Reaction Of Slag Research Articles

Investigation into the alkali-activation of lithium slag: A sustainable alternative to conventional cement with optimized mechanical properties

Utilizing lithium slag as a precursor for alkali-activated cementitious materials offers a sustainable alternative to conventional cement, addressing both environmental pollution and land-use challenges posed by lithium slag waste. Additionally, this practice reduces energy consumption and CO2 emissions associated with cement production. This study presents a novel methodology involving high-temperature calcination and mechanical grinding to enhance the reactivity of lithium slag. Analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were employed to elucidate the mechanisms behind lithium slag's increased reactivity. Subsequently, these activated materials were used to formulate alkali-activated lithium slag cement composites (ALC). Various factors, including the calcination temperature, water-to-cement ratio, NaOH concentration, and lithium slag content, were investigated for their effects on the fluidity and mechanical properties of the mortar. Analytical techniques including XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), were used to explore the hydration mechanisms. Results indicate that the optimal calcination temperature for lithium slag was 700 °C, while the optimal NaOH concentration was 1 mol/L. ALC exhibited robust mechanical properties, with compressive, flexural, and fluidity measures reaching 37.66 MPa, 10.13 MPa, and 200 mm, respectively. Predominant hydration products were found to be N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H. The production cost of 1 ton of ALC is $49.8, which is roughly 70% of the cost of producing 1 ton of OPC. Additionally, the total CO2 emissions and energy consumption of producing ALC amount to 60.56% and 64.95% respectively, compared to the total CO2 emissions and energy consumption of producing 1 ton of OPC.

Cementitious Composites with Cellulose Nanomaterials and Basalt Fiber Pellets: Experimental and Statistical Modeling

The production of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) as a durable construction material using different types of fibers and nanomaterials critically relies on the synergic effects of the two materials as well as the cementitious composite mixes. In this study, novel HPFRCCs were developed, which comprised high content (50%) slag by mass of the base binder as well as nano-silica (NS) or nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC). In addition, nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC), and basalt fiber pellets (BFP), representing nano-/micro- and macro-fibers, respectively, were incorporated into the composites. The response surface method was used in this study’s statistical modeling part to evaluate the impact of key factors (NS, NCC, NFC, BFP) on the performance of 15 mixtures. The composites were assessed in terms of setting times, early- and late-age compressive strength, flexural performance, and resistance to freezing-thawing cycles, and the bulk trends were corroborated by fluid absorption, thermogravimetry, and microscopy tests. Incorporating NS/NCC in the slag-based binders catalyzed the reactivity of cement and slag with time, thus maintaining the setting times within an acceptable range (maximum 9 h), achieving high early- (above 33 MPa at 3 days) and later-age (above 70 MPa at 28 days) strength, and resistance to fluid absorption (less than 2.5%) and frost action (DF above 90%) of the composites. In addition, all nano-modified composites with multi-scale fibers showed notable improvement in terms of post-cracking flexural performance (Residual Strength Index above 40%), which qualify them for multiple infrastructure applications (i.e., shear key bridge joints) requiring a balance between high-strength properties, ductility, and durability.

Effects of high Al content on the steel–slag reaction and inclusion formation in molten steel

Three groups of refining experiments using the slags with different CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio (C/A = 0, 1.32 and 2.52 for No. 1 [without slag], No. 2 and No. 3) were carried out. The experiment results show that the increase of C/A led to the decrease of Al content. The steel–slag–inclusion multiphase reactions (SSIMR) model under high Al content conditions was constructed by the effective equilibrium reaction zone and FactSage 8.2 software. The modeling predictions of changes of [Al], [Ca] and [Mg] and SiO2, MgO and CaO in the slag are consistent with the experimental results. The SSIMR modeling suggested that the reactivity of [Al] and SiO2 in slag decreased with the increase of C/A, while the reactivity of [Al] and CaO in slag increased with the increase of C/A. The increase of C/A has little effect on the reaction between [Al] and MgO in slag. Inclusion observations in the No. 2 and No. 3 experiments show that inclusions change from Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 in early stages to CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions in the late stages. This study may help predict steel–slag reaction and inclusion formation under high Al content conditions.

Enhancing mechanical properties of dredged sludge through carbonation stabilization employing steel slag: An eco-friendly and cost-effective approach

Carbonation stabilization presents an efficacious and eco-friendly soil stabilization method with extensive applicability. Because market costs play a crucial role in determining the recycling of dredged sludge, this research investigates the potential use of solid waste steel slag as a cost-effective alternative stabilizing agent. The objective is to promote the wider adoption of carbonation stabilization technology for the reuse of dredged sludge. This investigation examined the alteration patterns of unconfined compressive strength and CO2 uptake in steel slag carbonation stabilized soils (CS) under varying steel slag contents, stabilization moisture contents, and carbonation durations. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of micro-mineral composition and micro-pore structure evolution during the carbonation process was conducted employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The outcomes revealed a positive linear association between the unconfined compressive strength of CS specimens and their CO2 uptake across different steel slag contents and carbonation durations. Through XRD and TG-DTG assessments, the carbonation byproducts in CS specimens were identified as calcite-type CaCO3, with an increasing concentration of CaCO3 correlating with the increase of steel slag content and carbonation duration. MIP testing revealed that a 72-hour carbonation period could diminish the total porosity of steel slag dredged soils from 40.96% to 34.53%. The strength of CS specimens predominantly derives from the carbonation reaction of steel slag, which enhances the soil's mechanical attributes through the cementing and pore-filling impacts of CaCO3 crystal growth on the soil matrix.

Effect of slag pre-carbonation on its early-age reactivity in alkali activated binder

Early age setting and hardening of alkali activated binders can be influenced by minor variations in the precursor properties. Specifically, in alkali-activated materials based on ground granulated blast furnace slag, the early age behavior can be compromised by processes occurring during handling and storage. This study investigates the impact of pre-carbonation of slag on its reactivity in alkali activated binders using sodium silicate, hydroxide, and/or sulfate. The finding revealed that even low degrees of pre-carbonation could lead to significant delays in slag reaction at early ages. In highly alkaline systems the effect of pre-carbonation was limited due to the high reactivity of the system. However, for systems with lower alkalinities, the delays in slag reaction were notably pronounced, ranging from a few hours up to several days for initially near-neutral activators. Concerning later ages, the effect of pre-carbonation on reaction degree was limited across all studied systems. It is proposed that pre-carbonation might induce a reduction in reactivity by either covering the reactive slag surface with precipitates or modifying the surface chemistry. These findings highlight the importance of proper handling and storage of slag for alkali activated materials and provide insights that may elucidate unexpected behaviours of alkali-activated slags.

Investigation of Preparation and Shrinkage Characteristics of Multi-Source Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials.

Cement-stabilized macadam (CEM-SM) base layers on highways are prone to early shrinkage cracking in extremely cold and arid regions, mainly caused by the large drying shrinkage of traditional cement-stabilized base materials. A multi-component solid waste cementitious material (SWCM) was designed based on the response surface method. The synergistic reaction mechanism of SWCM was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). A shrinkage testing system was developed to evaluate the anti-cracking characteristics of stable macadam using multiple solid waste cementitious materials (SWCM-SM), and the strength growth law and frost resistance were analyzed. The results show that the Box-Behnken response surface model was used to obtain the optimal parameter combination for SWCM, including 60% slag, 30% steel slag, and 10% desulfurization gypsum. The compressive strength and flexural strength of SWCM-SM were 24.1% and 26.7% higher than those of CEM-SM after curing 180 days. The frost resistance of SWCM-SM was basically equivalent to that of CEM-SM, and the dry shrinkage strain of SWCM-SM was reduced by 30.7% compared to CEM-SM. It can be concluded that steel slag and desulfurization gypsum stimulate the hydration reaction of slag, thereby improving the bonding strength. Compared to CEM-SM, SWCM-SM exhibits slower hydration reaction and longer hydration duration, exhibiting characteristics of low early strength and high later strength. The early microstrain of the semi-rigid base layer is mainly caused by the occurrence of early water loss shrinkage, and the water loss rate of SWCM-SM is lower than that of CEM-SM. This study concludes that SWCM has good early crack resistance performance for stabilized crushed stones.

Modeling the Influence of Ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Hydration of Cement

Portland cement is usually substituted with granulated blast furnace slag to make a slag-blended cement. A slag-incorporating cement has a more complicated hydration process than Portland cement due to the interactions between the slag reaction and the hydration of Portland cement in the cementitious systems. Understanding the effect of slag substitution on the hydration of cement is still challenging; hence, this research is aimed at predicting the hydration of slag-incorporating cement. To achieve this, the extended CEMHYD3D model was employed to predict the hydration of a slag-blended cement. The simulation was done with cement paste samples made with various water-to-cement ratios and different slag substitution levels, in which the interaction between the hydration of Portland cement and the reaction of slag was considered. The prediction model has been validated with experimental results and verified to be successful in predicting the hydration of slag-blended cement.

Alkali-silica reaction of high-magnesium nickel slag fine aggregate in alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag mortar

The construction industry is presently encountering a significant challenge regarding the shortage supply of natural sands. The use of metallurgical slags as fine aggregates in building materials presents a solution that not only mitigates the over-exploitation of natural sands, but also provides a sustainable and valuable approach for managing industrial solid wastes instead of traditional landfill disposal. This study investigated the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) of air-cooled and water-quenched high-magnesium nickel slag (HMNS) fine aggregates in alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (AAS) mortars. The mortars exhibited satisfactory volume stability and structural integrity throughout the 120 days of accelerated mortar bar test. The lab-simulated dissolution test revealed the formation of a thin precipitate layer of sodium silicate hydrate on the surface of HMNS fine aggregates, which contained a significant amount of Mg with Mg/Si ratios ranging from 0.16 to 0.18. The divalent Mg cations were released from the HMNS fine aggregates and served as the pseudo network former to crosslink the ASR gel instead of Ca. This reduced the moisture adsorption capacity and mitigated the expansion of ASR gel.

Early age reaction of slag in composite cement: Impact of sulphates and calcite

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is an important supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for producing low carbon and durable concrete. There are however questions around the early age reactivity of GGBS and the factors that influence this. To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms controlling the early age reactivity and particularly the influence of anionic species, simplified systems comprising GGBS and calcium hydroxide were examined in the presence of limestone, anhydrite, or both at 4:1 SCM-to-activator ratio. Limestone and GGBS were considered as SCMs, but calcium hydroxide and anhydrite were considered as activators. Multiple techniques, including isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, mass balance calculation and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to study hydration and microstructure. The results show that GGBS hydration commences immediately in the alkaline media provided by calcium hydroxide. Sulphates and limestone influence hydration through reactions with aluminates to form ettringite and carboaluminates, but prevalence of macro-capillary pores in sulphate containing binders sustains diffusion-controlled hydration. Consequently, optimization of the alumina to sulphate and carbonate ratios is essential for exploiting the pore solution and space filling effects in composite cements.

Polycarboxylate superplasticizer as strengthening additive in carbonated artificial steel slag aggregate

This article presents an investigation on the application of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) to improve the mechanical properties of carbonated artificial steel slag aggregate (CSSA). It is observed that dispersion effect of PCE on steel slag particles significantly improves the degree of compaction of CSSA before carbonation and the PCE molecules slows down the evaporation of water leading to the higher residue water–solid ratio (w/s) of CSSA after carbonation, which are beneficial for the improvement of CO2 uptake and mechanical properties of CSSA. Moreover, the cross-linked PCE molecules by calcium ions from steel slag hinders the early carbonation reaction of steel slag which is conducive to the CO2 diffusion from outside to inside of CSSA thus results in a more homogenous structure of CSSA. Additionally, reconstituted PCE molecules promotes the leaching of calcium ions leading to an increase of CO2 uptake of CSSA at the long-term (24 h) duration of carbonation. At optimum of 1% PCE, the compressive strength of CSSA reaches a maximum value of 164 MPa, which is 141% higher than that of CSSA without PCE.

Interpretation and Prediction of the CO2 Sequestration of Steel Slag by Machine Learning.

The utilization of steel slag for CO2 sequestration is an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. The reactivity of steel slag in CO2 sequestration depends mainly on material and process parameters. However, there are many puzzles in regard to practical applications due to the different evaluations of process parameters and the lack of investigation of material parameters. In this study, 318 samples were collected to investigate the interactive influence of 12 factors on the carbonation reactivity of steel slag by machine learning with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest, and support vector regression models were built to predict the slurry-phase CO2 sequestration of steel slag. The MLP model performed well in terms of prediction ability and generalization with comprehensive interpretability. The SHAP results showed that the impact of the process parameters was greater than that of the material parameters. Interestingly, the iron ore phase of steel slag was revealed to have a positive effect on steel slag carbonation by SHAP analysis. Combined with previous literature, the carbonation mechanism of steel slag was proposed. Quantitative analysis based on SHAP indicated that steel slag had good carbonation reactivity when the mass fractions of "CaO + MgO", "SiO2 + Al2O3", "Fe2O3", and "MnO" varied from 50-55%, 10-15%, 30-35%, and <5%, respectively.

Effect of Al2O3 content in slag on the relationship between slag reactivity and carbonation resistance

To understand the influence of slag chemistry on the carbonation resistance of slag-rich cement, this paper explored the carbonation characteristics of blended cement systems with different Al2O3 contents in slag through accelerated carbonation test. Irrespective of slag chemistry, three main CO2 binding phases were identified during accelerated carbonation test, i.e. carbonated Ca-Al AFm phases (amorphous or nano-crystalline), carbonated hydrotalcite-like phase, and calcium carbonate (amorphous calcium carbonate, vaterite, and calcite). Additionally, it was noted that the classification employed for slag reactivity (based on slag chemistry) cannot be extended to predict carbonation resistance of slag-rich cement directly. The main challenge occurred for slag with high alumina content. The experimental results showed that Al2O3-rich slag exhibited a high reactivity and can be considered as a reactive component in the blended mixture; however, it did not contribute to carbonation resistance of the mixture. Especially for CO2 binding capacity, it was similar for systems with varied alumina content in slag (from 3.69 to 18.19 wt.%) in the completely carbonated area.

Thermodynamic and kinetic aspect of solid state reduction of Electric Arc Furnace slag through coke: An experimental study.

Steel slag is one of the major wastes produced during the steelmaking process. In the present scenario, the world’s utilization rate of steel slag is comparatively very low and primarily used for landfills only. The untreated slag used for the dumping will affect the environment adversely and causes loss to the economy as well. In the present study, we are concentrating on steel slag through the latter. The mineralogy of primary slag ensures the presence of various constituent ranges, Fe2O3 /FeO (18–30%), CaO (23–48%), SiO2 (2–6%), MgO (4–17%), and Al2O3 (2–15%), mainly depends on the quality of raw material as well as processing relies on the quality of raw material as well as processing. One of the significant components of steel slag with a large variety of ranges is iron oxides. Iron Oxide is present in the steel slag in the form of FeO, Fe2O3, and FeO.SiO2. This study analyzed the reduction kinetics of steel slag based on the Coats-Redfern method and explained the reduction mechanism of Fayalite for different slag basicity. The investigation involves a temperature range of 960–1478 K with a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of C/O-1.The non-isothermal experiment covers the solid reduction of EAF slag. The TG curve shows the reduction reaction of steel slag and coke from 0.5 to 1.5 is 7.31% to 10.88%. During the investigation, the activation energy of iron reduction process will get decrease with increased slag basicity.

Transient evolution of non-metallic inclusions in molten high aluminum and high manganese steel contacting with slag and crucible: experimental investigation and FactSage macros modeling

In this work, high temperature experiments of high Al molten steel contacting with crucible and slag were performed to investigate the effect of crucible–slag–steel reaction on transient evolution of inclusions in the high Al molten steel. Processing samples were taken for the chemical compositions of steel and also the inclusions have been characterized by using SEM and EDS AZtec. FactSage macros have been applied to simulate the evolution of molten steel composition and inclusions in molten steel during steel-slag reaction and comparing to the experimental results. Due to the steel–crucible–slag reactions especially under the condition of the high Al molten steel, the Ca and Mg transferred from slag and crucible to the molten steel and then subsequently led to the evolution of Mg and Ca-containing inclusions. The Mg inclusions transferred from MgAl2O4 to MgO inclusions while Ca transferred to steel and modified MgAl2O4 at crucible interface to form CaMgAl2O5 phase. The FactSage macros modeling did agree reasonably well with the experimental results.

Analysis of the development of autogenous shrinkage of CEM I 42.5R and CEM III/A 42.5N cement pastes with different water to cement ratios

In concrete technology, cements with a high content of Portland clinker are increasingly being replaced by blended binders with a lower carbon footprint. Such binders include blastfurnace cements, which are successfully used in concretes designed for large-scale elements, self-compacting concretes, as well as for the precast concrete industry. Blast furnace cements exhibit lower strength gain relative to Portland cements and a lower heat of hydration. Composites that incorporate them are significantly more resistant to the occurrence of thermal stresses at the early stages of curing of concrete. This paper provides a comparative study of the development of autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes made from CEM I 42.5R and CEM III/A 42.5N with a variable w/c ratio using the dilatometric method on a proprietary instrument covered by the patent PL241667. Furthermore, tests on consistency, setting times and compressive strength were performed after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing. From the analyses carried out, it was found that cement pastes containing blast furnace cement show greater autogenous shrinkage over a period of 28 days compared to pastes containing Portland cement. The pozzolanic reaction of granulated blast furnace slag contributes to the increase in recorded autogenous shrinkage. An increase in the water-cement ratio has an impact on the decreased strength gain, and the value of autogenous shrinkage. The research results indicate the need to take autogenous shrinkage into account when designing high-performance concretes containing blast furnace cement due to the increased susceptibility to shrinkage microcracks and for the durability of the material.

Controlling the hydration rate of alkali-activated slag by the slow release of NaOH

The reaction of alkali-activated slag is very fast and challenging to adjust with the common retarder used in Portland cement. Thus, achieving control of the hydration rate of alkali-activated slag by the slow release of NaOH may be an effective method. In this study, the slow release of NaOH was achieved by controlling the reaction rate of Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2, which has never been reported elsewhere. The thickening property, compressive strength, isothermal calorimetry, UCA, XRD, and TGA were tested in this paper. The results show that, compared with NaOH-activated slag, Na2CO3–Ca(OH)2-activated slag demonstrated improved strength, better adjustability for thickening time, and a better right-angle-set property. For the same thickening time, the amount of EDTMPS retarder added in the Na2CO3–Ca(OH)2-activated slag was only 1/10 of that used in the NaOH-activated slag. And the thickening time adjustable temperature of the Na2CO3–Ca(OH)2-activated slag can reach 120 °C.

Degradation of alkali-activated slag subjected to water immersion

In this study, the impacts of tap water immersion on the pore solution, phase assemblages, gel chemistry and structure, and pore structure of alkali-activated slag (AAS) pastes were studied. AAS degrades under such condition and the potential mechanisms can be concluded as lower reaction rates, gel decomposition and carbonation. The leaching of Na+ and OH− at early stages hinders the reaction of slag, which leads to a slower formation of reaction products. Long-term leaching can result in gel decomposition after 90 d. Coarsened gel pores and capillary pores are both identified in water-immersed samples. Additionally, the leached Ca2+ can react with the dissolved CO2 in tap water to form calcium carbonate. A calcium carbonate layer is observed surrounding the paste while the inner matrix is free of carbonation. The insights provided by this paper contribute to understanding the behaviors and durability of AAS in underwater conditions.

Modeling the Residence Time of Metal Droplets in Slag During BOF Steelmaking

The ejection of metal droplets into slag due to top-blowing is characteristic of the BOF process. The residence time of the metal droplets in the slag plays a significant role in the kinetics of the metal–slag reactions. In this study, the residence time of ejected metal in slag during BOF steelmaking is investigated and various approaches, based on the blowing number theory and mass balances are compared. Previously published blowing number theories are evaluated in comparison with physically based upper and lower boundaries. The results illustrate that only some of the laboratory-scale blowing number correlations apply to industrial blowing conditions. A mathematical model is developed to predict mass fraction return rates and thus the residence time of droplets in the slag emulsion. Combined with a previously published model for ejected droplet size distribution, it is possible to predict dynamic changes in the interfacial area and mass transfer conditions for metal–slag reactions.

Alkali-activated slag & fly ash as sustainable alternatives to OPC: Sorptivity and strength development characteristics of mortar

One approach to decreasing the environmental footprint of the construction industry is to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with recycled slag and fly ash activated using alkaline materials. This article presents the outcomes of an experimental study that evaluated water absorption characteristics and strength development of mortar that uses blends of alkali-activated ASTM class F slag and fly ash binders. Mortar mixes were developed using three binder combinations: 100% slag and no fly ash (S1F0), 75% slag + 25% fly ash (S3F1), and 50% slag + 50% fly ash (S1F1). Slag and fly ash binders were activated using NaOH solution with molarity ranging from 10 mol/L to 16 mol/L mixed with sodium silicate solution. Two sets of samples were created, one set was immersed in an acidic medium after casting, which represented a closed environment, and the second was left in the lab exposed to air until the test day. For mortar cured in a closed system, the highest strength development during the first seven days after casting occurred in S1F0 mortar followed by S3F1, then S1F1. The observation indicates strength development is dominated by the fast reactivity of slag during the first 7 days. The pattern is similar for all NaOH activator concentrations evaluated in this study. Mortar samples with high slag content (S1F0 and S3F1) that were cured in air experienced a decrease in strength during the 28–90 day curing phase as the strength at the age of 90 days decreased relative to the strength at 28 days. However, S1F1 gained strength during the 28–90 day phase when NaOH molarity was the highest (16 mol/L). This is due to the dissolution and activation of fly ash at high solution alkalinity which contributed to the continued increase in strength. A strong linear correlation between the square root of time (t0.5) and water absorption existed in all activated mortars evaluated in the study, except for mortar samples prepared using NaOH with high concentration and the highest ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH. Therefore, alkali-activated slag-based mortars share similar water capillary absorption characteristics with conventional cement-based mortar. It was found that increasing the NaOH concentration increases the global warming potential (gwp) and that the mix with the least environmental impact was the S1F1 developed using the lowest NaOH concentration of 10 mol/L and 50% fly ash.

An approach to improve the reactivity of basic oxygen furnace slag: Accelerated carbonation and the combined use of metakaolin

This study aims to promote the reactivity of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) through accelerated carbonation and the combined use of metakaolin (MK). Influences of the incorporation of the combination of carbonated BOFS and MK at various cement substitution levels on strength development, water absorption, phase composition, and microstructure are investigated. It is revealed that the coupled substitution with carbonated BOFS and MK improved the formation of carboaluminate phases and stabilized ettringite owing to the synergic reaction between metakaolin and CaCO3 derived from the carbonation of BOFS; and the consumption of CaCO3 facilitates the pozzolanic reaction of the amorphous SiO2 gel formed during carbonation, generating more hydration products. All these reactions contribute to improved impermeability and enhanced strength development; 45% of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) can be replaced while achieving a comparable strength to sample consisting of 100% OPC. In addition, compared to the sample incorporated with uncarbonated BOFS and MK, the compressive strength of the sample blended with 30% carbonated BOFS and 15% MK was improved by 32.5% at the age of 56d; meanwhile, the water absorption during 72 h was lowered by 67.7%. In terms of the environmental impact, the CO2 emission and intensity for sample incorporated with 30% carbonated BOFS and 15% MK only account for 59% and 62% of those in sample comprised of 100% OPC. The study proposes an approach to improve the reactivity of BOFS efficiently and sequestrate a significant amount of CO2 simultaneously.