Slice Method Research Articles

Weight prioritized slicing based on constraint logic programming for fault localization.

Fault localization, a technique to fix and ensure the dependability of software, is rapidly becoming infeasible due to the increasing scale and complexity of multilingual programs. Compared to other fault localization techniques, slicing can directly narrow the range of the code which needed checking by abstracting a program into a reduced one by deleting irrelevant parts. Only minority slicing methods take into account the fact that the probability of different statements leading to failure is different. Moreover, no existing prioritized slicing techniques can work on multilingual programs. In this paper, we propose a new technique called weight prioritized slicing(WP-Slicing), an improved static slicing technique based on constraint logic programming, to help the programmer locate the fault quickly and precisely. WP-Slicing first converts the original program into logic facts. Then it extracts dependences from the facts, computes the static backward slice and calculates the statements’ weight. Finally, WP-Slicing provides the slice in a suggested check sequence by weighted-sorting. By comparing it’s slice time and locate effort with three pre-exsiting slicing techniques on five real world C projects, we prove that WP-Slicing can locate fault within less time and effort, which means WP-Slicing is more effectively.

Three-Dimensional Printing of Continuous Flax Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites by Five-Axis Machine.

A method for printing continuous flax fiber-reinforced plastic (CFFRP) composite parts by five-axis three-dimensional (3D) printer, based on fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology, has been developed. FFF printed parts usually need supporting structures, have a stair step effect, and unfavorable mechanical properties. In order to address these deficiencies, continuous natural fiber prepreg filaments were first manufactured, followed by curved path planning for the model for generation of the G-code, and finally printed by a five-axis 3D printer. The surface quality of printed parts was greatly improved. The tensile strength and modulus of CFFRP increased by 89% and 73%, respectively, compared with polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. The flexural strength and modulus of the 3D-printed CFFRP specimens increased by 211% and 224%, respectively, compared with PLA specimens. The maximal curved bending force load and stiffness of the 3D-printed CFFRP specimens increased by 39% and 115%, respectively, compared with the flat slicing method. Advanced light structures, such as leaf springs, can be designed and manufactured by taking advantage of the favorable properties of these composites, which endow them with significant potential for application in the field of automobiles.

Pseudo-static seismic analysis of reinforced soil slopes using the horizontal slice method

In this paper, the horizontal slice method (HSM) is employed to examine the stability of reinforced soil slopes. In this method, the soil mass is divided into a series of horizontal slices, and then the stability of each slice is examined. Unlike the previous studies, the formulation presented in this paper is able to analyse any type of the sliding surface. In addition to the log-spiral slip surface, the general slip surface is also examined. The genetic algorithm (GA) optimization method is employed to find the critical slip surface. Furthermore, the distribution of reinforcements along the depth is assumed to be uniform or non-uniform. Seismic effect is considered through the pseudo-static method. The HSM is implemented through a computer program written in MATLAB. After solving the problem, the critical slip surface, the amount of force and the length of reinforcements for the purpose of slope stabilization are obtained. Finally, the results are compared with other studies. These comparisons indicate that the method presented in this paper provides accurate results. The results also demonstrate that the general sliding surface is more critical than log-spiral sliding surface, thus leading to a larger amount of required reinforcement.

Inclined Slice Method to Earth Pressure of Narrow Cohesionless Backfill against Rigid Walls under Various Displacement Modes

The displacement modes of retaining walls in engineering are complicated, and the backfill behind retaining walls is often narrow. Failure mechanisms of soils under various displacement modes of retaining walls have not been clarified yet in previous studies. According to results of the finite element limit analysis, multiple sliding surfaces were observed developing reflectively between interfaces on both sides in the active limit state. In rotational displacement modes, some layers of soil near the rotated point maintained in the non-limit state which was not considered in the previous studies. Based on numerical analysis results, failure wedges were divided into differential soil slice elements by an inclined slice method. An analytical model was established to estimate the earth pressure of the narrow backfill under various displacement modes using the limit equilibrium method. The calculated results are consistent with the data gathered from previous tests. Compared with previous studies, the proposed method can reflect failure mechanisms of the narrow backfill and be adapted to various displacement modes of the retaining wall. The accuracy of the calculation results is high in the non-limit state soil layer. In addition, the boundary criterion between the narrow and semi-limit backfills was determined. Based on extensive parametric studies, it can be concluded that increasing the soil-wall interface friction and decreasing the backfill area would be conducive to decreasing the earth pressure and the depth of resultant application point.

A comparative analysis on pull-out resistance and non-linear slip surfaces of single belled anchors in different layered sand deposits

The pull-out resistance of single belled anchors and non-linear slip surfaces in two different layered sand deposits in respect to embedment ratios, diameter ratios and bell angles are evaluated from experimental study. The predicted pull-out resistances are computed by horizontal slice method, applied on observed slip surfaces from the dyed and non-dyed layers of sand deposits. The models can achieve higher pull-out resistance for higher embedment ratios, lesser diameter ratios and bell angles in both the sand deposits. The 45, 54 and 63° belled anchors are efficient to resist pull-out loads than 72° anchors. The pull-out resistance are correlated with respective slip surfaces, based on embedment ratios, width ratios and bell angles. The slip surfaces are concave inward, and upward and convex outward, and upward in pattern, based on sand deposits. Total 93% predicted results are within −10.72 to +09.83% variations comparison to observed data. Numerical analysis for comparatively larger models, based on PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION are found to closely following the similar trend of non-dimensional pull-out resistance and non-linear behaviour of slip surfaces of small-scale (1-g) laboratory models. The non-dimensional pull-out resistance obtained from PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION analysis are within +2.15 to ̶ 8.45% variation comparison to the observed data.

Research on Fault Diagnosis of Analog Circuit Based on Volterra Theory and Higher-Order Spectrum Analysis

To diagnose fault of nonlinear components in analog circuits, a method of fault diagnosis based on Volterra series theory, high-order spectrum and kernel assurance criterion (KAC) analysis was proposed. Firstly, input and output signals of the analog circuit were used to identify a Volterrra model. Secondly, the kernel function was solved by the improved multi-pulse excitation method. The high-order spectrum and its slice method were used to qualitatively characterize the kernel function. Finally, the concept of KAC indicator was introduced to quantitatively compare the characteristics of soft faults in the analog circuit, and the fault degree information was extracted and diagnosed. Taking the Sallen-key filter circuit as the research object, the simulation of the method shows that the high-order spectrum and KAC index can be used to quantify the Volterra system with different fault levels, which can effectively distinguish analog circuit with different soft faults, and have certain practical significance.

A new method of transverse cardiac slicing and optical mapping of murine heart

A new method of transverse cardiac slicing and optical mapping of murine heart

3D Printing Method of Spatial Curved Surface by Continuous Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite

A method for printing continuous flax fiber-reinforced plastic (CFFRP) composites parts by five-axis three-dimensional (3D) printer based on fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology has been developed. FDM printed parts usually need supporting structures, have stair step effect, and unfavorable mechanical properties. In order to address these deficiencies, continuous natural fiber prepreg filaments were first manufactured, followed by curved path planning for the model for generating the G-code, and finally printed by five-axis 3D printer. The surface quality of printed parts had been greatly improved. The compressive strength and modulus of the 3D-printed CFFRP specimens increased by 29% and 522% respectively, compared with planar slicing method.

Impact of isolation and fiducial cuts on qT and N-jettiness subtractions

Kinematic selection cuts and isolation requirements are a necessity in experimental measurements for identifying prompt leptons and photons that originate from the hard-interaction process of interest. We analyze how such cuts affect the application of the qT and N -jettiness subtraction methods for fixed-order calculations. We consider both fixed-cone and smooth-cone isolation methods. We find that kinematic selection and isolation cuts both induce parametrically enhanced power corrections with considerably slower convergence compared to the standard power corrections that are already present in inclusive cross sections without additional cuts. Using analytic arguments at next-to-leading order we derive their general scaling behavior as a function of the subtraction cutoff. We also study their numerical impact for the case of gluon-fusion Higgs production in the H → γγ decay mode and for pp → γγ direct diphoton production. We find that the relative enhancement of the additional cut-induced power corrections tends to be more severe for qT, where it can reach an order of magnitude or more, depending on the choice of parameters and subtraction cutoffs. We discuss how all such cuts can be incorporated without causing additional power corrections by implementing the subtractions differentially rather than through a global slicing method. We also highlight the close relation of this formulation of the subtractions to the projection-to-Born method.

Hierarchical Soft Slicing to Meet Multi-Dimensional QoS Demand in Cache-Enabled Vehicular Networks

Vehicular networks are expected to support diverse content applications with multi-dimensional quality of service (QoS) requirements, which cannot be realized by the conventional one-fit-all network management method. In this paper, a service-oriented hierarchical soft slicing framework is proposed for the cache-enabled vehicular networks, where each slice supports one service and the resources are logically isolated but opportunistically reused to exploit the multiplexing gain. The performance of the proposed framework is studied in an analytical way considering two typical on-road content services, i.e., the time-critical driving related context information service (CIS) and the bandwidth-consuming infotainment service (IS). Two network slices are constructed to support the CIS and IS, respectively, where the resource is opportunistic reused at both intra- and inter-slice levels. Specifically, the throughput of the IS slice, the content freshness (i.e., age of information) and delay performances of the CIS slice are analyzed theoretically, whereby the multiplexing gain of soft slicing is obtained. Extensive simulations are conducted on the OMNeT++ and MATLAB platforms to validate the analytical results. Numerical results show that the proposed soft slicing method can enhance the IS throughput by 30% while guaranteeing the same level of CIS content freshness and service delay.

Probabilistic Risk Evaluation for Overall Stability of Composite Caisson Breakwaters in Korea

In the present study, the overall stability of typical Korean composite caisson breakwaters that were initially designed following the conventional deterministic approach is investigated using reliability approaches. Therefore, the sensitivity of critical uncertainties regarding breakwater safety is analyzed. Uncertainty sources related to the structure, ocean conditions, and properties of the subsoil and rubble mound are considered in the reliability analysis. Sliding and overturning failures are presented as explicit equations, and three reliability methods, i.e., the mean value first-order second-moment, first-order reliability method, and Monte Carlo simulation, are applied in the evaluation process. Furthermore, the bearing capacity of the rubble mound and subsoil are analyzed using the discrete slice method conjugated with the Monte Carlo simulation. The results of this study establish that the sliding failure generally is the most frequent failure occurring among the above-mentioned overall stability failures (around 15 times more common than failures observed in the foundation). Additionally, it is found that the horizontal wave force primarily contributes to the sliding of the caisson body, whereas the friction coefficient is the main factor producing the resistance force. Furthermore, a much small probability of overturning failure implies that the overturning of a caisson around its heels uncommonly occurs during their lifetime, unlike other overall failure modes. Moreover, the failure in foundations may commonly encounter in the breakwater that has a high rubble mound structure compared with sliding mode. Particularly, the performance function of the all foundation bearing capacities presents a nonlinear behavior and positively skewed distribution when using the Monte Carlo simulation method. This phenomenon proves that simulation methods might be an appropriate approach to evaluate the bearing capacity of a breakwater foundation that can overcome several drawbacks of the conventional design approach.

Non-Linear Coupled Dynamics of a Flexible Propeller-Shaft System Supported by Water Film Bearings

Abstract A slice method to determine the boundary conditions between the stern bearing and shaft by dividing the journal in the stern bearing into several slice elements along the axial direction is proposed for the first time. A comprehensive finite element model considering the nonlinear force of the water film and the flexibility of the propeller blade is established for a propeller-shaft system. The long bearing approximation is adopted to calculate the pressure distribution around each journal element in the stern bearing. The mode superposition method is employed. The nonlinear equation of motion is solved iteratively using the Newmark method. A parametric study is implemented to analyze the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the system. It is shown that the real motion state of the journal in the stern bearing can be simulated more precisely by the slice method proposed. The responses of the system alternate among period-one, quasi-periodic, multi-periodic, and chaotic motions as the rotating speed increases. The damping ratio has a significant effect on the dynamic characteristics of the propeller-shaft system. The motion of the system is unstable when the damping ratio is very small. At this time, the modes of the flexible propeller blades can be excited readily. The slice method, which can also be extensively used in similar rotor-bearing systems in the engineering field, is very simple and efficient to analyze the nonlinear vibration characteristics of a flexible propeller-shaft system supported by water film bearings.

Brain slice viability determined under normoxic and oxidative stress conditions: involvement of slice quantity in the medium

ABSTRACTObjective: In vitro acute adult brain slice methods are instruments in developing our knowledge of the nervous system. Optimization of this method for obtaining high-quality brain slices is extremely important in terms of consistency and reliability of the experimental results. Although some important topics such as slice thickness, temperature, and composition of the physiological medium have been studied for optimization, involvement of slice quantity in medium on tissue viability has not been investigated yet.Methods: Different number of slices (1, 3, or 6 slices) were incubated under normoxic or some prooxidant stress conditions induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD), H2O2, FeSO4+ ascorbic acid, or menadione to evaluate the effect of slice density on tissue viability.Results:Slice quantity in the normoxic incubation medium caused a significant increase in 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining intensity of the slices. Similarly, increase in the slice quantity in the medium also protected the slices against either OGD, H2O2, FeSO4, or menadione-induced decrease in TTC staining. In addition to TTC staining, lactate dehydrogenase leakage or malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species production under normoxic or ischemia-like conditions were also attenuated by increasing slice quantity in the medium.Conclusion: These results show that when using brain slices method for investigating the structural and functional features of brain at the molecular and cellular levels, both slice quantity in the medium and incubation volume should be considered first. Increasing slice quantity or decreasing incubation volume probably causes an increase in the concentration of endogenous substance(s) involved in neuroprotection.

A Theoretical Calculation Method of Influence Radius of Settlement Based on the Slices Method in Tunnel Construction

At present, the empirical formula is used to calculate the influence radius of surface settlement and the width of settlement trough, which lacks theoretical support. Aiming at this problem, this paper derived the theoretical calculation formula for predicting the influence radius of formation settlement based on the slices method. Then, the expression of the width of settlement trough was obtained according to the relationship between the settlement influence radius and the settlement trough width. The rationality of the formula was verified by the Heathrow Express tunnel and the Green Park tunnel. Through analysis and discussion, it was found that in the clay stratum, the settlement calculation formula can more accurately predict the surface settlement, while there is a big error in predicting the stratum settlement within 4dnear the tunnel vault. In the sand layer, the internal friction angle is less than 40°, and the reinforcement surface is applied to the unsupported face to reduce the radius of influence; in the clay formation, when the cohesion is less than 50 kPa, the influence radius can be reduced by applying reinforcement measure to the unsupported face.

3D Shared Matting Method for Directly Extracting Standard Organ Models from Human Body Color Volume Image.

In some medical applications (e.g., virtual surgery), standard human organ models are very important and useful. Now that real human body slice image sets have been collected by several countries, it is possible to obtain real standard organ models. Understanding how to abandon the traditional model construction method of Photoshop sketching slice by slice and directly extracting 3D models from volume images has been an interesting and challenging issue. In this paper, a 3D color volume image matting method has been proposed to segment human body organ models. First, the scope of the known area will be expanded by means of propagation. Next, neighborhood sampling to find the best sampling for voxels in an unknown region will be performed and then the preliminary opacity using the sampling results will be calculated. The final result will be obtained by applying local smoothing to the image. From the experimental results, it has been observed that our method is effective for real standard organ model extraction.

CORRECTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF RUSSIA RELIGIOUS SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRIMINOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

According to the logic of the updated RF Constitution and the UN Resolution on enlightenment religious tolerance, the latter is defined as the optimal principle of the arrangement of interreligious relations. This logic is also consistent with the goals of effective prevention of inter-religious aggression in the context of the implementation of the doctrine of religious security, since it takes into account the religious people’s mechanism of criminal behavior features. Meanwhile, the constitutional law basis of religious security, including Russian legislation on freedom of conscience, is not consistent with such a logic. This indicates the importance of correcting the existing legal approaches. The proposed statement and consideration of the question in the research aspect are new. This study, continuing for more than ten years, touches upon a wide range of constitutional and legal issues of the religious space, and it is reflected in more than 40 articles by the authors. The research methodology is based on the dialectical methodology. The elements of other methodological approaches are also used, in particular,the methods of falsification and abstract slice. The study conducted surveys of more than nine hundred people, who identified themselves as religious people, religious agnostics, and atheists. The purpose of this research aspect presented in this article is to justify the importance of correcting the legal regulation of interreligious relations from the point of view of the criminological significance of religious tolerance for religious security purposes. This aspect is relevant in connection with the accumulation of ideas of religious exclusivity in society, as well as the rejection of religious tolerance. This article finds the criminological significance of religious tolerance as one of the most important factors of religious security, and it points out the inferiority of patience in matters of faith as the Russian legislative antipode of religious tolerance. The authors also highlight the absence of religious tolerance in Russia, and they propose priority measures to ensure legal institutionalization of tolerance in the religious space. These measures include, in particular, the use of the positive potential of the two largest religious communities in Russia: Sunnism and canonical Orthodoxy — and proposals for a legislation change.

Vulnerability Evaluation Method for E-Commerce Transaction Systems With Unobservable Transitions

E-commerce transaction systems have become an important factor in trading activities. However, e-commerce systems are still undergoing development. Unobservable actions and attacks on systems are frequent problems that increase the vulnerability of e-commerce systems. Most existing approaches to addressing these issues cannot describe or analyze the overall structure of a local specification and unobservable actions well. The vulnerable e-commerce transaction net (VET-net) is a useful model for describing the unobservable actions, online transactions and third-party payment platforms of e-commerce systems. Based on a VET-net, we focus on the detection and evaluation of e-commerce transaction systems to attacks. We propose the concept of vulnerable transitions, which include not only vulnerable actions but also unobservable transitions. Then, we use an improved slice method to locate the vulnerable transitions. For these vulnerable transitions, we propose a vulnerable transition evaluation method based on a hidden Markov model along with a reachability graph (HMM-RG). The HMM-RG uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) to approximate the state reachability graph of a VET-net. By calculating the firing probability, the HMM-RG can evaluate the vulnerability degree of malicious states. We use a real-world case to show our method’s effectiveness and reasonability.

A Strength Design Method of Cemented Backfill with a High Aspect Ratio

To calculate the required strength of a cemented backfill with high aspect ratio, the confirmation of lateral pressure is fundamental and needs to be determined first. As for the backfill with a high aspect ratio of height to length, the shape of the slip surface is not straight when in the active state due to the limited space, which is different from the general backfill. For this reason, a formulation of the slip surface with a curved shape and a lateral pressure calculation method based on this curved slip surface were proposed. The proposed equation of the slip surface is affected by the geometry parameters of the backfill, internal friction angle of the backfill, and the friction angle of the backfill‐rock interface. Then, by the combination of the minor principal stress trajectory method and the horizontal slice method, an ordinary differential equation of stresses was established and then solved numerically. Finally, the method based on Mitchell’s three‐dimensional limit equilibrium model was used to calculate the required strength of the cemented backfill. The calculated results were compared with previous studies and validated with numerical models. The results showed good consistency for the backfills with high aspect ratios.

A procedure for slicing and characterizing soft heterogeneous and irregular-shaped tissue

This paper presents a slicing technique useful to prepare precise and repeatable samples from organs which are irregularly shaped and highly heterogeneous for mechanical testing and advanced microscopy observation. The suggested technique does not seem to influence the internal microstructure and it is employed here for testing specimens cut from different region of the meniscal tissue. Fast Fourier Transform analysis is used to quantify characteristic features of the microstructure (collagen fibers orientation, pore size) after slicing prior mechanical testing. Uniaxial (relaxation) tests are performed on dog-bone meniscal samples. Stress relaxation testing results on samples cut from different regions of the meniscus highlights a significant scatter in the maximum stress even though the preferential collagen fibers orientation is not too dissimilar. The proposed slicing method, which requires inexpensive tools and allows to minimize sample preparation, is proved to be applicable for a range of applications from macroscopic/nano mechanical testing to microscopy observations to accurately characterize location-dependent microstructural features and mechanical properties.

A dynamic modelling method of a rotor-roller bearing-housing system with a localized fault including the additional excitation zone

Rotor-roller bearing-housing systems (RBHSs) are widely utilized in many industrial machinery, such as aero-engines, high speed trains, wind turbine, etc. A clearly investigation of vibrations for the RBHSs is very valuable for condition monitoring and fault detection applications for the above industrial machines. A new analytical dynamic model for a RBHS is conducted, which can consider the time dependent additional contact zone excitation caused by the fault on the raceways, deformable interface between the outer raceway and housing, lubricating oil film, and deformable rotor and housing. The time dependent addition contact zone is determined by Hertzian contact theory and the relative relationship between the roller and fault. Influences of the rotor speed, roller load and fault length on the additional excitation zone are studied. The ratio of the additional excitation zone to the fault length is also discussed. To consider the complex profiles of the outer raceway, an analytical method combined with a slice method and an integral method is used to obtain the total interface stiffness at the interface. Influences of the housing materials and height on the total interface stiffness are analyzed. A time dependent displacement excitation model with a half-sine function profile is applied to formulate the time dependent displacement excitation due to the fault. The dynamics of the RBHS from the presented model with the additional excitation zone are compared with those from the previous model without the additional excitation zone. An experimental study is presented to validate the proposed model. Influences of the housing materials, housing height, additional excitation zone of the fault, and fault length on the dynamics of the RBHS are studied. The simulation results provide that the presented model can give an accurate simulation method for investigating the dynamics of the RBHS with a localized fault.