Sleep Duration In Adolescents Research Articles

Sleep duration and mood in adolescents: an experimental study.

This study examines the relationship between experimentally manipulated sleep duration and mood in adolescents. Thirty-four adolescents (20 male), aged 15-17 years, lived in a sleep laboratory for 10 days and 9 nights. They were allocated to one of three sleep "doses" for five consecutive nights for 5, 7.5, or 10 h sleep opportunity per night. Two baseline nights and two recovery nights entailed 10 h sleep opportunity per night. Mood was measured every 3 h during wake using unipolar visual analogue scales measuring the mood states "depressed," "afraid," "angry," "confused," "anxious," "happy," and "energetic." Mixed models analyses with post hoc comparisons revealed that participants in the 5-h group, but not the 7.5- or 10-h groups, reported being significantly more depressed, angry, and confused during sleep restriction than at baseline. Adolescents were significantly less happy and energetic during sleep restricted to 5 h and significantly less energetic during sleep restricted to 7.5 h. When adolescents had 10 h sleep opportunities their happiness significantly increased. No statistically significant effects of sleep restriction were found for fear or anxiety, although small-to-moderate effects of sleep restricted to 5 or 7.5 h were found. Two nights of recovery sleep was not sufficient to recover from increased negative mood states for the 5-h group, although recovery occurred for positive mood states. Given the prevalence of insufficient sleep and the rising incidence of mood disorders and dysregulation in adolescents, these findings highlight the importance of sufficient sleep to mitigate these risks.

Quantity, Content, and Context Matter: Associations Among Social Technology Use and Sleep Habits in Early Adolescents

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the associations of social technology access and content, bedtime behaviors, parental phone restrictions, and timing and duration of sleep on school nights in early adolescents. MethodsAdolescents (aged 11–15 years, n = 772) in the Northeast U.S. completed an online survey during or after school in spring 2019. ResultsQuantity of social technology use (e.g., checking social media, problematic internet behaviors, mobile use), content viewed (e.g., emotional or violent videos, risky behaviors), and social context (e.g., bedtime behaviors, starting social media at an early age) were significantly related to later bedtimes and fewer hours of sleep on school nights. Parental rules restricting mobile phone and online use before bed and obtaining a smartphone at a later age were associated with increased sleep time and earlier bedtime. ConclusionsQuantity, content, and context of social technology use may affect sleep timing and duration in early adolescents.

Relationships between Extra-School Tutoring Time, Somatic Symptoms, and Sleep Duration of Adolescent Students: A Panel Analysis Using Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey.

As private tutoring has expanded worldwide, it has been noted that private tutoring and associated emotional distress can affect sleep duration and the health of adolescent students. However, the relationships between extra-school tutoring time, somatic symptoms, defined as physical symptoms of emotional distress, and sleep duration in adolescents has rarely been determined. The aim of this study was to identify these relationships in adolescent students. Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were analyzed to address the research questions. Weekday sleep duration, extra-school tutoring time, and somatic symptoms were measured using adolescents’ self-report questionnaires. A multilevel, structural equation model was utilized to test the relationships between these variables and was deemed appropriate considering the repeated measure of the panel data. After controlling for respondent sex, parent working status and education level, and family structure, adolescents’ extra-school tutoring time and level of somatic symptoms were associated with sleep duration during weekdays. Furthermore, the association between extra-school tutoring time and sleep duration was partially mediated by somatic symptoms. Korean adolescent students slept less than the recommended duration. Intervention programs that increase parental interest and attention in adolescent students’ lives, not only focused on academic achievement but also emotional distress is needed. Researchers and policymakers should understand recommended age-appropriate sleep duration and the educational culture and provide balanced strategies between the consideration of the effect of private education on academic achievement and the need to guarantee physical and mental health in adolescent students.

Sleep Quality and Associated Factors among Adolescents

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate sleep quality and sleep patterns in adolescents. The second aim was to find out whether there was an association between sleep quality, sleep patterns, dietary habits, food consumptions, and anthropometric measurements in an adolescent population.Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 346 adolescents. Data was recorded with a questionnaire form. The questionnaire form included items on adolescents’ characteristics, sleep patterns, dietary habits, food consumptions, and anthropometric measurements. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Sleep duration of >8 hours (67.6%) and sleep latency of 15 minutes (53.8%) were the most commonly identified sleeping patterns. The mean PSQI score was 3.07±2.54. PSQI scores revealed poor sleep quality in 13.6% of participants. A significant difference was observed between age, disease diagnosed by physician, skipping main meals, having regular breakfast, and PSQI score (p<0.05). PSQI score was found to be significantly associated with spending time in front of the computer and regular sleep. The amount of daily saturated fatty acid was statistically significantly lower (p=0.040) in individuals in the good PSQI. Conclusions: The vast majority of adolescents had good sleep quality. Sleep duration of adolescents was consistent with the recommended need. Individual factors, dietary habits, food consumption, and screen times were factors associated with sleep quality. This current study results support the development of interventions to help adolescents improve sleep quality. We recommend further investigation to clarify this finding.

Impact of Electronic Device Usage Before Bedtime on Sleep and Attention in Adolescents

ABSTRACTExcessive usage of electronic devices delays bedtime and increases nighttime arousal, reducing sleep duration of adolescents in the morning shift. The impacts of media use before bedtime (MBB) on sleep patterns and components of morning attention were evaluated in 89 adolescents (15.8 ± 0.8 years) using sleep questionnaires and a continuous performance task. Multivariate multiple regression analysis was used to examine relationships of MBB, chronotype, and gender with sleep and attention. Smartphones were found to be the most frequently used device before bedtime. Attention components were found to be significantly associated with MBB, with a higher frequency of MBB predicting slower reaction times for tonic and phasic alertness and less stable performance of sustained attention. Media usage before bedtime was not significantly associated with patterns of sleep nor sleep quality. This study showed negative impacts of MBB on most components of morning attention, potentially leading to compromised learning in adolescents.

Chronic Timed Sleep Restriction Attenuates LepRb-Mediated Signaling Pathways and Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Rat Hypothalamus.

The sleep duration of adolescents has continued to decline over the past 20 years. Sleep insufficiency is one of the most important risk factors for obesity, but the mechanisms underlying the association are unclear. Therefore, the hypothalamic-regulated mechanisms of appetite and the circadian clock gene expression were examined in sleep-restricted rats. Rats aged 7 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and sleep restriction group (7 rats/group) rats were sleep-restricted for 4 weeks. Body weight gain and amount of food/water consumption were quantified. The expression of genes or proteins which regulated appetite and energy metabolism via leptin receptor signaling and the circadian clock in the hypothalamus were assessed. Chronic sleep restriction induced increased food intake and weight gain in adolescent and young adult rats from the second week of initiation of sleep restriction. Phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was decreased, although levels of circulating leptin or leptin receptor expression were unaltered. Furthermore, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR and forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) signaling pathways were also compromised. Moreover, core circadian clock genes were also decreased in the sleep restriction group compared with the control. Chronic timed sleep restriction induced hyperphagic behaviors, attenuated leptin receptor-mediated signaling pathways, and depleted the expression of circadian clock gene in the hypothalamus of adolescent and young adult rats.

Long and short sleep duration and psychotic symptoms in adolescents: Findings from a cross-sectional survey of 15 786 Japanese students

Sleep problems during adolescence affect current and subsequent mental health and are associated with experiences of psychotic symptoms. Recent studies have suggested that short sleep duration increases the risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms in the general adolescent population; however, whether long sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescence remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the relationships between long sleep duration, short sleep duration, and the risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms in adolescence. Cross-sectional survey data from 15,786 junior and senior high school students (12- to 15-year-olds and 15- to 18-year-olds, respectively) in Japan were collected and analyzed using logistic regression analysis after controlling for covariates, including depressive symptoms. Long sleep duration was associated with a 1.6- to 2.8-fold increased risk of psychotic symptoms in male but not in female adolescents. Short sleep duration was also related with a 1.6- to 2.9-fold increased risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms, except for 15- to 18-year-old female adolescents. The present study suggested that adolescents with long and short sleep duration should be assessed for their risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms regardless of concurrent depressive symptoms.

Association between short sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents

BackgroundThe relationship between short sleep duration and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents has been inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the association between short sleep duration and MetS in Chinese children and adolescents. MethodsData were from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Jinan, China between September 2013 and November 2014. A total of 1008 children and adolescents aged 6–17 years were included. Sleep duration was self-reported by participants and categorized as normal or short (<9 h in children aged 6–12 years or <8 h in adolescents aged 13–17 years) according to the recommendations of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. MetS was defined based on the modified criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. ResultsAfter adjusted for sex, age, parental education levels, and midpoint of sleep, compared with normal sleep duration, short sleep duration was associated with increased odds of MetS (odds ratio [OR]: 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–2.95) and abdominal obesity (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.14–2.25). In the subgroups stratified by age and sex, compared with normal sleep duration, short sleep duration was associated with increased odds of abdominal obesity (OR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.07–5.13) in girls aged 6–12 years; short sleep duration was associated with increased odds of MetS (OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.06–5.84), abdominal obesity (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.10–4.82), and high TG (OR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.11–6.21) in boys aged 13–17 years. ConclusionsShort sleep duration associated with higher odds for MetS in Chinese children and adolescents. Interventions to improve sleep duration could help prevent and control MetS among children and adolescents.

Measuring sleep duration in adolescence: Comparing subjective and objective daily methods

ObjectivesThis study provides the first investigation into the correspondence between self-reported and actigraph-measured nighttime sleep duration in adolescents that disambiguates between- versus within-person associations. Moderators were evaluated to determine if between- and within-person correspondence vary by participant characteristics. MethodsOne hundred fifty adolescents (14–21 years) reported sleep time for 1 week, while wearing an actigraph, and reported on moderators, including demographics (i.e., sex, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), depressive symptoms, and perceived stress. Mixed effects models evaluated within- and between-person associations between self-reported and actigraph-measured sleep, and examined whether these associations differed by possible moderators. ResultsResults indicated significant between- (b = 0.77, SE = 0.08, P < .001) and within-person (b = 0.51, SE = 0.04, P < .001) associations between self-reported and actigraph-measured sleep duration, with no significant moderation effects. ConclusionsOur results support the use of either self-reports or actigraphs to examine within-person nighttime sleep duration in adolescent community samples.

0992 Prevalence Of Insufficient Sleep Duration And Consequences On Daytime Sleepiness, Mood And Academic Performance In Thai Adolescents

Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep duration in adolescents is key public health concerns in many societies. This study aims to assess the prevalence of insufficient sleep duration and the association between short sleep with daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms, and anxiety among Thai adolescents. Methods Thai adolescents aged 11 -18 years completed a self-administered questionnaire including Phramongkutklao Hospital Sleep disorders center Questionnaire, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), The Children depress Inventory (CDI) scale and Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED). Results 232 adolescents with the mean age of 14.58 (range 11-18) years participated in this survey. The average total sleep time was 7.44 hours. The overall prevalence of insufficient sleep duration (sleep duration &amp;lt;8 hours) was 37.5% and the small difference was found between males (42.0%) and females (32.7%). Compared with those who had a sleep length of 8 hours and more, insufficient sleep duration group exhibited higher in BMI and less in Grade Point Average (GPA). Subjective sleep insufficiency among Thai adolescent also had higher percentage of subjects with ESS ≥10 (43.2% vs 21.3%, P &amp;lt;0.001), depressive symptoms (56.3% vs 39.3%, P 0.012) and anxiety (54.0% vs 38.6%, P 0.022) compare to those with adequate sleep duration. Conclusion High amount of Thai adolescents with poor sleep duration were observed in the study, consistency with prior surveys. Insufficiency sleep duration group had significantly increased daytime sleepiness, mood and anxiety problems among Thai adolescents. These findings emphasized the development of interventions to improve sleep duration in Thai adolescents and more sample size should be achieved in the future. Support None

0996 School Start Times Are Associated With Youth And Parent Sleep Duration

Abstract Introduction Early school start times contribute to insufficient sleep in adolescents; however, we know little about the impact of school start times at a family level. Moreover, even among similar school start times, sleep opportunity varies depending on mode of transportation and travel time. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether AM school departure time is associated with sleep duration in parents and young adolescents. Methods Parent-adolescent dyads (n=31) completed 10 days of actigraphy and sleep diaries. Adolescents were 10-14 year olds (58% male). Parents were predominately mothers (87%) and their mean age was 44 yrs (SD = 5.9). Dyads were 77% White, 11% Black, and 12% Biracial or Other. Youth leave for school time was assessed with the School Sleep Habits Survey. Actigraphy- and diary-assessed total sleep time (TST) was averaged across 10 days and on weekdays. Separate regressions models for parents and adolescents determined associations between school leave time (predictor) and two outcomes: 10-day TST and weekday TST. Results For adolescents, later leave for school time was associated with longer 10-day actigraphy-assessed TST (β = .504, p = .012) and diary-assessed TST (β =.683, p &amp;lt;.001). Later leave for school time was also associated with more weekday actigraphy and diary-assessed TST (β = .661 and .426, respectively, p’s &amp;lt; .05). For parents, later leave for school time predicted more diary-assessed sleep across 10 days (β = .481, p = .013) and on weekdays, but this finding did not reach significance (β = .373, p = .061). Leave for school time was not associated with parents’ actigraphy-assessed TST across the 10-day period or on weekdays (p’s &amp;gt; .10). Conclusion The time that youth need to leave for school may more closely approximate sleep opportunity regardless of actual school start time. This is particularly relevant for urban and rural youth with long commutes. Findings add to the strong support that delayed school start times or flexible scheduling will benefit adolescent sleep and also suggest positive impacts at the family level. Support This material is based upon work supported by the Sleep Research Society Foundation.

0359 The Moderating Role of Race in the Association of Adolescent Sleep Duration and Marijuana Use

Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep and marijuana use during adolescence vary by race and are associated with poor outcomes in various domains. Sleep difficulties predict drug-related problems, but not all adolescents with insufficient sleep go on to use substances. We examined whether race/ethnicity moderates the association of sleep duration and marijuana use among Black/African-American and White adolescents using a countywide probability-based survey of adolescents. Methods Using cross-sectional data (n=1447), logistic regression examined whether race moderated the association of adolescent sleep duration and recent marijuana use alone and after controlling for covariates in both weighted and unweighted models. Results Hours of sleep was significantly negatively associated with recent marijuana use. Black/African-American youth in our sample had up to a 60% increased odds of marijuana use in the past 30 days compared to White youth, and they reported significantly shorter sleep duration than their White peers. In weighted models, Black/African-American youth had an increased probability of marijuana use with fewer hours of sleep as compared to White youth, even after accounting for covariates. Conclusion In our countywide survey of adolescents, we found racial differences in the association of sleep duration and marijuana use. Future work should replicate our analyses with a longitudinal sample of adolescents to better evaluate the direction of these effects. Future efforts should also focus on identifying contextual factors that may explain racial differences in the sleep duration—substance use relationship, as well as developing strategies to reduce disparities in this relationship. Support The Heinz Foundation, the Hillman Foundation, the Grable Foundation, and the FISA Foundation. Dr. Levenson’s effort was supported by NICHD.

0945 Adolescent Sleep Mediates Maternal Depression and Harsh Parenting

Abstract Introduction Mothers dealing with depressive problems often report using more harsh parenting practices. This occurs, in part, due to a scarcity of effective coping mechanisms and increased irritability. In addition, depressed mothers are less likely to set consistent rules and expectations within the home, which may result in children who stay up late. Children who get inadequate levels of sleep also are more likely to have behavior problems, irritability, and defiance toward their parents, particularly in adolescence. However, no studies have examined the potential of adolescent sleep as a contributor to the association between maternal depression and the use of harsh parenting. The current study examined whether mothers’ perceptions of inadequate adolescent sleep duration mediated the relationship between maternal depression and harsh parenting, with child gender as a moderator. Methods The sample (N=318) consisted of mothers reporting on adolescents aged 16-18 (M=16.89, SD = .429; 53.4% female) from the 10th wave of the Schools and Families Educating Children Study (SAFE). The SAFE study was a randomized control trial conducted from 1997-2008 designed to investigate children and families living in inner-city Chicago, Il. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), and the Parenting Practices Questionnaire (PPQ). Results Too little adolescent sleep mediated (β = .15) the relation between maternal depression and her reported use of harsh parenting. Mediation was further moderated by child gender, such that the mediation occurred for sons (β = .12) but not daughters. Conclusion These results suggest that too little adolescent sleep is the process through which mothers experiencing depressive problems engage in more harsh parenting. In addition, important child gender differences were apparent, such that sons’ lack of sleep may be more related to maternal depression and the use of harsh discipline. Support United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse (5 R01 DA020829)

Parental Expectations Are Associated with Children's Sleep Duration and Sleep Hygiene Habits.

Although parents recognize the importance of sleep, most have a limited understanding of children's sleep needs. This study examined whether parental expectations about sleep were linked to children and adolescent's sleep duration and sleep hygiene. Participants included 376 unique parent-child dyads. Parents (mean age = 47.0 years, SD = 6.7) estimated the number of hours of sleep their children (mean age = 13.0 years, SD = 2.2; 9-17 years) needed. These estimates were age-matched with recommended pediatric guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the National Sleep Foundation to yield 3 groups: expect less (8%-11%), expect appropriate (85%-89%), and expect more (3%-4%). Sleep duration for school nights and weekends were reported by children and parents. Sleep hygiene included sleep-promoting practices (quiet, dark bedroom, regular bed/wake times, consistent routine) and sleep-interfering practices (physiological arousal, presleep worry, alcohol/smoking intake, daytime napping, screen time). Most parents (68.7%) endorsed that children do not get enough sleep. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of parental expectations. For every additional hour of sleep expected, children slept between 15.5 (parent-report 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0-22.0) and 17.9 minutes (child-report 95% CI, 9.7-26.2) longer on school nights, adjusted for age, sex, puberty, and parental education. For parents who expected less sleep than recommended, their children had the shortest sleep duration, least favorable sleeping environments, and greater presleep worry. Parental sleep expectations were directly linked to children's sleep duration. Pediatricians and primary care providers can mobilize knowledge to optimally convey accurate information about developmental sleep needs and recommended hours to parents to promote longer sleep.

Analysis of the Relationship between Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index among Korean Adolescents Using Data from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BackgroundObesity in adolescence can continue up to adulthood and lead to various complications. There has been a continuous increase in the obesity incidence among adolescents, which is an emerging social issue. Studies have reported that decreased sleep duration in adolescents can have negative effects on health, leading to obesity. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and body mass index among South Korean middle and high school students aged 12–18 years.MethodsThe participants of the Sixth National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during 2013–2015 were screened. We selected 1,177 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years who were enrolled in middle and high school or on leave of absence and had available data for sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in the survey. Analyses of variance and covariance were performed after adjusting for confounding variables, including age, gender, waist circumference, and drinking experience, that showed significant correlations in univariate logistic regression.ResultsThe analysis of covariance revealed that an increase in sleep duration led to a corresponding decrease in the mean BMI among all students and middle school students.ConclusionSignificant negative correlations were confirmed between sleep duration and BMI in all students and middle school students.

Disparities in adolescent sleep health by sex and ethnoracial group.

Improving adolescent sleep health is a national priority for ameliorating health and wellbeing (Healthy People 2020), as the majority of adolescents do not get the minimum recommended amount of 8 h of sleep per night. Prior research has identified sex and ethnoracial disparities in adolescent sleep but has been limited by data availability. National studies have collected reported sleep data, while objective sleep data has been available in community samples only. Using new data from adolescents in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a population-based birth cohort study of children born 1998–2000, we are able to characterize sex and ethnoracial disparities in sleep health in the first national sample of actigraphy-assessed sleep health among adolescents. In cross-sectional analyses, we used linear and logistic regression models to assess sex and ethnoracial disparities in weekday sleep duration, timing, and quality measured using actigraphy collected from 738 adolescents at approximately age 15. We identified sex and ethnoracial group differences in weekday and weekend adolescent sleep duration, with larger disparities on weekends than weekdays. Male adolescents had 27-min shorter nightly sleep durations than females on weeknights. Non-Hispanic black adolescents had 32-min shorter nightly sleep durations than non-Hispanic whites on weekdays and 41-min shorter nightly sleep durations on weekends. While sex disparities persisted after accounting for naps, black-white differences were attenuated by napping such that there was no statistically significant black-white disparity in 24-h sleep on either weekdays or weekends. We did not identify disparities in sleep timing or quality. Future research should investigate the pathways through which these disparities arise, including behavioral and contextual mechanisms.

청소년의 우울, 공격성 및 수면시간 간의 종단적 인과관계 검증: 자기회귀 교차지연 모형의 적용

청소년의 우울, 공격성 및 수면시간 간의 종단적 인과관계 검증: 자기회귀 교차지연 모형의 적용

Age of puberty and Sleep duration: Observational and Mendelian randomization study

Earlier age of puberty has detrimental consequences for many aspects of health. Here, for the first time, we assessed the association of earlier puberty with sleep duration observationally and with validation using Mendelian Randomization. In the “Children of 1997” birth cohort (n = 8,327), we used adjusted multivariable logistic regression to assess the associations of each clinically assessed marker of earlier puberty with self-report sleep duration in adolescence. Using two-sample MR, we assessed the effect of earlier puberty timing based on 203 single nucleotide polymorphisms applied to genome wide association studies of sleep duration in adults (n = 335,410). In “Children of 1997”, cross-sectionally, older age of menarche was associated with longer (9+ hours) sleep duration [odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.21] at 13.5 years. The other earlier puberty markers were unrelated to sleep duration. Using inverse variance weighting, later of age at menarche increased adult sleep duration [0.020 per category, 95% CI 0.006 to 0.034]. This study demonstrated a causal effect of age at menarche on adult sleep duration, since age of menarche also affects obesity, our novel finding may be relevant to the observed relation of sleep duration with obesity and poor health.

Association of sleep duration and snack consumption in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study.

ObjectivesThe relationship between sleep deprivation and the risk of overweight and obesity is somewhat known in children and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and eating snacks in a national sample of children and adolescents aged 6–18 years old.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was carried out on the data of the fifth survey of the national school‐based surveillance system entitled the “Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and PreventIon of Adult Non‐communicable Disease” (CASPIAN‐V) study. Short sleeping duration was defined 10 hr per day for children under 10 years and 9 hr per day for children ≥ 10 years. To assess food habits, the consumption frequency of some food groups including sweets, salty snacks, carbonated beverages, diet soft drinks, soft beer, fresh fruits, dried fruits, fresh juices, vegetables, packed juices, dairy products (milk, yogurt, and cheese), fast foods, tea, sugar along with tea, and coffee was asked using Likert scale ( never, rarely, weekly, and daily).ResultsIn multivariate model, short sleep versus long sleep in students was associated with increased chance of eating salty snacks (OR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.38–1.61]; p = .001), soft drinks (OR = 1.12 [95% CI: 1.04–1.20]; p = .002), fast foods (OR = 1.66 [95% CI: 1.54–1.79]; p < .001), tea (OR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.39–1.61]; p < .001), and tea with sugar (OR = 1.13 [95% CI: 1.05–1.22]; p < .001). In addition, short sleep in students was associated with a decreased odds of daily intake of soft drinks without sugars (OR = 0.64 [95% CI: 0.58–0.70]; p < .001), soft beer (OR = 0.92 [95% CI: 0.85–0.99]; p < .001), fresh fruit (OR = 0.83 [95% CI: 0.76–0.90]; p < .001), dried fruit (OR = 0.43 [95% CI: 0.39–0.46]; p < .001), fresh fruit juice (OR = 0.66 [95% CI: 0.62–0.72]; p < .001), packed juice (OR = 0.91 [95% CI: 0.84–0.98]; p < .009), milk (OR = 0.51 [95% CI: 0.47–0.55]; p < .001), yogurt (OR = 0.86 [95% CI: 0.79–0.93]; p ≤ .001), and coffee (OR = 0.82 [95% CI: 0.76–0.89]; p ≤ .001).ConclusionsThe findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between sleep duration and unhealthy food habits. Therefore, increasing awareness of families in this area may reduce obesity and its complications.

Sleep duration rather than sleep timing is associated with obesity in adolescents

ObjectiveIn this study, we investigated differences in sleep patterns between obese and non-obese adolescents, and determined which sleep-related parameters were associated with a risk of adolescent obesity. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 22,906 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (mean 15.2 ± 1.7 years; male 50.9%). Self-report questionnaires were used to assess body mass index (BMI) and sleep habits. Obesity was defined as a BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile. Weekend catch-up sleep (CUS) duration was calculated as the sleep duration on free days minus sleep duration on school days. We estimated mid-sleep time on free days corrected for oversleep on free days (MSFsc) and social jet lag. Then, we performed multivariate analysis for adolescent obesity and BMI, respectively. ResultsThe prevalence of obesity was 6.0%. The average sleep duration (P = 0.017) and weekend CUS duration (P < 0.001) of obese adolescents were shorter than those of non-obese adolescents. However, there was no significant difference in MSFsc or social jet lag by the obesity status. After adjustment, obesity was significantly associated with short average sleep duration (odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.96) and short weekend CUS duration (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89–0.95). Similarly, BMI was inversely correlated with average sleep duration (B = −0.15, 95% CI -0.19 to −0.11) and weekend CUS duration (B = −0.09, 95% CI -0.11 to −0.06). ConclusionsOur observations suggest that short sleep duration, rather than late MSFsc or social jet lag, was associated with adolescent obesity.