Changes In Sleep Patterns Research Articles

Sleep Quality and Its Related Factors Among Older Adults in Malayer City: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: With age, major changes in sleep pattern and structure occur that causes sleep disturbances and frequent complaints resulting from it. The aim of this study was to determine sleep quality and its related factors among the older adults of Malayer city, west of Iran. Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 298 elderly people in Malayer city. The participants were selected by multi-stage random sampling from the elderly referring to comprehensive health centers in Malayer city. The data collection tool included demographic characteristics and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed in SPSS version 18 using independent t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants was 68.3±6.7 years. According to the results, 25.5% of the elderly did not have a desirable sleep quality and were suspicious of sleep disorders. Also, there is a statistically significant association between age, number of children and having an underlying disease with sleep quality (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the sleep quality of a significant part of the older adults is poor, so it seems necessary to emphasize the importance of performing sleep hygiene behaviors.

SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN SLEEP PATTERNS AMONG US ADULTS IN MID AND OLDER ADULTHOOD

Abstract As the U.S. population ages, understanding social disparities in sleep among older adults is paramount. Even as humans physiologically require sleep, sleep duration decreases, and insomnia increases throughout older adulthood. Further, the implications of sleep related conditions (e.g., heart disease) are elevated in older adulthood. Importantly, these changes in sleep patterns throughout older adulthood are distributed in a manner that reflects broader social inequities, as quality sleep is contingent upon resources that are distributed unequally across society (e.g., time, stress, quiet, comfort, access to quality medical care). The inequities in sleep have profound implications for intergenerational social inequality, well-being, and longevity. Novel results regarding social based sleep disparities by gender, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment among older adults from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey will be presented. The profound implications of sleep disparities and potential interventions will also be discussed.

Understanding the Life and Challenges of Caregivers of Renal Patients Undergoing Dialysis in Kenya: A Qualitative Study

The research investigated the multifaceted challenges faced by caregivers of renal patients undergoing dialysis in Kenya, aiming to understand the impact on daily routines, socioeconomic factors, and mental health. Structured interviews were conducted with 32 caregivers (interview conducted till saturation with a target sample size of 59), predominantly spouses and children, revealing a complex web of responsibilities and hardships. The majority of caregivers assumed their roles due to a lack of alternatives, either being the sole available family member or chosen by others. While some experienced disruptions in daily routines, including changes in work schedules and sleep patterns, others adapted by delegating tasks or using financial resources. Caregivers often mirrored the dietary needs of patients, though this posed economic challenges and altered their own eating habits. Economically, caregivers faced heightened living costs attributed to dietary changes, medication expenses, and increased dialysis sessions. The study uncovers a significant decline in the quality of life for caregivers, with financial strains and altered sleep patterns contributing to their overall well-being. Mental health challenges were pervasive, with stress, emotional exhaustion, and even suicidal ideation reported. Caregivers expressed fears of abrupt health deterioration in patients and felt unsupported by medical facilities. The study concludes that caregivers draw motivation from relationships with patients, emphasising the need for comprehensive support mechanisms. The study recommended enhanced support programs, expanded health insurance coverage, and dedicated mental health support and education. These initiatives aim to alleviate the economic burden, improve the affordability of caregiving, and enhance caregivers' mental well-being. Implementing these recommendations ensures caregivers receive the necessary support to navigate their challenging roles effectively, benefiting both caregivers and renal patients

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of central precocious puberty; a narrative review.

Central precocious puberty (CPP) is the premature activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in the early development of secondary sexual characteristics. CPP classically occurs before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys. The aetiology of thisprecocious onset of puberty is governed by complex mechanistic interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The rates of CPP have been documented to have been rising before the COVID-19 pandemic; despite this, the incidence of CPP has increased exponentially since the start of the pandemic. There are multiple theories potentially explaining this change in incidence of CPP over COVID-19. These include the direct effect of SARS-coV-2 infection, increasing body mass index of adolescents oversequential lockdowns, changes in sleep patterns, increased use of electronic devices and levels of stress, andadditionally potential earlier detection of signs of CPP by parents and carers. Whilst there is evidence from observational cohorts, case studies and animal models for each of these factors, it is difficult to definitively prove which has had the greatest impact due to the mainly retrospective nature of the human research that has been conducted. Moreover, studies set in diverse settings with varying population make comparison complex. Additionally, each country responded differently to the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdowns varied between locations, hence the effect of lockdown was not equal or universal. Despite this, similar trends have been identified, with various lifestyle changes that occurred over the pandemic being potentially influential factors on the development ofCPP.

Analysis of Changes in Sleep Quality and Patterns after Hip Fracture Using Real Evidence of Artificial Intelligence Linked (REAL) Hip Cohort Data.

Background and Objectives: Hip fractures are commonly found in elderly patients, and often result in chronic pain and decreased physical function, as well as worsening of overall health. It is known that early surgical intervention during the acute phase and rehabilitation are important for improving clinical outcomes for these patients. However, the importance of management for improving the quality of life of these patients is becoming more emphasized. Studies on changes in sleep patterns after hip fractures are rare overseas. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with hip fractures and to analyze the changes in sleep disturbance after surgery by comparing the preoperative and postoperative results. Materials and Methods: During the period from August 2022 to January 2023, patients who underwent surgical treatment for hip fractures and were recruited into the REAL Hip Cohort were selected as research subjects. The sleep survey was conducted using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The PSQI is composed of 18 questions, each divided into areas of sleep quality, sleep latency, duration, efficiency, disturbance, use of medication, and daytime dysfunction. Each area is scored 0-3 points and the total is 0-21. A score greater than five indicates sleep disorder. The PSQI was surveyed during hospitalization and three months after surgery for post-fracture sleep status. To analyze changes before and after the fracture, paired T-tests and chi-square tests were performed. Results: From August 2022 to January 2023, a total of 40 patients who were recruited into the REAL Hip Cohort responded to the PSQI survey. The average age was 77.4 years and 36 were female. Sleep quality worsened from 0.75 ± 1.0 before surgery to 1.4 ± 1.0 three months after surgery (p = 0.019), and sleep efficiency also worsened from 0.4 ± 0.6 to 1.4 ± 1.0 (p < 0.001). The PSQI increased from an average of 5.2 ± 2.8 before surgery to 8.2 ± 4.2 three months after surgery (p = 0.007), and the number of patients who could be diagnosed with sleep disorders also increased from 12 (40%) to 24 (60%) (p = 0.030). Conclusions: A decline in overall sleep status was observed in patients in a survey on sleep patterns three months after hip fracture. Additional management is needed to improve their sleep patterns.

Burnout, resilience, and subjective well-being among Portuguese lecturers' during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Lecturers face a large wide of occupational stressors. If the prolonged stress and the symptomatology associated with the working conditions to which lecturers were exposed were already a concern before the pandemic, the pandemic may have exacerbated this psychosocial vulnerability. Burnout is a psychological syndrome that develops in response to chronic work stress. This study aims to describe burnout amongst lecturers working in Portugal and to analyse potential determinants of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was performed using an online questionnaire distributed via social networks. The survey collected sociodemographic and sleep patterns data in addition to applying the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (personal, work- and student-related burnout), the Resilience Scale, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The sample included 331 lecturers from 35 different colleges and faculties. Three significant models explained personal (R2 = 54%), work- (R2 = 47%) and student- (R2 = 19%) related burnout. Lower levels of resilience and higher levels of depression and stress were significantly associated with personal and work-related burnout. Changes in sleep patterns were additionally associated with both personal and work-related burnout. Higher education institutions must recognize the impact of the work environment and organizational culture on faculty mental health and take proactive measures to improve this environment. These institutions can implement support strategies such as educational technology training, professional development programmes, emotional support resources, and workload flexibility. Implementing measures to enhance lecturers' resilience and overall life satisfaction could potentially help mitigate burnout and improve the well-being of educators, ultimately contributing to the overall quality of education.

PENGARUH KUALITAS TIDUR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATA KULIAH STATISTIKA MAHASISWA SEMESTER 1 PENDIDIKAN FISIKA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA

Changes in sleep patterns depend on daily activities or activities. Activities that are too busy will have an impact on reducing a person's sleep duration. If this happens continuously it will affect health. Poor sleeping habits with long sleep duration will have a negative impact. Likewise, short sleep duration will also have a bad impact on the body. Sleep quality is one of the many factors that influence student learning outcomes. Sleep quality can be influenced by how fast or how long we sleep, sleep duration can be influenced by many factors such as; age, gender, genetics and health conditions can influence how much sleep a person needs. This study aims to identify the effect of sleep duration of first semester Physics Education students on their statistics learning outcomes. By knowing their study results and their sleep duration, it is hoped that students will be able to better manage their sleep hours. The method used in this research is a quantitative method which is a type of quantitative research. Data analysis using the Spearman's rho correlation statistical test, obtained a value of p = 0.153 (p &gt; 0.05) with a confidence level of 95% so it can be concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a correlation between sleep quality results and learning outcomes. Students with poor sleep quality do not always have poor learning results.

Investigating influencing factors on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female college students

BackgroundPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects women’s physical and mental health. Depression, stress, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems have been known to influence PMS. Furthermore, restrictions of daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to changes in sleep patterns and eating attitudes. Thus, it is necessary to closely examine how these factors affect PMS. This study aimed to examine the levels of PMS, stress, depression, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems among female college students who experience dysmenorrhea and determine the factors associated with PMS.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey design was conducted using a convenience sample of 143 female college students in C City, South Korea. Data were collected from September 1 to 19, 2021 in South Korea using an online self-administered survey. Differences in participants’ level of PMS according to physical health variables (e.g., smoking, water intake, menstrual pain intensity) and psychological issues (i.e., stress, depression, sleep disturbances, and eating attitude problems) were assessed with independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVAs. Correlational analyses between these variables were also conducted. Additionally, multiple regression was performed to identify the factors influencing PMS.ResultsPMS severity was between normal (27.3%) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (72.7%). PMS was associated positively with depression (r = .284, p = 001), stress (r = .274, p = .001), sleep disturbance (r = .440, p < .001), and eating attitude problems (r = .266, p = .001). Additionally, menstrual pain intensity (β = 0.204), sleep disturbances (β = 0.375), and eating attitude problems (β = 0.202) were found to influence PMS. The regression model was significant (F = 16.553, p < .001) with an explanatory power of 24.7%.ConclusionsConsidering the influencing factors of PMS identified in this study, interventions for participants experiencing PMS should be made. We propose that further study should be conducted to examine whether the severity of PMS changes according to menstrual pain, the pattern and degree of its change, and the paths through which sleep quality and eating attitude problems affect PMS.

Sleep Pattern Changes in Patients Who Are Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery

Sleep Pattern Changes in Patients Who Are Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery

A cross-sectional survey on sleep disturbances with special reference to sleep quality among COVID-19-recovered patients attending outpatient department of a medical college hospital in Eastern India

Background: The prevalence of sleep problems is approximately 40% among the general and health-care populations. Post-covid-19 sleep disturbances may persist for a long time and are often precursors of psychiatric disorders and expeditors of many systemic diseases. Studies on sleep quality in COVID-19 patients are considerable but in post-COVID-recovered subjects are scanty. There is no study on sleep quality of such patients in Eastern India. Aims and Objectives: We hypothesize that both sleep disturbances and sleep quality may be affected in subjects in their post-COVID state. Therefore, we planned to study the prevalence of sleep disturbances, sleep quality, severity of insomnia, and the relationship of different parameters with respect to sleep quality. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty COVID-19-recovered patients were administered a pre-structured questionnaire including Pittsburgh sleep quality index and insomnia severity index containing various sleep parameters. Results: Majority of the study participants had sleep disturbances in the form of change in sleep pattern (59.6%), poor sleep quality (77.6%), reduced sleep duration (29.6%), daytime sleepiness (20%), difficulty in sleep initiation (29.6%), and subthreshold insomnia (53.6%). Poor sleep quality was strongly associated with reinfection, change in sleep pattern after infection, sleep pattern alteration during pandemic, and those who felt tired during daytime. Conclusion: This study concludes that a significant number of COVID-19-recovered subjects experienced sleep disturbances including poor sleep quality.

Add-on pramipexole for anhedonic depression: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial and open-label follow-up in Lund, Sweden

IntroductionMany depressed patients do not achieve remission with available treatments. Anhedonia is a common residual symptom associated with treatment resistance as well as low function and quality of life. There...

The Impact of Decreased Physical Activity Against Increased Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in People Aged 40-50 Years During The PPKM Period in Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta

The implementation of Community Restrictions (PPKM) is an effort by the Indonesian government to prevent the chain of transmission of Covid-19 that occurred in 2021. PPKM makes changes in lifestyle and physical activity. The benefit of physical activity for health is to prevent an increase in risk factors for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. This study used risk factors for cardiovascular disease age, sex, lifestyle, diet, BMI, current blood glucose, total blood cholesterol, and blood pressure. Knowing the impact of decreased physical activity against increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease which can be controlled and which cannot be controlled at the productive age of 40-50 years. This study used the observation method on 50 participants from RW 01 Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta who were randomly selected. The study participants measured blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, blood pressure, BMI, and physical activity measurements during the PPKM period. Testing the correlation of the impact of physical activity with increased risk factors was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Decreased physical activity occurred predominantly in all categories of participants caused by changes in lifestyle, sleep patterns, diet, and uncontrolled workload, causing increases in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, BMI, and blood pressure. Statistical tests prove that there is a significant correlation between decreased physical activity and increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study proves that there is an increase in cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with decreased physical activity and lifestyle changes in residents of RW 01 Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta.

Barriers in the Management of Obesity in Mexican Children and Adolescents through the COVID-19 Lockdown-Lessons Learned and Perspectives for the Future.

Our study comprised two phases. The initial descriptive cross-sectional phase included surveys of children who are overweight or obese and their parents/guardians from the Pediatric Obesity Clinic at the Child Welfare Unit (UBI, acronym in Spanish) in the Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" (n = 129). The participants were studied to explore changes in lifestyle, physical activity, sleep patterns, eating behaviors, food consumption, anxiety, and depression. In the second phase, the biochemical, body composition, and anthropometric parameters of 29 pre-COVID-19 patients were compared before and after the lockdown. The survey showed more moderate anxiety and depression, alterations in sleep, physical inactivity, and an increase in the consumption of animal products, fruits, cereals, tubers, sugary drinks, and ultra-processed food. In the study's comparative phase, we observed a substantial increase in BMI z-score (p = 0.01), waist circumference (p < 0.001), fat mass (p < 0.001), percentage of adiposity (p = 0.002), and basal glucose (p = 0.047) and a drop in lean mass (p = 0.008). The pandemic led to a loss of routines and socioeconomic changes that made it difficult to address weight and obesity in young people. The results show that managing obesity in our patients involves considering both lifestyle and the social environment. This encourages us to consider a comprehensive and personalized approach.

Predictors of postpartum depression and its association with sleep quality among mothers in Qassim, Saudi Arabia: A descriptive cross-sectional study.

This cross-sectional study aims to examine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and sleep problems, their relationship, and the characteristics associated with depression/insomnia in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. An online survey was administered to a convenience sample of 395 mothers who had given birth within the preceding year. The survey comprised demographic characteristics, pregnancy and childbirth characteristics, depression (via the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; EPDS), and sleep quality (via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI). Nearly two-thirds of respondents (62.3%) had PPD, while 92.2% experienced poor sleep quality. Both scales demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation. Participants with previous PPD, peripartum depression, a personal or family history of other depression, those bottle-feeding their infants, or who had a change in sleep pattern scored significantly higher on the EPDS and had poorer PSQI scores. Respondents with a history of mental illness, pregnancy or delivery complications, those who lacked support, or gave birth to unhealthy newborns also had significantly higher EPDS scores. PPD and poor sleep quality were highly prevalent among mothers living in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Not surprisingly, PPD was strongly correlated with poor sleep quality. Postpartum counseling for mothers during the first year after delivery is necessary to decrease the risk of developing depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality. Screening for sleep-related difficulties and depression in prenatal and postnatal programs may help prevent the development of depressive disorder among postpartum women in this region of Saudi Arabia (or other areas of the Middle East).

Sleep impairment and altered pattern of circadian biomarkers during a long-term Antarctic summer camp

Antarctic expeditions include isolation and exposure to cold and extreme photoperiods (with continuous natural light during summer) that may influence psychophysiological responses modulated by luminosity and sleep. We assessed changes in night sleep patterns by actigraphy, salivary biomarkers, and perceptual variables in seven participants in the following time points along a 50-day camping expedition in Antarctica (Nelson Island): Pre-Field (i.e., on the ship before camp), Field-1, Field-2, Field-3, Field-4 (from 1st to 10th, 11th to 20th, 21st to 35th and 36th to 50th days in camp, respectively), and Post-Field (on the ship after camp). We also characterized mood states, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality by questionnaires. Staying in an Antarctic camp reduced sleep efficiency (5.2%) and increased the number of awakenings and wakefulness after sleep onset (51.8% and 67.1%, respectively). Furthermore, transient increases in time in bed (16.5%) and sleep onset latency (4.8 ± 4.0 min, from Pre- to Field-3) was observed. These changes were accompanied by an altered pattern of the emerging circadian marker β-Arrestin-1 and a trend to reduce nocturnal melatonin [57.1%; P = 0.066, with large effect size (ES) from Pre-Field to Field-2 (ES = 1.2) and Field-3 (ES = 1.2)]. All changes returned to Pre-Field values during the Post-Field. The volunteers reported sleep-related physical complaints (feeling of cold and pain, discomfort to breathe, and cough or loud snoring), excessive daytime sleepiness, and reduced vigor during the camp. Thus, a 50-day camp alters neuroendocrine regulation and induces physical discomfort, which may explain the impaired sleep pattern and the consequent daytime sleepiness and mood changes.

Pengaruh Pemberian Inhalasi Aroma Terapi Lavender terhadap Kualitas Tidur Lansia di Kelurahan Harjamukti Depok

The Elderly is a process in human life characterized by a decrease in physiological, physical, psychological, social, and cognitive functions. Most of the elderly are prone to sleep problems due to various causative factors, one of which is elderly often experience changes in sleep patterns, with around 40 to 50% of the elderly experiencing sleep disturbances. This study aimed to determine the effect of inhalation of lavender aroma therapy on sleep quality in the elderly in RW 003 Harjamukti Village, Cimanggis Depok. This type of research uses quantitative data using apseudo-experimental research design. In this study, the population was 135 respondents and the sample of this study was 34. This study used purposive sampling. The normality test was carried out and the data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon test, to see the effect of giving lavender aroma therapy inhalation on the quality of elderly sleep. Based on the results of the study, it was found that after using lavender aroma therapy there were 30 (88.23%) respondents with a total score &amp;lt; α (0.05) which means it has a very significant difference in value. The results of the Wilcoxon testfound that 4 respondents experienced a decrease after the intervention, 1 remained, and 29 experienced an increase after receiving the intervention. So it can be concluded that the provision of lavender aroma therapy inhalation affects the quality of sleep of the elderly in RW 003 Harjamukti Keluharan Cimanggis Depok in 2022.

Correlation Between of Gadget Use to Sleep Patterns and Social Interaction in Students During COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The change in learning methods online during COVID-19 pandemic has an impact duration of gadget use. Cause health problems such as sleep patterns and changes social interaction patterns students. Study aims to determine relationship between gadget use with sleep patterns and social interaction among nursing students at Airlangga University during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research was conducted from 21-23 January 2022 using a correlational descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Population of nursing students the regular class of 2020 and B23 Airlangga University with large sample of 164 respondents using simple random sampling technique. Independent variable use of gadgets and the dependent variable changes in sleep patterns and social interactions. Instruments used SAS (Smartphone Addiction Scale), PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), SIAS (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale). Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using spearman's rho test with significance level of &lt;0.05. Result : Based on the results study, there was significant relationship between gadget use and sleep patterns (p = 0.037, r = -0.163) and social interaction with results (p = 0.002, r = -236). Conclusion: Excessive use of gadgets without good time management makes students experience social dysfunction, become apathetic and less sensitive to surrounding environment. This means higher use of gadgets, lower level of sleep patterns and social interaction. It is hoped research will become source of information well as reference for providing health education and counseling regarding use of gadgets.

The Consumption of Energy Drink and Its Potential Effect on Sleep Patterns: A Case Study in the Kumasi Metropolis

Background: The availability of energy drinks on the global market result from intensive marketing campaigns in the media. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consumption of energy drink and its potential effect on sleep patterns of consumers.&#x0D; Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design with self-administered questionnaire was used for this survey. An online survey using google forms was created for the validated questionnaires after pre-testing and the link shared on different social media platforms. Period of data collection lasted between January and September, 2020.&#x0D; Results: A total of 384 participants were involved in this study. From the study, prevalence of energy drink consumption in the metropolis is 61.5% (n=236). A percentage of 69.1 % (n=163) of the consumers are males relative to 30.9% (n=73) who are females. Results from the study indicate that most patronized energy drink in the metropolis has energy value per 100 ml of 158 kJ with no proteins and fats but an 8.9 g of carbohydrate. The caffeine content of this energy drink is 0.012% and 13% glucose syrup. A total of 29.6% (n=70) of energy drink consumers indicated it to be their preference. Least consumed energy drink (0.85%) has 30-35 mg/100 ml of caffeine with about 192 kJ energy value. Furthermore, results point out that 70.8% (n=167) of the consumers experienced change in sleep pattern. Although other factors may have caused this change in sleep pattern, Pearson Chi-Square result (x2 = 83.277, p≤0.01) reveals that indeed there is association between energy drink consumption and change in sleep pattern as majority of energy drink consumers indicated that they usually experience changes in wake-up time and/or bedtime.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that majority of the youth in the Kumasi Metropolis consume energy drinks which ultimately causes change in their sleep pattern. This change can alter their daily activities and health status.

Effects of social confinement during the first wave of COVID-19 in Mexico City.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to global social confinement that had a significant impact on people's lives. This includes changes such as increased loneliness and isolation, changes in sleep patterns and social habits, increased substance use and domestic violence, and decreased physical activities. In some cases, it has increased mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The objective of this study is to analyze the living conditions that arose during social confinement in the first wave of COVID-19 within a group of volunteers in Mexico City. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional analysis of the experiences of volunteers during social confinement from 20 March 2020 to 20 December 2020. The study analyzes the impact of confinement on family life, work, mental health, physical activity, social life, and domestic violence. A maximum likelihood generalized linear model is used to determine the association between domestic violence and demographic and health-related factors. The findings indicate that social confinement had a significant impact on the participants, resulting in difficulties within families and vulnerable conditions for individuals. Gender and social level differences were observed in work and mental health. Physical activity and social life were also modified. We found that suffering from domestic violence was significantly associated with being unmarried (OR = 1.4454, p-value = 0.0479), lack of self-care in feeding habits (OR = 2.3159, p-value = 0.0084), and most notably, having suffered from a symptomatic COVID-19 infection (OR = 4.0099, p-value = 0.0009). Despite public policy to support vulnerable populations during confinement, only a small proportion of the studied population reported benefiting from it, suggesting areas for improvement in policy. The findings of this study suggest that social confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the living conditions of people in Mexico City. Modified circumstances on families and individuals, included increased domestic violence. The results can inform policy decisions to improve the living conditions of vulnerable populations during times of social confinement.

The association between sleep restlessness and neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in mid‐life to older adults and patients

AbstractBackgroundRecent research demonstrates a bidirectional relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pathology, with supporting evidence that changes in sleep pattern occurs from the preclinical stage of AD. The cooccurrence of sleep disturbances and amyloid‐beta (Aβ) accumulation suggests the importance of monitoring sleep patterns in adults that are at high‐risk of developing AD later in life. We first investigated whether resting heart rate (RHR) and nocturnal sleep restlessness (NSR) are different in cognitively impaired (CI) and cognitively unimpaired (CU) mid‐life to older adults. We also examined any association of these sleep characteristics with hippocampus volume (HV) and Aβ, as neuroimaging biomarkers of AD, regardless of the cognitive status.Method107 middle to old age (46‐75 years old) adults (age 61.5±6.5, 74 Females, 64 APOE ε4 carriers, and 88 CU) underwent 3T MRI and PET scans as part of the Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing (PISA) study. A ballistocardiograph sleep monitoring device was used to track their RHR and NSR for approximately 5 months after their PET scan. NSR was quantified by total time in bed, total duration and number of bed‐exits, and multi‐episodic sleep. HV was normalised using total intracranial volume, and Aβ load was calculated in Centiloid scale (CL) with Aβ positivity defined as CL&gt;20. Generalised Linear Models were used to examine the relationship between sleep and imaging biomarkers. Age, gender, BMI, APOE, and years of education were used as independent covariates.ResultCIs spent more time in bed (p = 0.002) and had more bed‐exits (p = 0.009) than CUs. However, no significant difference was found on RHR and multi‐episodic sleep between CUs and CIs. Individuals with higher Aβ load, regardless of their cognitive status, had lower RHR (p = 0.04) and more bed‐exits (p = 0.04), and spent more time in bed (p = 0.01). Also, individuals with smaller HV frequently exited the bed during the night (p = 0.03) and spent more time in bed (p = 0.003).ConclusionIndividuals with cognitive impairment experienced higher levels of NSR with frequent bed‐exits and more time in bed. Also, these sleep characteristics were significantly associated with the Centiloid value, Aβ status, and HV, regardless of the cognitive status.