Sledge Hockey Research Articles

A-34 Incidence of Sport-Related Concussion in Adaptive Sports: A Scoping Review

Abstract Purpose Despite an increase in sport-related concussion (SRC) research for non-adaptive athletes, research on para athletes is sparse. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the incidence of SRCs in para athletes to understand their risk for SRCs. Methods This review was registered with Open Science Framework and adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches of electronic databases (CINAHL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were conducted from database creation to February 1, 2023. Articles selected examined SRC incidence in para sports. Results Reviewers screened 202 title-abstracts and 32 articles qualified for full-text review, with 12 articles qualifying for data extraction for information on SRC incidence. Incidence rates varied across studies, ranging from no reported concussions to concussions accounting for 43% of injuries in a given sport. Sledge hockey and wheelchair basketball were the most frequently studied populations. Data suggested that para athletes are likely to sustain concussions at a similar rate to non-adaptive athletes. While data on sex differences were scarce, female athletes appeared to sustain more concussions than male athletes. Conclusions Based on limited published data, the incidence of SRCs in para athletes appears to be most prevalent in wheelchair basketball and sledge hockey and more common in female than male athletes. Given the limitations of published data, knowledge regarding incidence in other para sports is minimal. It will be important for future research to capture data across multiple para sports to determine concussion risk and inform the development and implementation of protocols for assessing and managing SRCs.

Features of the Motivational Sphere in Athletes with Disabilities

This work is devoted to the consideration of motivation in sports as the main factor influencing the adaptation and formation of new physical and psychological methods of correction for people with disabilities. Aspects of the emergence, formation, active development and popularization of sledge hockey, as an adapted sport for persons with special educational needs, in Russia and abroad, are considered. The categories of persons to whom this method of correction is available, as well as the difficulties of their adaptation, are indicated. The historical aspect of the appearance of the term “motivationˮ and its features, the factors of appearance, the relationship with self-esteem, as well as internal components from the position of various authors are described. In conclusion, the results of motivation studies are presented and the problems that require attention for the development of this Paralympic sport are outlined.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lessons from the Winter Paralympic Games disclosing the epidemiology of winter sports injury in paralytic athletes: a meta-analysis

BackgroundIn this study, the incidence rate of the injury in Winter Paralympic Games was summarized. Besides, to testify the underlying factors of injury incidence heterogeneity, the difference of these events incidence between different Paralympic Winter Games was investigated by meta regression analysis.MethodsElectronic databases were searched for full-text publications on sports related injury in Winter Paralympic Games. And meta-regression was used to analyze the heterogeneity.ResultsFour studies were included. The incidence of sports related injury was 0.21 (95% CI 0.15–0.31) in all items, 0.22 in female athletes (95% CI 0.12–0.32), and 0.21 in male athletes (95% CI 0.11–0.30), respectively. The incidence of sports related injury was 0.10 (95% CI 0.08–0.12) in alpine skiing, 0.01 (95% CI 0–0.02) in Nordic skiing, and 0.22 in sledge hockey (95% CI 0.05–0.40). Meta-regression suggested the year and the host country couldn’t influence the injury incidence.ConclusionThe present study summarized the incidence of sports related injury in Winter Paralympic Games, indicated similar injury risk between female athletes and male athletes, and accentuated the careful protection on sledge hockey. This study pointed out that sledge hockey with the highest risk of sports related injury should draw great attention to improve the corresponding protective measures to decrease its injury probability.

Concussions and Injuries in Sledge Hockey: Grassroots to Elite Participation.

To examine injury (including concussion) rates, location, type, mechanisms, and risk factors in sledge hockey players. Cross-sectional survey. Sledge hockey players, worldwide, across all levels of play. Sledge hockey players (ages ≥14 years) who played in the 2019 to 2020 season were recruited through email, social media, and word of mouth communication. Participant characteristics (eg, age, sex, disability) were examined as potential injury risk factors. Injury rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) examining potential risk factors were reported based on univariate Poisson regression analyses. Injury proportions by type, location, and mechanism were described. Ninety-two players initiated the survey, and 77 (83.7%) provided some injury information. Forty-seven injuries included 16 concussions in 9 of 77 players (11.7%) and 31 non-concussion injuries in 20 of 77 players (26.0%) were reported. The overall IR was 13.2 injuries/1000 athlete-exposures [95% confidence interval (CI); 9.6-17.6]. The game IR (28.4 injuries/1000 game-exposures, 95% CI; 18.6-41.7) was higher than practice IR (4.4 injuries/1000 practice-exposures, 95% CI; 2.2-7.9) (IRR = 6.5, 95% CI; 3.1-14.5). The most common injury locations were the head (34.0%), wrist/hand (14.8%), and shoulder (10.6%). The most common significant injury types were concussion (36.2%) and bone fracture (8.5%). Body checking was the primary mechanism for injuries caused by contact with another player (42.1%) Age, sex, disability, and level of play were not found as injury risk factors. Concussions and upper extremity injuries were the most common sledge hockey injuries reported, with body checking being the most common mechanism. This research will inform development of prevention strategies in sledge hockey.

Sports-Related Injuries Sustained by Disabled Athletes in Winter Paralympic Games: A Systematic Review

Purpose: This review aimed to analyze and summarize current literature related to the characteristics, incidence of injuries of different winter Paralympic sports events and to discuss the key aspects that can be used to develop possible prevention strategies for future Winter Paralympic Games. Methods: An electronic search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases using the following key words: “Paralympic” AND “winter sports” AND “injury” OR “prevention strategy.” Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to screening all the identified studies. Of 446 identified studies, 11 studies were included. Results: Most studies reported the injuries of disabled athletes in alpine skiing/snowboarding and ice sledge hockey, few studies reported injuries in cross-country skiing/biathlon and wheelchair curling. For these Winter Paralympic athletes, acute, traumatic injuries seem to be more common than overuse or chronic injuries, and alpine skiing and ice sledge hockey have always been the most dangerous winter sports events. However, the rates and injury locations appear to be disability and sport dependent. Results of this review demonstrated that there are 2 key areas in which specific prevention strategies would influence sports injuries and performance in Paralympic winter sports, namely, equipment in winter sports and physical condition of disabled athletes. Conclusion: According to the results, it is apparent that the overall injury rates sustained by disabled athletes are high and can be comparable with injury rates in able-bodied counterparts. While with few studies reported the pattern of injuries and possible prevention strategies, it is difficult to further understand the injury mechanisms and determine effective prevention strategies. Further longitudinal and disability specific studies are much needed.

Winter Adaptive Sports Participation, Injuries, and Equipment.

As the participation rate and popularity of winter adaptive sports increases, understanding injury patterns and equipment is crucial for athletes, coaches, athletic trainers, sports physicians, prosthetists/orthotists, and all the staff involved. While the inaugural Winter Paralympics in 1976 had 17 participating countries, the most recent paralympic games in Pyeongchang, South Korea had >500 athletes from 49 different countries competing in 6 disciplines: alpine skiing, nordic skiing, sledge hockey, wheelchair curling, biathlon, and snowboarding. In this paper, we review participation rates, injury trends and equipment, with a focus on the 3 most popular events: alpine skiing, nordic skiing, and sledge hockey. Despite injury risk within this athletic community, there are documented advantages to physical movement, and for each individual the risks of injury have to be weighted with the benefits of competing. Overall, there is a need for educational efforts regarding the development, access, and participation to injury prevention programs with an integrated and multidisciplinary approach.

Psychological Constitutions of Athletic Performance of Sledge Hockey Players

Подчеркнуто, что в новом паралимпийском виде спорта - следж-хоккее, как и в традиционном хоккее с шайбой, самообладание и эмоциональная устойчивость помогают преодолевать чрезмерные возбуждения, экономить энергию, не нарушать нормальный ход мыслительного и двигательного процессов. Эффективность игровой деятельности хоккеистов в значительной мере определяется также развитием внимания - его объемом, интенсивностью, устойчивостью, распределением и переключением. В сложных и быстро меняющихся игровых ситуациях хоккеист одновременно воспринимает большое количество различных объектов. Этот вид спорта характеризуется высокими скоростями, жесткой силовой борьбой, постоянной сменой сложных игровых ситуаций. Всё это требует от игроков наряду с развитыми координационными способностями высоких скоростно-силовых качеств, хорошей психологической подготовленности. В настоящее время отсутствуют научно-методические разработки, касающиеся стрессоустойчивости и параметров внимания следж-хоккеистов. Дальнейшее развитие следж-хоккея в России представляется невозможным без развитой научно-методической базы. Исследование показало отсутствие у следж-хоккеистов, людей с тяжелым поражением опорно-двигательного аппарата (у всех ампутированы одна или обе нижние конечности), значительной неустойчивости эмоций и высокого уровня личностной тревожности, характерных для инвалидности подобного рода. Исследование характеристик внимания показало, что среди следж-хоккеистов в целом не обнаружено серьезных нарушений отдельных компонентов внимания. Некоторые проблемы имелись только среди спортсменов, имеющих сочетание умеренной неустойчивости эмоций и небольшого повышения уровня личностной тревожности. Такие спортсмены находятся в зоне риска нарушения внимания и требуют дополнительных специальных тренировок, чтобы проблемы не стали реальными.

THE ELEMENTAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF DISABLED ATHLETES

The aim of the research was to study the elemental and biochemical profiles of disabled athletes. Male athletes of sledge hockey club took part in the research. The control group consisted of men not going in for sports and working in hazardous industry. Methods. Biochemical blood characteristics were determined using a biochemical analyzer CS-T240 ("Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd", China). The study of hair trace elements content was carried out in the laboratory "Center for Biotic Medicine" (Moscow) using atomic-emission and mass spectrometry methods by means of Elan 9000 mass spectrometer and Optima 2000 V atomic-emission spectrometer. Data processing was carried out using the methods of variation statistics and by means of statistical package StatSoft STATISTICA 6.1.478 Russian, Enterprise Single. Results. Biochemical blood test of sledge hockey players showed higher level of glucose (p = 0.003), lower values of the common protein (p = 0.01), creatinine (p = 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.005) and cholesterin (p = 0.005) in comparison with the control group. When comparing the elemental composition of hair of the sledge hockey players with the control group, higher content of Na by 2.3 times (p = 0.008), К by 2.5 times (p = 0.001) and P by 1.2 times (p = 0.001) in athletes was reveled. Fe level by 2.9 times (p = 0.001), I by 3.4 times (p = 0.001) and Ni by 2.8 times (p = 0.003) was lower, than in the control group. Besides, athletes had the lower level of Cr in 2.5 times (p = 0.0001) and V in 4.3 times (p = 0.0001). Conclusion. To maintain the health and athletic form of sledge hockey players, it is necessary to use specialized mineral complexes taking into account indicators of individual elemental status, biochemical profile and peculiarities of biogeochemical area.

Элементный баланс спортсменов с ограниченными физическими возможностями (на примере следж-хоккеистов)

Элементный баланс спортсменов с ограниченными физическими возможностями (на примере следж-хоккеистов)

장애인 아이스 하키 선수를 위한 기능성 이너웨어 업체 현황 및 proto type pattern 설계

Functional sportswear has been recently developed into performance gear, thereby contributing to substantial improvement in sports competitiveness by providing athletes with the best clothing conditions. Due to their compressive force, these garments are known to reduce muscle oscillation (muscle movement and vibration). In turn, this improves muscle contraction, enhances efficiency and running kinematics, and reduces the likelihood of injuries. Recently, the market in high-functional sports inner-wear - known by the name “underlayer” in Korea - is expanding its production and sales from specialized sportswear to general fashion manufacturing. Functional sportswear’s appeal has gradually spread from professional athletes to the general public. Therefore, the present study’s purpose is to analyze the situation of manufacturers who sell high-functional compression wear and build prototype design patterns specifically for ice sledge hockey players. Global brands feature various subdivisions of sports garments and sizes, whereas domestic brands tend to be more limited. Sportswear construction must take into account how to connect patterns with flat seams depending on muscle motion and shape, how to bond elastic tape on functional fabrics, and how to knit without seams. This study’s pattern plan considers the performance analysis of sledge hockey players as well as a players’ survey. Our analysis results suggest a pattern featuring a shorter front length, longer back length, and more intensive support for the shoulders, elbows, and waist areas. As public interest increases in highly functional sportswear, making it more popular, domestic brands must adopt subdivisions using a size system that takes into account gender and sport types, just like global brands. This will bolster the development of high-performance sports inner-wear for marginalized sports player, including players with disabilities.

Incidence of Shoulder Injury in Elite Wheelchair Athletes Differ Between Sports: A Critically Appraised Topic.

Clinical Scenario: Until recently, injury epidemiology data on elite Paralympic athletes were limited. Current data suggest high rates of shoulder injury in wheelchair athletes. Differences in shoulder injury rates between sports have not been reported in this population. Clinical Question: Is the incidence of shoulder injury in elite wheelchair athletes different between sports? Summary of Key Findings: Shoulder injury rates are high in elite wheelchair athletes, particularly in sports such as field events and fencing that require a stable base (eg,trunk, core control) from which to perform. Wheelchair racing requires repetitive motions that contribute to shoulder injuries, but rates are lower than field sports and fencing. Wheelchair curling and sledge hockey have low shoulder injury risk. Clinical Bottom Line: Shoulder injury rates vary based on sport in elite wheelchair athletes. In addition to incorporating shoulder complex specific rehabilitation for overuse shoulder injuries, clinicians should focus on core and trunk stabilization in elite wheelchair athletes competing in sports, such as field events and fencing. Strength of Recommendation: Grade C evidence exists that reports shoulder injury rates among elite wheelchair athletes differ based on sport participation.

Biomechanics in Paralympics: Implications for Performance.

To provide an overview of biomechanical studies in Paralympic research and their relevance for performance in Paralympic sports. The search terms paralympic biomechanics, paralympic sport performance, paralympic athlete performance, and paralympic athlete were entered into the electronic database PubMed. Thirty-four studies were found. Biomechanical studies in Paralympics mainly contributed to performance enhancement by technical optimization (n = 32) and/or injury prevention (n = 6). In addition, biomechanics was found to be important in understanding activity limitation caused by various impairments, which is relevant for evidence-based classification in Paralympic sports (n = 6). Distinctions were made between biomechanical studies in sitting (41%), standing (38%), and swimming athletes (21%). In sitting athletes, mostly kinematics and kinetics in wheelchair propulsion were studied, mainly in athletes with spinal-cord injuries. In addition, kinetics and/or kinematics in wheelchair basketball, seated discus throwing, stationary shot-putting, hand-cycling, sit-skiing, and ice sledge hockey received attention. In standing sports, primarily kinematics of athletes with amputations performing jump sports and running and the optimization of prosthetic devices were investigated. No studies were reported on other standing sports. In swimming, mainly kick rate and resistance training were studied. Biomechanical research is important for performance by gaining insight into technical optimization, injury prevention, and evidence-based classification in Paralympic sports. In future studies it is advised to also include physiological and biomechanical measures, allowing the assessment of the capability of the human body, as well as the resulting movement.

Jersey Design and Pattern Making for Disable Players of Ice Sledge Hockey

As the quality of life has improved with development of science and technology, desire for better quality of life of disable people has also increased. Currently, prejudiced views of disabled people in South Korea are changing, but sports for all disabled people is not revitalized and social support is also inadequate. In developed countries, administration and systems for sports among people with disabilities are provided at the consumer level, and many companies willingly provide support to disabled athletes. However, in South Korea, low awareness of sports for disabled people is companied by minimal support companies. In order for South Korea to advance, support for the disable sports players is needed, especially sports-wear that fits their body conditions and differences game playing from ordinary sports players. This study specifically focused on the ice sledge hockey players, taking into account the complaints on their jersey and their special conditions through motion analysis while sleds. For the easy use of the hockey, armhole depth and sleeve breadth was reduced and sleeve hem was designed for flexibility of sleeve such that it does not slide down. Also, because only the front of the Jersey is tucked in the pants, the side vent was designed to be deep such that the back hem is prevented from being pulled. Sportswear pattern making for the players with disabilities required to account for distinct body characteristics, as compared to the ordinary players. Thus, studies that develops sports-wear design for those with disabilities contributes to the qualitative development of sports for people with disabilities.

High incidence of injury at the Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games: a prospective cohort study of 6564 athlete days

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of injuries at the Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games.MethodsA total of 547 athletes from 45 countries were monitored daily for 12 days during the Sochi 2014...

Laboratory Determinants of Repeated-Sprint and Sport-Specific-Technique Ability in World-Class Ice Sledge Hockey Players.

To investigate on-ice repeated-sprint and sports-specific-technique abilities and the relationships to aerobic and anaerobic off-ice capacities in world-class ice sledge hockey players. Twelve Norwegian national team players performed 8 repeated maximal 30-m sprints and a sports-specific-technique test while upper-body poling on ice, followed by 4 maximal upper-body strength tests and 8-s peak power and 3-min peak aerobic-capacity (VO2peak) tests while ergometer poling. The fastest 30-m sprint time was 6.5 ± 0.4 s, the fastest initial 10-m split-time 2.9 ± 0.2 s, and the corresponding power output 212 ± 37 W. Average 30-m time during the 8 repeated sprints was 6.7 ± 0.4 s, and the sprint-time decrement was 4.3% ± 1.8%. Time to execute the sport-specific-technique test was 25.6 ± 2.7 s. Averaged 1-repetition-maximum strength of the 4 exercises correlated with the fastest 30-m sprint time (r = -.77), the fastest initial 10-m split time (r = -.72), the corresponding power output (r = .67), and the average 30-m sprint time (r = -.84) (all P < .05). Peak power of the 8-s ergometer sprint test correlated with the highest initial 10-m power (r = .83, P < .01) and the average 30-m sprint time (r = -.68, P < .05). Average 3-min ergometer power (r = -.86, P < .01) and VO2peak (r = -.67, P < .05) correlated with the sprint-time decrement. All off-ice variables except VO2peak correlated with technique-test time (r = -.58 to .73, all P < .05). Maximal strength and power are associated with the ability to sprint fast and rapid execution of a technically complex test, whereas mode-specific endurance capacity is particularly important for maintenance of sprint ability in ice sledge hockey.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE WINTER PARALYMPIC GAMES AND SPORTS

Purpose: The aim of this research was to record and the evolution of the winter paralympic games and sports since 1976 until 2010. The history of the Winter Paralympic Games is relatively recent compared to that one of the Olympic Games. The first Games were held in 1976 in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden and the most recent, 38 years later in 2014, in Sochi, Russia. This article will examine the Winter Paralympic Games up until the ones in 2010 in Vancouver, Canada. During these years, there have been many changes in relation to the Games itself, the governing body of the Paralympic Movement, the sports’ facilities, the sports involved and sports’ categories. The motivation for writing this paper was the need to record and gather all of these items in one paper. Gathering information for the Winter Paralympic Games will be an important theoretical background. This information will create a database for the structure of the governing body of the Paralympic Games, for the organization of the Games [Local Organizing Committee (LOC), venues and equipment], for the evolution of the Winter Paralympic Sports and the categories of the athletes, as well as the evolution of the athletes’ and sports’ participation. Material : The research material that was used was mainly from the bibliography and records of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), from the Official Post Games Reports and the Internet, while the research method that was used was descriptive. Moreover, the use of diagrams will depict the distribution of the participation of athletes and countries in each Games. Results : The participation of countries grew continuously and steadily from 16 to 44, during the years of 1976 to 2010 respectively. Regarding the athletes’ participation, starting in the first Games with 198 athletes, they reached the number of 502 in the 2010 Vancouver Winter Paralympic Games. The participation percentages of the athletes coming from Europe constituted the bulk of the total participation from the Continents throughout the journey of the Games (1st Winter Paralympic Games: 95% - 10th Winter Paralympic Games: 61%). The proportion of men was at all events greater than that of the women. Starting with only two categories of impairment being part of the first Games (athletes with amputation and athletes visually impaired), in the 2010 Winter Paralympic Games in Vancouver, almost all categories were included (except the athletes with an intellectual disability). Conclusions : The sports included in the 1st Paralympic Games were the events of Alpine Skiing and one event of Cross Country Skiing, while in the 10th Paralympic Games were included all the disciplines of Alpine skiing and Cross-Country Skiing, Ice Sledge Hockey and Wheelchair Curling.

The effects of heavy upper-body strength training on ice sledge hockey sprint abilities in world class players

The current study investigated the effects of 6weeks of heavy upper-body strength training on maximal strength and sprint abilities in eight world class ice sledge hockey players. Before and after the strength training intervention, all subjects performed a 30-m maximal sprint on ice (where time for each 10m section was measured) and 1 repetition maximal (1RM) strength test in the bench pull (BP), pull-down (PD), pull over (PO) and front pull (FP) exercises. Three weekly sessions with 3×6–8RM for these strength exercises were added during the intervention period. From pre- to post-test, 1RM in the strength exercises improved by 4–8%, whereas 30-m sprint time, all 10-m section times and the calculated power output in the 10-m acceleration phase all improved by 2–3% (all P<.05). The pre- to post-test changes in 30-m sprint time and the initial 10-m time correlated significantly with the changes in 1RM for BP (r=0.59 and 0.55) and PD (r=0.60 and 0.68) (all P<.05). In conclusion, the results of this study strongly suggest that heavy upper-body strength training improves upper-body strength and ice sledge hockey sprint abilities, and that the magnitude of improvements in strength correlates with the improvements in sprint abilities.

Measuring static seated pressure distributions and risk for skin pressure ulceration in ice sledge hockey players

Purpose: To determine whether sledge hockey players with physical disability have higher average seated pressures compared to non-disabled controls. Method: Fifteen age-matched controls without physical disability and 15 experimental participants with physical disability were studied using a pressure mapping device to determine risk for skin pressure ulceration and the impact of cushioning and knee angle positioning on seated pressure distributions. Results: Regardless of participant group, cushioning, or knee angle, average seated pressures exceeded clinically acceptable seated pressures. Controls had significantly higher average seated pressures than the disability group when knees were flexed, both with the cushion (p = 0.013) and without (p = 0.015). Knee extension showed significantly lower average pressures in controls, both with the cushion (p < 0.001) and without (p < 0.001). Placement of the cushion resulted in significantly lower average pressure in controls when knees were extended (p = 0.024) but not when flexed (p = 0.248). Placement of the cushion resulted in no difference in pressure (p = 0.443) in the disability group. Conclusions: Pressures recorded indicate high risk for skin ulceration. Cushioning was effective only in the control group with knees extended. That knee extension significantly lowered average seated pressures is important, as many sledge hockey players utilize positioning with larger knee flexion angles.Implications for RehabilitationIce sledge hockey is a fast growing adaptive sport.Adaptive sports have been associated with several positive improvements in overall health and quality of life, though may be putting players at risk for skin ulceration.Measured static seated pressure in sledges greatly exceeds current clinically accepted clinical guidelines.With modern improvements in wheelchair pressure relief/cushioning there are potential methods for improvement of elevated seated pressure in ice hockey sledges.

On the Relationship Between Upper-Body Strength, Power, and Sprint Performance in Ice Sledge Hockey

Ice sledge hockey is a popular paralympic team sport where players rely entirely on their upper body to propel themselves rapidly across the ice surface. The isolated and repetitive poling movements provide a good model for examining upper-body sprint ability and the related movement and strength characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between upper-body maximal strength, power, and sprint performance in ice sledge hockey. Thirteen male ice sledge hockey players from the Norwegian national team performed three 30-m maximal sprint tests recorded by fixed light sensors. The best 30-m time for each subject was used for further analyses, and the sprint was analyzed more in detail for the first and last 10-m split times and kinematics (cycle length and rate) using photocells and 2-dimensional video analysis. One repetition maximum (1RM) strength and peak power were assessed in the bench press, bench pull, and pull-down exercises using a barbell and a linear encoder. Both 1RM strength and peak power for all the 3 strength exercises correlated significantly with the total sprint time (-0.75 < r < - 0.86, all p < 0.005), the first (0.60 < r < 0.72, all p < 0.05), and the last (0.74 < r < 0.83, all p < 0.05) 10-m split times in the 30-m sprint test. There were no significant relationships between sprint kinematics and 1RM strength and peak power. Overall, these results demonstrate that there are close relationships between upper-body strength, power, and sprint performance in highly trained athletes and that the ability to produce propulsion and high frequency in combination is important for the sprint abilities in ice sledge hockey.

SPORTS INJURIES AT THE OLYMPICS: A REVIEW OF INCIDENCE RELATED DATA FROM PAST GAMES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE MULTI-SPORT EVENTS

The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of many athletes' careers, yet few have been fully reported on regarding injury occurrence (Athanasopoulos et al. BJSM 2007;41:603)....