drives the curve from varus in extension towards valgus as the knee flexes with the effect peaking in maximal flexion. Femoral valgus has a reciprocal effect. Varying tibial varus-valgus has no effect on curve shape but does move the curve either side of neutral. Complex (parabolic) curves are caused by large rotations or the opposing effects of femoral varus-valgus and femoral rotation. The modal human anatomy of slight femoral internal rotation, slight femoral valgus and slight tibial varus produces a straight neutral curve.Conclusion:Kinematic curve shape is driven by distal femoral anatomy. The typical changes made to distal femoral articular anatomy in TKA by externally rotating a neutrally orientated femoral component will bring many native curves towards neutral. Externally rotating when the preoperative curve begins neutral and drives into varus as the knee flexes will drive the curve harder into varus. Conversely, kinematic femoral placement will reconstitute the premorbid curve morphology. Which outcome is preferable has yet to be determined.

Robust Ghost Imaging Based on Degenerate Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11534006, 11674184 and 11374166, the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin under Grant No 16JCZDJC31300, and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics.

In traditional ghost imaging, the entangled photon pairs produced from the spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process are used. There is an intrinsic disadvantage that the utilization efficiency of the photon pairs is very low. Inasmuch as all the correlated photon pairs produced by the degenerate SPDC process can be used to record the image of an object, the ghost imaging scheme we present here has a higher utilization efficiency of the photon pairs. We also investigate the robustness of our experimental scheme. The experimental results show that, no matter whether the photon-pair source is two light cones or two beam-like spots, the clear image of the object can be obtained. The slight rotation of the nonlinear crystal has no influence on the imaging quality. Our experimental results also demonstrate that when the part of the photon-pair source in the signal path or the idler path is blocked by unwanted things, the clear ghost image of the object can still be recorded.

Pressure Tuning Dual Fluorescence of 4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)benzonitrile

The intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) emission band in the dual fluorescence of the 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) molecular crystal exhibits increase in response to compression up to 10 GPa. On the basis of Raman and angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction (ADXRD) experiments combining with computational studies, the mechanism of this phenomenon could be assigned to the change of the intramolecular geometrical conformation, especially for the decrease of the dihedral angle between the dimethylamino (NMe2) and phenyl moieties. Meanwhile the reduction of excited-state energies and the HOMO–LUMO band gap leads to the redshifts of photoluminescence (PL) spectra and the absorption edge, respectively. Competing with the aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) effect, the planarity of molecular conformation and the slight rotation of the NMe2 group under high pressure both could enhance the ICT process, which will contribute to the revelation of the ICT mechanism and designs of new piezochromic luminescent materials.

New Developments in Cataract Surgery

Recent technological innovations in cataract surgery have made the procedure even more precise and safe and the odds of having a highly satisfied patient even higher. These innovations include visualisation systems - such as intraoperative aberrometry - which are particularly helpful when it comes to implanting toric IOLs, where even a slight rotation or misalignment can significantly reduce the postoperative visual quality. Another way to ensure the exact positioning of a toric IOL is to create a mark by making an intrastromal incision using the femtosecond laser. The latter technology has increased the precision of capsulotomy and other steps of the operation and has been successfully employed in patients with a challenging clinical profile, including paediatric and hypermature cataracts. The femtosecond laser, however, induces an increase in intraocular prostaglandins, which can lead to miosis. Applying topical NSAIDs before starting surgery has proved to be effective in coping with the consequences of the increase in prostaglandins. Good vision without using glasses for near, intermediate and far distances remains a goal for many patients. IOLs with extended depths of focus (EDOF) technology can provide this comfort - to some but not all patients. An intraocular sensor, Eyemate, that is implanted during cataract surgery, enables the glaucoma patient to check his or her IOP at any time and improves the management of glaucoma and its main risk factor, elevated IOP. Several methods - drugs or nutritive agents - are said to prevent cataractogenesis. These studies have probably to be taken with the proverbial grain of salt.

Postoperative Rehabilitation After Rotator Cuff Repair: A Web-Based Survey of AANA and AOSSM Members.

Background:Postoperative rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) remains controversial and suffers from limited high-quality evidence. Therefore, appropriate use criteria must partially depend on expert opinion.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of the study was to determine and report on the standard and modified rehabilitation protocols after ARCR used by member orthopaedic surgeons of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) and the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA). We hypothesized that there will exist a high degree of variability among rehabilitation protocols. We also predict that surgeons will be prescribing accelerated rehabilitation.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A 29-question survey in English language was sent to all 3106 associate and active members of the AOSSM and the AANA. The questionnaire consisted of 4 categories: standard postoperative protocol, modification to postoperative rehabilitation, operative technique, and surgeon demographic data. Via email, the survey was sent on September 4, 2013.Results:The average response rate per question was 22.7%, representing an average of 704 total responses per question. The most common immobilization device was an abduction pillow sling with the arm in neutral or slight internal rotation (70%). Surgeons tended toward later unrestricted passive shoulder range of motion at 6 to 7 weeks (35%). Strengthening exercises were most commonly prescribed between 6 weeks and 3 months (56%). Unrestricted return to activities was most commonly allowed at 5 to 6 months. The majority of the respondents agreed that they would change their protocol based on differences expressed in this survey.Conclusion:There is tremendous variability in postoperative rehabilitation protocols after ARCR. Five of 10 questions regarding standard rehabilitation reached a consensus statement. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a trend toward later mobilization.

Numerical parametric study on behavior of bearing reinforcement earth walls with different backfill material properties

This paper presents a numerical parametric study on behavior of bearing reinforcement earth (BRE) walls with different backfill properties using the finite-element method software PLAXIS 2D. The primary objective of this study was to improve the understanding of bearing stress, settlement, lateral earth pressure, and horizontal wall movement of BRE walls with different backfill materials. The second objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various soil–structure interactions, foundations, and stiffness of reinforcements on horizontal wall deformations. The backfill materials consisted of four types of soil, which were mixtures of silty clay and sand at different fine contents of 2, 20, 40, and 80% by dry weight. The model parameters for the numerical simulation were obtained from the conventional laboratory tests and back-calculated from the laboratory pullout tests of the bearing reinforcement. The geotextile elements were used to model the bearing reinforcements by converting the contribution of friction and bearing resistances to the equivalent friction resistance, which was represented by the soil–bearing reinforcement interaction ratio, Rinter. The values of Rinter decreased following a polynomial function as an increase of fine content in the ranges of 0.65–0.38 and 0.75–0.40 for the numbers of transverse members, n = 2 and 3, respectively. The simulated bearing stress in the reinforced zone decreased from the front to the back of the wall because the BRE wall behaved as a rigid body built on the relatively firm foundation retaining the unreinforced backfill. The foundation settlement decreased from the facing of the wall to the unreinforced zone for all backfill properties due to the slight rotation of the wall. The relationship between the maximum horizontal wall movement and the fine content can be expressed by a polynomial function. The maximum horizontal wall movement significantly increased as the fine content increased. The excessive movement was realized when the fine content was greater than 45%. The increase of the fine content moved the location of the maximum wall movement higher up from the mid to the top of the wall. A numerical parametric study was conducted to investigate the soil–structure interaction, foundation, and stiffness of reinforcement. These parameters affected the horizontal wall deformation, which is especially important for serviceability of BRE walls. The knowledge gained from this study provides a preliminary guideline in predicting the behavior of BRE walls and may be used to investigate other BRE walls with different wall heights and features of bearing reinforcements.

Contemporary stress field in the area of the 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence (central Italy)

We update the last present-day stress map for Italy relatively to the area of 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence (central Italy) taking into account a large number of earthquakes occurred from August 24 to October 3, 2016. In particular in this paper, we discuss the new stress data from crustal earthquake focal mechanisms selecting those with Magnitude ≥ 4.0; at the same time, we revise the borehole data, analyze the stratigraphic profiles and the relative sonic logs in 4 deep wells located close to the Amatrice sequence along the Apennine belt and toward east along the Adriatic foredeep. From these data we consider the P-wave velocity trend with depth and estimate rock density following an empirical relationship. Then we calculate the overburden stress magnitude for each well. The new present-day stress indicators confirm the presence of prevalent normal faulting regime and better define the local stress field in the area, highlighting a slight rotation from NE-SW to ENE-WSW of extension. The analysis evidences that the lithostatic gradient gradually changes from ~26 MPa/km in the belt to less than 23 MPa/km along the Adriatic foredeep. Finally, at a depth of 5 km we estimate the vertical stress magnitude varying from 130 MPa to 114 moving from the Apennine belt to the Adriatic foredeep. Although the wells are very close each other they show different P wave velocities from the belt to the foredeep with values ~7km/s and ~4 km/s at 5 km depth, respectively.

Cryoballoon ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: feasibility and safety of left atrial roof ablation with generation of conduction block in addition to antral pulmonary vein isolation.

Although the generation of linear lesions by ablation improves success rates in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), the procedure has been considered unsuitable for cryoablation balloon catheter technologies. We developed a technique for linear ablations, using second-generation cryoballoon technology. This was a single-arm, prospective study in 76 patients with persistent AF treated consecutively at our centre. Cryoablation was performed using a 28 mm second-generation cryoballoon. The first cryoenergy application was performed in close proximity to the position during isolation of the left superior pulmonary vein (PV). Sequential overlapping freezes were applied along the left atrial (LA) roof by slight clockwise rotation of the sheath in combination with slight retraction of the sheath and incremental advancement of the cryoballoon, until reaching the original position for right superior PV isolation. The acute endpoint was the creation of a roofline, defined as complete conduction block across the LA roof >120 ms and ascending activation across the posterior LA wall. Acute success in roofline generation was achieved in 88% of patients, applying on average five (median 4-6) freezes with nadir temperature of -40°C (-36 to -44°C). In five patients, conduction block could not be achieved. No phrenic nerve injuries occurred during roofline generation. Generation of linear roofline lesions is possible with the second-generation cryoballoon. The technique can be used in combination with PV isolation to treat persistent AF with good acute success rates, short procedure times, and acceptable safety concerns. If validated by further studies, the method would be an appealing alternative to radiofrequency ablation techniques.

Intraplate stress field in South America from earthquake focal mechanisms

We present an updated compilation of earthquake focal mechanisms in Brazil together with focal mechanisms from the sub-Andean region (mainly from global CMT catalogs). All earthquakes in the sub-Andean region show reverse (majority) or strike-slip faulting mechanisms. Focal mechanisms in Brazil show reverse, strike-slip and normal faulting. Focal mechanisms of nearby earthquakes in the same tectonic environment were grouped and inverted for the stress tensor. In the sub-Andean region, stresses are compressional, as expected, with the principal major compression (S1) roughly E-W, on average. A slight rotation of S1 can be observed and is controlled by the orientation of the Andean plateau. In the sub-Andean region, the intermediate principal stress (S2) is also compressional (i.e., larger than the lithostatic pressure, Sv), a feature that is not always reproduced in numerical models published in the literature. In mid-plate South America stresses seem to vary in nature and orientation. In SE Brazil and the Chaco-Pantanal basins, S1 tends to be oriented roughly E-W with S2 approximately equal to S3. This stress pattern changes to purely compressional (both SHmax and Shmin larger than Sv) in the São Francisco craton. A rotation of SHmax from E-W to SE-NW is suggested towards the Amazon region. Along the Atlantic margin, the regional stresses are very much affected by coastal effects (due to continent/ocean spreading stresses as well as flexural effects from sediment load at the continental margin). This coastal effect tends to make SHmax parallel to the coastline and Shmin (usually S3) perpendicular to the coastline. Few breakout data and in-situ measurements are available in Brazil and are generally consistent with the pattern derived from the earthquake focal mechanisms. Although numerical models of global lithospheric stresses tend to reproduce the main large-scale features in most mid-plate areas, the S1 rotation from ∼E-W in SE Brazil to SE-NW in the Amazon region are not well explained by the current numerical models. This means that the observed stress pattern in mid-plate South America should provide new insights into upper mantle dynamics, distinct from current global convection models.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Luminescent Azaphosphole.

AbstractA carbazole‐based azaphosphole (VI) is prepared by acid‐catalyzed dehydrocyclization of 1‐phosphino‐9H‐carbazole (IV) with toluyl chloride (V).

Closed Cephalomedullary Nailing with Patient in Lateral Decubitus Position for Repair of Peritrochanteric Femoral Fracture.

Closed repair of peritrochanteric fractures with cephalomedullary nail fixation with the patient in the lateral decubitus position on a flat table with manual traction may allow improved fracture reduction and fixation in comparison with what is possible in a supine setup. Perform sterile preparation, have the patient brought to the operating room, induce anesthesia, and place the patient in the lateral decubitus position before sterile draping. Reduce the fracture using manual traction and slight internal or external rotation; confirm anatomic reduction radiographically. Determine the appropriate nail length, identify the nail entry point, open the femoral canal, insert a ball-tipped guide into the canal, insert the nail, and attach the aiming arm to the nail. Attach the aiming arm to the insertion handle, pass a guidewire, drill over the guidewire to open the lateral cortex, and insert the cannulated screw with soft hammer blows. Confirm fracture reduction on anteroposterior and lateral views, drill through the lateral cortex of the femur for the distal interlocking screw, measure the screw length, insert the screw, and remove the aiming arm if one was used. Obtain anteroposterior and lateral views to confirm maintenance of fracture reduction and appropriate placement and length of the nail and cephalic and distal locking screws. Irrigate and close the wounds, and apply operative dressings. Intramedullary device technology has been altered to address the complication of periprosthetic fracture at the distal tip that made earlier intramedullary fixation less appealing compared with extramedullary fixation for stable fracture patterns.

Synthesis of a Luminescent Azaphosphole

AbstractA carbazole‐based azaphosphole (compound 3) has been prepared by acid‐catalyzed dehydrocyclization of 1‐phosphino‐9H‐carbazole (2) with benzoyl chloride. Unlike other benzazaphospholes having σ2,λ3‐multiply bonded phosphorus atoms, compound 3 displays significant fluorescence in solution, as does primary phosphine 2. Compound 3, as well as the materials on route to its synthesis, were characterized by multinuclear NMR, UV/Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The optical data of 2 and 3 are consistent with results of DFT and TDDFT [6‐311G+(d,p) CAMB3LYP] calculations. The computed structure of compound 3′ (R = Ph) is also consistent with the experimental X‐ray structural determination, which reveals a planar heterocyclic system and slight rotation of the p‐tolyl group out of plane with respect to the heterocyclic core.

Analysis of pelvic rotation on the standard hip ventrodorsal extended radiographic view.

To study the symmetry of the iliac horizontal diameter (IHD) maximum obturator foramen width (OFW), ischiatic femoral overlap (IFO), pelvic horizontal radius (PHR), femoral head diameter (FHD), and obturator foramen area (OFA) parameters in the normal hip extended radiographic view and to evaluate the correlation of pelvic rotation with the magnitude of asymmetry of these parameters. Nine canine cadavers from adult, large and giant breeds were radiographed in standard hip extended views and with 2°, 4° and 6° degrees of rotation. The variables IHD, OFW, IFO, PHR, FHD, and OFA were analysed in radiographs. The IHD measurements exhibited repeatability, bilateral symmetry and 95% of confidence interval of asymmetry in different pelvic rotations without superposition (p<0.05); OFW and IFO exhibited repeatability, bilateral symmetry and a small superposition in 95% of confidence interval of asymmetry according different pelvic rotations; PHR, FHD and OFA exhibited repeatability, bilateral symmetry and unacceptable superposition in 95% of confidence interval of asymmetry depending on pelvic rotation. The IHD is the recommended variable and OFW is an acceptable variable in order to evaluate slight pelvic rotation. The data may be used in qualitative analyses of hip extended radiographic views. In the future, complementary studies should be performed to evaluate the impact of degree of pelvic rotation on the hip dysplasia score.