Slide Agglutination Research Articles

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profile of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella from the Philippines Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program, 2014-2018.

The epidemiology of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) in the Philippines is not well elaborated. The present study describes the serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of iNTS in the Philippines from 2014 to 2018. Invasive NTS isolates were collected through the Department of Health's Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program (ARSP). The identification of the isolates was confirmed using automated (Vitek®, bioMérieux, Marcy l'Étoile, France) and conventional methods. The isolates were serotyped using the slide agglutination method, and susceptibility testing was performed using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Demographic data were collected from the ARSP database. There were 138 isolates collected from human invasive specimens with 97.8% from blood samples. The most common serotypes were Salmonella Enteritidis (n=84, 60.9%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (n=18, 13.0%). Most of the isolates were from males (n=88, 63.8%) and from the 0-5-year age group (n=61, 44.2%). The proportions of iNTS isolates resistant to first-line antibiotics were as follows: ampicillin (23.2%), chloramphenicol (9.6%), ciprofloxacin (8.7%), ceftriaxone (2.2%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (8.8%). The proportion of isolates with multidrug resistance was 13.0% (18/138) with the most common resistance profile being resistance to ampicillin-chloramphenicol-ciprofloxacin from Salmonella Enteritidis isolates (n=5). Resistance to first-line antibiotics limits the therapeutic choices for Salmonella infection. Relevant local antimicrobial resistance data on iNTS may support appropriate empiric therapy among vulnerable populations.

Evaluation of Legionella pneumophila SGUT Serotypes Isolated from Bath Water Using a Multiplex-PCR Serotyping Assay.

Legionella pneumophila, the primary causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is classified into at least 15 serogroups (SGs). Before genotyping, serotyping is first performed to limit the sources of L. pneumophila infections that caused an outbreak. In addition to conventional assays using monoclonal or polyclonal antisera, serotyping using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) was recently developed for L. pneumophila. In this study, we applied the M-PCR system to 41 strains that remained to be SGUT (untypable) by slide agglutination tests among the 220 L. pneumophila strains isolated from bath water in Kobe City during 2016-2020, to determine SG-genotypes (SGg) by PCR amplification of the specific target gene of the SGs. Among the 41 SGUT strains, SGg4/10/14 was the most predominant (24/41, 58.5%), followed by SGg1 (7/41, 17.1%). Seven strains, except for the strains determined as SGg1, were identified as belonging to a single SGg by M-PCR serotyping (SGg5 [3/41, 7.3%], SGg8 [3/41, 7.3%], and SGg7 [1/41, 2.4%]). Furthermore, we found that the seven strains identified as SGg1 harbored particular genotypes. In conclusion, the M-PCR serotyping assay will be helpful for investigating the distribution of L. pneumophila in environmental and clinical settings.

First seroprevalence and molecular identification report of Brucella canis among dogs in Greater Cairo region and Damietta Governorate of Egypt.

Given the rise in stray and imported dogs in Egypt over the past 5 years, it is surprising that no report of Brucella canis infection in dogs or humans has been documented in Egypt's published papers. This study aimed to detect the presence of antibodies against the rough (B. canis) and smooth Brucellae among dogs in Egypt and to characterize the Brucella species circulating in dogs. Blood samples (n = 449) were collected from owned and stray dogs in the Greater Cairo region (n = 309) and Damietta governorate (n = 140). The apparent, true, and total seroprevalence of canine brucellosis caused by B. canis infection were calculated using the 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test (2-ME TAT) and rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT). We used the rose Bengal test (RBT) and the buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT) to check the serum samples from dogs for the presence of antibodies against smooth Brucellae. Three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays - Bruce-ladder PCR, B. canis species-specific PCR (BcSS-PCR), and Abortus Melitensis Ovis Suis (AMOS)-PCR - were used to determine the Brucella species in the buffy coats of the serologically positive dogs. The overall apparent and true prevalence of B. canis infection in dogs were estimated to be 3.8% and 13.2%. The estimated true prevalence in stray dogs (15%) was higher than in owned dogs (12.5%). The BAPAT and the RBT using smooth antigens revealed that 11 (2.4%) and 9 (2%) were positive. Bruce-ladder PCR targeting eryC, ABC, and Polysaccharide deacetylase genes was able to identify B. canis in nine out of 17 buffy coat samples. AMOS-PCR identified the eight undetermined Brucella species by Bruce-ladder PCR as Brucella abortus (n = 4) and Brucella melitensis (n = 4). To exclude the presence of Brucella suis, a one-step species-specific BcSS-PCR was performed and specifically amplified all B. canis DNA (n = 9) the same as did the Bruce-ladder PCR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. canis detection in dogs in Egypt. Molecular identification of B. abortus and B. melitensis in the Egyptian canines highlights the role of stray dogs in brucellosis remerging in Brucellosis-free dairy farms. Brucella canis infection can be diagnosed specifically with the one-step BcSS-PCR. The obtained results set-an-alarm to the veterinary authorities to launch plans to control this disease in dogs.

Correlation between Coagulation Profile and Blood group among patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in Khartoum State

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a group of diseases that includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. It’s considered a major public health issue that affects an estimated 1 in 3 adults in the United States. The ABO blood group and coagulation profile exerts a profound influence on hemostasis, This study was aimed to correlate between ABO grouping & coagulation profile in Ischemic heart disease at Khartoum State. Methods: This was case and control study conducted during the period from January to May 2021 at Ahmed gasim hospital. Study included hundred (100) sample, fifty (50) Ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients taken as cases and fifty (50) apparently healthy taken as controls. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) using STart stago semi-automated instruments and for the determining the ABO blood group using direct slide agglutination method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results: The results of study showed that the most frequent ABO blood type among all the participants among ischemic and healthy individuals was O. The mean level of APTT in Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) showed that there was significantly decreased (27.06 ± 3.04) when compared to control group (29.45 ± 3.7) with p. value 0.001. However no significance differences in the mean level of PT between two groups (p value= 0.96). Its also observed that among all study participants, in blood group A, the PT and aPTT levels were the least, while blood group O had the greatest PT and aPTT values. No association was found between ABO grouping and coagulation profile in ischemic heart disease in case and control group. Conclusion: This study concluded that O blood group was more frequent among patients with IHD followed by A blood group and least frequent was AB. In addition, there was significant shorter aPTT in Ischemic Heart Disease cases when compared to control group. No association was found between ABO grouping and coagulation profile in ischemic heart disease in case and control group.

Molecular genotyping of Salmonella spp. isolated from cheese samples of local stores in Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq.

Food safety is an important subject that the global cheese industry increases awareness of. This urges these economic sectors to elevate the level of research to minimize cheese contamination with pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella. Based on these merits, this study was conducted to genotype Salmonella spp. isolated from cheese samples of local stores in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. The study used 41 samples of local fresh unsalted white cheese in a selective-growth-based isolation of Salmonella. These isolates were confirmed utilizing a slide-agglutination (SA) test and VITEK® 2 system (V2S). Then, the isolates were subjected to conventional PCR and sequencing techniques that both targeted the 16S rRNA gene. For subtyping, the Salmonella isolates were subjected to a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR method. The results of both SA and V2S revealed the presence of 14 (34.2%) isolates of Salmonella spp. in the cheese samples. The PCR confirmed 6 (42.9%) of these isolates, which further were defined with close nucleotide similarity (98.03%) and (97.88%) to different world isolates, such as Salmonella enterica subsp. Arizonae and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, respectively. The RAPD-PCR findings showed different fragments for all the tested isolates. The present study indicates that the samples of the local fresh unsalted white cheese contain different Salmonella genotypes, which could be originated from different contamination sources.

Frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups among blood donors of the Twin cities

More than 20 distinct blood group systems have been characterized; but the ABO and Rh blood groups remain the most important. The frequencies exhibit considerable variation in different geographic locations, reflecting the underlying genetic and ethnic diversity of the human population. The primary objective to carry out this study was to explore the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups among the donors in the region of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad including data from 6th April 2019 to 15th September 2019. Data were collected retrospectively from the records of donors of all the registered blood banks in the mentioned localities during the last 5 years. Informed consent was gained and a total of 46363 participants were included with 25030 males and 21333 females. All participants were selected without any bias via the online patient record of the blood banks. All blood groups were identified using the slide agglutination method with commercially prepared anti-sera. The frequency of each blood group in order of its prevalence was found to be: B +ive (31.8%) > O +ive (28.5%) > A +ive (22.1%) > AB +ive (9%) > B -ive (3%) > O -ive (2.5%) > A -ive (2.1%) > AB -ive (0.9%). Overall blood group B +ive was the most common blood group, and Rh +ive groups were generally more common than Rh -ive blood groups. The results of our study provide useful data regarding frequencies of ABO and Rhesus blood groups among blood donors of the twin cities. It will in the future help create an inventory of blood banks, study disease patterns, and heredity in this region.

Emergence of Multidrug Resistant Vibrio cholerae O139 in Acute Diarrhoea Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital, West Bengal, India

Introduction: India is a developing country with many poor sanitation areas. Cholera, a water borne disease is rampant in areas of poor sanitation and is mainly due to Vibrio cholera of O1 and O139 serogroups causing acute cases of rice watery diarrhoea and high mortality. Infection due to Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Vibrio is on the rise. It is endemic in over 50 countries including India leading to a number of epidemics and pandemics. Till date, about seven pandemics have been identified due to cholera infection. Aim: To isolate Vibrio cholerae from acute diarrhoea cases with their antibiotic susceptibility and identify MDR strains, if any. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Burdwan Medical College, Purba Burdwan, West Bengal, India, from January 2021 to December 2021. Rectal swabs/faeces collected in Cary-Blair Transport Media were brought to the laboratory and incubated at 37°C for six hours; a loopful was inoculated in nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and selective media Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose agar (TCBS). Gram stain, motility, colony characteristics, oxidase test, cholera-red reaction and slide agglutination test was done. Diagnosis was confirmed; antibiotic susceptibility done and interpreted as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The data was collected and entered into Microsoft Excel software and presented as frequency and percentages. Results: Total 60 samples were collected and tested, out of which 24 (40%) were positive for Vibrio cholerae and nine in 24 (37.5%) samples were MDR strains. Twelve samples were from femlaes and 12 were from males, majority {5 (41.67%) females, 9 (75%) males} belonged to the age group of 0-5 years. Serotyping revealed that Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup was identified in 8 (33.33%) cases and O-139 serotype in 16 (66.67%) samples. Rest were Escherichia coli (n=10, 25%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=5, 12.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=1, 25%). Conclusion: There is a rise of infections due to MDR strains of Vibrio O139 sero group in the community which needs early diagnosis and treatment for control. Vibrio cholerae strains were more resistant to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracycline and Ampicillin.

Serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>Salmonella</i> isolated from people and food items in southern provinces of Vietnam

This article presents current relevant data on the serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella strains isolated in the southern provinces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. There were examined 189 Salmonella strains isolated from: human feces in acute diarrhea (86 strains); and pork samples (103 strains). Serological O-group identification was performed by slide agglutination with O- and H-antisera and multiplex PCR to detect H phase-1 and phase-2. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using the disk-diffusion method according to the EUCAST (version 2019) recommendations. Strains isolated from humans predominantly belonged to O4 group (69.8%). The percentage of other serogroups varied from 1.2% (rare group O16) to 11.6% (O9). About a half of strains (44.7%) isolated from pork samples turned out to belong to the О3,10 serogroup (vs 7.0% of strains from humans). Serogroups О7, О4 and О8 were less frequent (22.3%, 14.6% and 13.6%, respectively). Single strains belonged to serogroups О9, О13, and О18. Regardless of the isolation source, about 80% of Salmonella strains were resistant to antibiotics from different antimicrobial groups (besides carbapenems): 67.0% were resistant to tetracycline; about half were resistant to pefloxacin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol (54.0%, 47.1%, 46.6%); and up to 40% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid. The proportion of strains resistant to ceftriaxone and gentamycin was markedly higher in those of human vs pork origin: 12.8% vs 1.0% and 30.2 vs 1.9%, respectively. Moreover, 62.8% and 43.7% strains of human and pork origin, respectively, showed multidrug resistance (to 3 and more antimicrobial groups). In addition, simultaneous resistance to 6 antimicrobial groups was detected much more frequently in Salmonella strains isolated from humans vs pork samples (15.1% vs 1.0%, respectively). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in strains of different serovars, predominantly S. Typhimurium (36.4%). The predominant MDR (30.3%) phenotype (AMP, TE, QN, C, SXT) was revealed in serovars of S. Typhimurium, S. Bredeney, S. Corvallis, S. Give, S. London, S. Rissen, and S. Meleagridis. Thus, Salmonella strains isolated in the southern Vietnamese provinces featured resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. Taking into account simultaneous loss of susceptibility to old antimicrobials (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), it crucially restricts the list of effective medicines to treat complicated salmonellosis cases.

Türkiye’de 2015-2020 yılları arasında hayvansal orijinli Salmonella serovarlarının dağılımı

Salmonella is an important zoonotic microorganism and the most isolated among food-borne infections across the world, including Türkiye. The detection and identification of common serovars circulating in Türkiye can present very useful data in the fight against Salmonella, which threatens both animal and human health. This study aimed to determine the distribution and diversity of Salmonella serovars isolated from the samples sent to Bacteriological Diagnosis Laboratory of the Veterinary Control Central Research Institute. The serotyping results of a total of 1,047 Salmonella spp. strains isolated between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. After confirming that the samples isolated were Salmonella spp. according to ISO 6579, identification at the species level was carried out by serotyping with the slide agglutination test. A total of 19 serogroups and 75 Salmonella serovars were detected. The most commonly isolated Salmonella serovar was Salmonella Infantis (40.5%), followed by Salmonella Enteritidis (12.9%), Salmonella Abony (4.3%), Salmonella Kentucky (4.2%), Salmonella Typhimurium (4%), Salmonella Liverpool (2.4%), and other serovars (31.3%). The most commonly identified serogroups were C1 (48.2%), D1 (14.4%), B (12.4%), C3 (7.8%), and E4 (4.2%). According to animal species, the most common serovar was Salmonella Infantis in chickens, Salmonella Montevideo in calves, Salmonella Darle in tortoises, Salmonella Typhimurium in lamb and Salmonella Hessarek in wild birds.

Study of Fingerprint Pattern in Relation to Gender and Blood Grouping amongst the Medical Students of GMC Srinagar

A study was conducted on MBBS students in GMC Srinagar. A total of 100 students was included in the study ofboth genders. A proper informed consent was taken from participants. For collection of fingerprint, a tabulatedproforma was be used. Black printers ink was used for creating an imprint by rolling the finger on ink and thenon paper (rolling method) A cello tape was used to seal the print and a magnifying lens was used for aiding inobservation. Imprints from all ten fingers were collected. Information about blood groups was collected fromstudent identity card. In a few cases where the information was not known, blood grouping and Rh typing wasconfirmed by slide agglutination method using antiserum A, antiserum B and anti serum D. The aim of the studywas to find out the correlation between gender, fingerprint and blood grouping in students of GMC. Results: Wenoted that majority of the subjects belonged to blood group O (37.2%), followed by B+ve(24.5%) and A+ve(23.5.Maximum subjects (97%) were Rh positive. The rest were Rh negative. Females had highest percentage of loops(44%) followed by whorls (41%). Males had the highest percentage of whorls (55.5%) closely followed by loops(39.4%).Blood group O-ve is correlated to fingerprint whorl followed by AB+ve with whorls and B+ve with loops.A+ve is correlated to whorls and O+ve with whorls and B-ve with whorls. Blood group A showed highest whorls(45.4%) followed by loops (41.25%) and arches (10.42%). Also males had predominantly whorls (44.2%) followedby loops (39.4%) and females had predominantly loops(44.29%) followed by whorls (41.7%). the purpose of thisstudy is to correlate the relationship between various patterns of fingerprints, gender and “ABO” blood groupsand “Rh” blood types in students of GMC Srinagar. Conclusion: blood group, fingerprint and gender can only beassessed independently to secure identity if an individual.

The CRISPR genotypes and genetic diversity of different serogroups of nontyphoidal Salmonella in Guizhou Province, 2013-2018.

Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a bacterial and foodborne pathogen that poses a severe public health threat. However, the genetic diversity of different serogroups of nontyphoidal Salmonella in Guizhou is unknown. This study aimed to obtain the RNA secondary structure of the typical direct repeat sequences, the characteristics of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genotypes, and the genetic diversity of different serogroups of nontyphoidal Salmonella strains. The 342 nontyphoidal Salmonella strains were collected from nine cities (prefectures) of Guizhou province during 2013-2018, serotyped by slide agglutination, and examined the molecular genotypes by CRISPR method. The strains were divided into five serogroups. The dominant serogroup was group B (47.08%), followed by group D1 (36.55%). One hundred and thirty-five CRISPR genotypes were detected with 108 novel spacer sequences amongst 981 unique spacer sequences. The diversity of nontyphoidal Salmonella CRISPR loci was not only the deletion, duplication, or point mutation of spacer sequences but also the acquisition of new spacer sequences to form novel genotypes. The CRISPR genotyping was an effective typing method that could reveal the genetic diversity of different nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes except for S. Enteritidis.

A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia

A 6-year, male intact Coonhound, was presented for unilateral scrotal enlargement of roughly 3 months’ duration. His left side scrotum was markedly enlarged and edematous and both testes palpated normal. Rapid slide agglutination test (for brucellosis) and SNAP 4DX (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME) test (for tick-borne disease) were negative. Initial scrotal ultrasonography revealed accumulation of anechoic fluid with hyperechoic flecks and swirling surrounding the left testis. On further ultrasonographic examination, omentum appeared extending through the left inguinal ring and into the scrotum. A case of scrotal hernia with secondary hydrocele was diagnosed. Hydrocele was resolved surgically and the dog returned to full athletic function.

A SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS EXPOSURE IN WILDLIFE ON THE ARCTIC COASTAL PLAIN OF ALASKA, USA.

Tularemia is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by one of several subspecies of Francisella tularensis bacteria. Infections by F. tularensis are common throughout the northern hemisphere and have been detected in more than 250 wildlife species. In Alaska, US, where the pathogen was first identified in 1938, studies have identified F. tularensis antibodies in a diverse suite of taxa, including insects, birds, and mammals. However, few such investigations have been conducted recently and knowledge about the current distribution and disease ecology of F. tularensis is limited, particularly in Arctic Alaska, an area undergoing rapid environmental changes from climate warming. To help address these information gaps and provide insights about patterns of exposure among wildlife, we assessed the seroprevalence of F. tularensis antibodies in mammals and tundra-nesting geese from the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, 2014-17. With a commercially available slide agglutination test, we detected antibodies in 14.7% of all individuals sampled (n=722), with titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:320. We detected significant differences in seroprevalence between family groups, with Canidae (foxes, Vulpes spp.) and Sciuridae (Arctic ground squirrel, Spermophilus parryii) having the highest seroprevalence at 21.5% and 33.3%, respectively. Mean seroprevalence for Ursidae (polar bears, Ursus maritimus) was 13.3%, whereas Cervidae (caribou, Rangifer tarandus) had comparatively low seroprevalence at 6.5%. Antibodies were detected in all Anatidae species sampled, with Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) having the highest seroprevalence at 13.6%. The detection of F. tularensis antibodies across multiple taxa from the Arctic Coastal Plain and its nearshore marine region provides evidence of exposure to this pathogen throughout the region and highlights the need for renewed surveillance in Alaska.

Investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus argenteus from wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.

In the past, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in both humans and animals has increased across Thailand. Staphylococcus argenteus has been associated with infections among humans, exotic pets, and livestock. Both species have been identified in non-human primate species from geographically diverse locations but not from non-human primates in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the presence of MRSA/methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and S. argenteus isolates collected from buccal swab samples in Macaca fascicularis at Kosumpee Forest Park (KFP), Maha Sarakham, Northeast Thailand. Aseptic buccal swab samples were collected from 30 free-ranging macaques in November 2018. All isolates were tested using multiple biochemical tests and S. aureus latex slide agglutination test. Presumptive S. aureus isolates were tested for the presence of the mecA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The isolates were phenotypically determined to be resistant to a β-lactam antibiotic using the disk diffusion method with a 30 mg cefoxitin disk. The isolates were analyzed by PCR for the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene to distinguish S. argenteus from S. aureus. Fifteen macaques (50%) were colonized with S. aureus and 21 isolates were characterized. Three of the macaques carried both the MRSA and MSSA isolate. One animal carried both MRSA and S. argenteus isolate, and one animal carried only S. argenteus. The NRPS gene analysis confirmed that 2 isolates (9.52%) were S. argenteus and 19 isolates (90.48%) were S. aureus [five MSSA and 14 MRSA]. This study is the first to identify MRSA/MSSA and S. argenteus in wild free-ranging M. fascicularis from Thailand at the KFP in Maha Sarakham. This study is also the first report on the occurrence of S. argenteus carriage in M. fascicularis from Thailand.

Phenotypic characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical mastitis in Etawah-crossbreed goats in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Etawah-grade (PE) goats in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, is commonly due to Staphylococcus aureus. At present, S. aureus from SCM in PE goats in Yogyakarta has not been characterized. Therefore, this study aimed to phenotypically characterize S. aureus, which has been isolated from SCM of PE goats. A total of 314 lactating PE goats were collected from 60 PE goat farms (e.g., Sleman, Bantul, and Kulonprogo) located in parts of Yogyakarta with an average age of 3-4 years old, three of which showed SCM based on the California mastitis test (CMT). Subclinical mastitis is confirmed in PE goats if CMT shows ++ or +++. Furthermore, S. aureus was detected by biochemical assays. Staphylococcus aureus could determine hemolysin (Hae), coagulase (Coa), clumping factor (Cf), and antibiotic susceptibility. Hemolytic bacteria were detected by culturing on blood agar plate, and Cf was detected by slide agglutination. The production of Coa was detected by tube coagulation. Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility was determined by antimicrobial agar diffusion using a paper disc. Phenotypically characterized S. aureus from PE goats with SCM in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Coa-, Cf-, and Hae- were found to be resistant to erythromycin (ERYTHRO), ampicillin (AMP), penicillin (PEN-G), and sulfamethoxazole (SULFA). The phenotypic characteristic of S. aureus, which was obtained from SCM in PE goats in Yogyakarta, consists of Coa, and Cf-. S. aureus cannot perform hemolysis of red blood cells. This phenotypic characteristic can prevent and control SCM in PE goats. Several antibiotics such as ERYTHRO, AMP, PEN-G, and SULFA were no longer effective for treating SCM in PE goats because S. aureus has developed its resistance to these antibiotics.

The Contribution of Interleukin (17) in Iraqi Patients with Type I Diabetic and Positive Agglutination Sera with Morganella Morganii Antigens

Background: The rising population of patients with diabetes type 1 has caused in a fast increase in the amount of patients who have diabetic complications. Objective: Isolation of bacteria from diabetic patients and detection of their antibodies in the serum of patients and rabbits. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples of blood and urine were collected from diabetic patients, a similar proportion of genders were included in 50 samples of blood from healthy as controls. Patients with diabetes diseases diagnosed by a physician collected from specialized center for endocrinology and diabetes and Kindy hospital, in Baghdad. Results: This study showed that Morganella morganii (n=9, 18%) was isolated from urine of patients. With M. morganii antigens (complete cells) as three bacteria antigens agglutinated in titer 1:64 and three in titer 1:128 of serum of patients (antibodies) whereas 1 and fife of M. morganii antigens agglutinated in serum of patients in titer 1:256 and 1:16 Consecutively. Determination of the concentration of cytokinetic proteins IL-17, using an ELISA device. The concentration of some inflammation-initiating cytokines was estimated in the serum of the studied samples, which included using IL-17 ELISA technology. The statistical results by t-test showed were significant differences between this interleukin between the patients and the control sample and under the probability level P<0.05 in the serum of the patients compared to the control sample. The results also showed a decrease in the cytokinetic concentration, as the concentration in the infected serum was 0.011 ± 0.019 (pg/mm), while its concentration in the control sample was 0.007 ± 0.033 (pg/mm) in the infected serum. Recognize the agglutination ability slide agglutination exam (anti Morganella morganii rabbit serum). Conclusion: The ability of killed antigen bacteria isolated from diabetic patients to agglutinate with their serum, and its ability to agglutinate with the serum of rabbits injected with this bacterium. The increased prevalence of agglutination and increased antibodies of patients and rabbit blood suggest this as part of the multifactorial basis for disease penetrance and susceptibility.

Typeable ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains in Tunisian's children.

Background:Here, we report the frequency of capsulated ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from children in Tunisia, particularly capsular serotype b, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying ampicillin resistance.Methods:We considered 22 capsulated H influenzae strains selected from a series of 91 ampicillin-resistant H influenzae strains isolated from children between 2010 and 2011 in Tunisia. The capsular serotypes of these strains were identified by slide agglutination and PCR.Results:By PCR, 19 (20.88%) serotype b, 1 (1.1%) serotype a, 2 (2.2%) serotypes d and f and 69 (75.82%) non-typeable strains were found among the 91 ampicillin-resistant H influenzae strains. 100% of the assumption between the consequences of antigenic examinations and PCR was found. The serotype b strains showed biotypes I, II, III, IV, VI, and VIII. The other capsulated strains showed biotypes IV and VIII. Thirteen of the serotype b strains created β-lactamase (14.28%). The 19 serotype b ampicillin-resistant H influenzae strains were subdivided into 3 bunches as indicated: The gathering of the β-lactamase positive, ampicillin-resistant where 11 strains (57.89%) were β-lactamase positive blaTEM-1 (+) and ftsI (+). The second gathering of the β-lactamase negative, ampicillin-resistant strains, where 6 isolates (31.58%) were β-lactamase negative blaTEM-1 (−) and ftsI (−), and lastly, the gathering of the β-lactamase positive, amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant where 2 isolates (10.52%) were β-lactamase positive blaTEM-1 (+) and ftsI (−).Conclusion:PCR should be used in our country because it may contribute to decreasing the probability of transmission of these strains, especially those showing the two mechanisms of resistance among children in Tunisia.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABO BLOOD GROUP AND OBESITY IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background — Over the past years, there seems to have been good attention paid to the connection between some diseases and the ABO blood group type.To our knowledge,nostudy has been done todetermine the association between obesity and ABO blood group. Aims — To find the prevalence of obesity in medical students and to determine the association between obesity and ABO blood group. Materials and methods — A cross sectional study was carried out among 745 medical students. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference was measured. BMI and waist —hip ratio was determined.Blood group was determined by slide agglutination method Results — The findings of the present study reported that the most prevalent blood group was B+ whereas the blood group AB was least prevalent. 25.5% of the total study subjects were overweight and 7.2%were obese. Overweight and obesity were more common among students with blood group B.It was also observed that WHR statistically associated with ABO Blood group system. Conclusion — Participants with blood group B+ had higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. ABO Blood group system showed statistically significant association with WHR.

Intestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens as a Reservoir of Potentially Pathogenic Curli Producing ESβL Escherichia coli

Commensal enteric E. coli in healthy birds have virulence genes which enable them to be pathogenic under suitable conditions. A total of 80 E. coli isolates recovered from the intestine of healthy broiler chickens were tested for some virulence characters based on Congo red (CR) binding assay, hemolysis, serum resistance and biofilm formation. The virulent isolates were identified serologically by slide agglutination test and O1 (25%) was the most prevalent enteric E. coli serogroups. The antibiogram profile revealed that all isolates were resistant to at least three different antibiotics. Amoxicillin and ceftriaxone showed the highest resistance (100%), followed by lincomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (96%). In contrast, 80 and 52% of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin and fosfomycin, respectively. The PCR revealed that all isolates harbored virulence genes (int1, ampC, fimH, iss and eaeA), in addition to 91, 16 and 16% of isolates had mcr1, pic and tsh genes, respectively, proving that avian intestinal reservoir of potentially pathogenic curli producing ESβL Escherichia coli.

Distribution of Brucellosis and Toxoplasmosis, among Butchers of District Karak Pakistan

Background: Brucellosis is one of the ultimate well-known zoonotic diseases and is endemic in many cultivated countries affecting both humans and livestock. In humans’ obstacles of brucellosis are continuous fever, joint pain, sweating, weakness, fatigue, headache, chest pain and abdominal pain. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by a protozoan apicomplexan parasite named Toxoplasma gondii. Though it is symptomless but in severity it causes encephalitis, myocarditis, and pneumonia. Methods: The study aim was to accomplish the serological prevalence of Brucella melitensis and Toxoplasma gondii in butchers processed through ICT and serum agglutination tests. For this purpose, 270 blood samples were randomly collected from active butchers at seven different union councils of district Karak. The blood samples were examined for brucellosis and toxoplasmosis based on serum slide agglutination and immune chromatographic tests. SPSS version 22 for windows will be used for the analysis of data. Results: The overall prevalence of brucellosis and toxoplasmosis was 15.6% and 21.9%, respectively. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of brucellosis and toxoplasmosis was found in butchers with age group (15-31 years) 7.4% and 8.1% and weight group (63kg-80kg) 7.4% and 10.7%. In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant public health problem in and around district Karak. Conclusion: This disease can be forestalling, especially in rural areas, through preventive measures. It is endorsed that public health supremacy should enlighten the public about the prevention and control of brucellosis and toxoplasmosis. Keywords: Brucella melitensis; Toxoplasma gondii; Prevalence; Butcher; Karak