Skirt Length Research Articles

H-M bearing capacity of a modified suction caisson determined by using load-/displacement-controlled methods

This paper presents a series of monotonically combined lateral loading tests to investigate the bearing capacity of the MSCs (modified suction caissons) in the saturated marine fine sand. The lateral loads were applied under load- and displacement-controlled methods at the loading eccentricity ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. Results show that, in the displacement-controlled test, the deflection-softening behavior of load-deflection curves for MSCs was observed, and the softening degree of the load-deflection response increased with the increasing external skirt length or the decreasing loading eccentricity. It was also found that the rotation center of the MSC at failure determined by the load-controlled method is slightly lower than that by the displacement-controlled method. The calculated MSC capacity based on the rotation center position in serviceability limit state is relatively conservative, compared with the calculated capacity based on the rotation center position in the ultimate limit state. In the limit state, the passive earth pressures opposite the loading direction under load- and displacement-controlled methods decrease by 46% and 74% corresponding to peak values, respectively; however, the passive earth pressures in the loading direction at failure only decrease by approximately 3% and 7%, compared with their peak values.

The lubrication analysis of the piston skirt-liner system based on design of experiment and particle swarm optimization-support vector regression

Good design for the piston skirt can improve efficiency without harming emissions, while it simultaneously reduces wear and improves the reliability of the engine. In this paper, the finite element method is applied to solve the Reynolds equation to analyze the piston skirt-liner system lubrication, and the side motion of piston skirt solved with Runge–Kutta is coupled with lubrication. Some factors that have an effect on the lubrication and dynamic characteristics are selected as variables, such as the clearance, offset distance of the piston pin, bump position, curvature, the length of piston skirt, and the ellipticity of the piston skirt. The orthogonal experimental design which includes six factors with five levels is used to analyze the dominance of these structure factors, and the effects of all the responses for the structural parameters to the friction loss are also identified, and the orthogonal samples simulated by the experiment are conducted to do the regression for the piston skirt. Some regression models are introduced to predict the friction loss, the precise comparison of all the models are compared, and the larger error appears in these prediction models, and then the particle swarm optimization-support vector regression is also used to predict the friction loss, and the results agree well with each other. All the analyses are very useful to provide guidance for the design of the piston skirt-liner during the development of the engine.

Utilization of hydrophobic coatings on insulative skirts to attenuate galvanic corrosion between mechanically-fastened aluminum alloy and carbon-fiber reinforced polymer-matrix composites

This paper describes the effect of hydrophobic coatings on insulative skirts to attenuate galvanic corrosion between mechanically-fastened aluminum alloy and carbon-fiber reinforced polymer-matrix composites (CFR PMC). The utilization of hydrophobic coatings on the insulative skirt can help to attenuate galvanic corrosion by disrupting the formation of a continuous electrolyte film. Initially, Siloxel™-coated insulating skirts of various lengths (0.64cm, 1.27cm, 2.54cm, 10.16cm, and 20.32cm) were tested in a humidity chamber at 90% relative humidity (RH) and 30°C. The galvanic couples were sprayed with salt solutions of various concentrations (i.e., 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, and 20,000ppm of chlorides). Results from humidity-chamber experiments showed that the Siloxel™ coatings with a contact angle of 90° generally reduced galvanic corrosion rates by three orders of magnitude for a given skirt length. When the skirt (coated with Siloxel™), however, was at an optimal length of only 0.64cm, the galvanic current decreased by approximately six orders of magnitude due to capillary effects that wicked electrolyte away from the edge of the skirt. Skirts with different types of coatings (i.e., Siloxel™, polyurethane, epoxy, and latex) of various levels of hydrophobicity were also studied to determine the effect of the coating contact angle on the galvanic current.

Effect of Skirt Length on Behavior of Suction Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines Installed in Dense Sand Subjected to Earthquake Loadings

Effect of Skirt Length on Behavior of Suction Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines Installed in Dense Sand Subjected to Earthquake Loadings

Centrifuge evaluation of the influential factors in the uplift capacity of suction foundations in clay

ABSTRACTThe passive suction of suction foundations plays a significant role in pull-out resistance. The factors influencing the uplift capacity include stress state, embedment ratio, and loading rate. This article investigates the effect of embedment ratio and loading rate on the bearing behavior of suction foundations using centrifuge testing. A series of uplift tests on a suction foundation in clay were performed using a beam centrifuge. During the tests, uplift displacement, suction, and loading rate were monitored. The suction was obtained by measurement of water pressure. To compare the influence of different factors on uplift capacity due to passive suction, two types of uplift tests were conducted; the first was on the closed caisson and the second was on the vented caisson. The results show that the pull-out resistance increased with an increase of the uplift loading rate, which was induced by the suction. The maximum resistance occurred when the upward displacements reached 14%D under a ratio of skirt length (L) to diameter (D) (L/D) of 0.5 and 17%D under an L/D ratio of 2. These findings provide a way for suction caissons to resist pull-out load or for structures to be removed from the seabed.

Predicting the cyclic behaviour of suction caisson foundations using the finite element method

The deformation of suction caisson foundations in response to complex cyclic loadings is an essential consideration in their design. Under cyclic loadings, pore pressure and unrecoverable deformation in the foundations accumulate depending on the properties of both the foundation soil and the loads. In this paper, a finite element method (FEM) is developed based on a thermodynamics-based constitutive model. This paper first presents the formulation and calibration of the model. Then, the FEM numerical model is introduced. Finally, predictions are made for field trials of suction caissons in clay subjected to quasi-static cyclic loadings. The rotation angle and the settlement of suction caissons are well predicted. The pore pressure development and stiffness degradation in the foundation are also captured by the model. Furthermore, the effect of the ratio of skirt length to the diameter on the rotation of suction caisson foundations subjected to cyclic loads is studied numerically.

The Utilization of Hydrophobic Coatings on Insulative Skirts to Galvanically Decouple Mechanically-Fastened Aluminum Alloy and Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites

In a quest to reduce weight and improve performance, aluminum (Al) alloys have been used in conjunction with lightweight materials such as carbon-fiber reinforced (CFR) polymer-matrix composites (PMCs). The mechanical contact of CFR PMCs (which serves as cathode) with Al alloys (which serves as anode) can result in galvanic corrosion of the Al alloys in a corrosive environment. The major objective of this research was on devising corrosion control strategies for couples of 6061-T6 Al that were mechanically fastened to CFR PMCs using Ti-6Al-4V bolts. A typical method used to mitigate galvanic corrosion when bolting Al to CFR PMCs is to insert an insulating layer (G-10 fiberglass or E-glass–reinforced PMC) between the members. Although the direct contact between the aluminum and CFR PMC is eliminated, the aluminum and the CFR PMC are still galvanically coupled through the Ti fastener, and galvanic corrosion on Al will occur if the electrolyte bridges over the insulating layer. Galvanic corrosion can be mitigated by increasing the IR loss across the skirt, which can be achieved by lengthening the skirt or breaking up the continuity of the salt bridge that forms on the skirt. The continuity of the salt bridge can be disrupted by applying hydrophobic coatings on the insulative skirt. In this study, galvanic corrosion rates were monitored for 6061-T6 Al—CFR PMC couples (with insulating skirts) subjected to the following conditions: 1) Insulting skirts having coatings (silane-based coating, epoxy, polyurethane, or latex) of various levels of hydrophobicity 2) Salt solutions of various concentrations (0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, and 20000 ppm of chlorides) 3) Various insulating skirt lengths (0.25 inch or 0.5 inch), 4) Various exposure conditions (controlled humidity laboratory exposure, outdoor exposure with sheltered and unsheltered conditions). The effect on galvanic corrosion by the different coatings was studied as a function of hydrophobicity, as determined by the contact angle for wetting. The contact angle was measured on the coating surface before and after exposure to the outdoor test sites to study the effects of environmental degradation on hydrophobicity. The degradation of the coatings was also studied using other techniques such as Raman spectroscopy. The ingress of environmental constituents (i.e., chlorides, sodium ions, etc.,) towards the anode and cathode surfaces was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive-X-ray analysis (EDXA).

Does short skirt length of school uniform predict possibility of victimization by “Chikan”?

Does short skirt length of school uniform predict possibility of victimization by “Chikan”?

3D 어패럴 캐드 시스템으로 제작된 가상의복의 소재물성별 실물 재현도에 관한 연구

This research was conducted to provide basic data to improve expressivity required for virtual clothing to replace actual clothing. For the experiment, 6 materials were selected and 12(2 kinds of length) actual flared skirts were made. At the same time, simulations were carried out on OptiTex Runway 12.0 for 36(12 kinds of skirts <TEX>$\times$</TEX> KES, FTU, KES weight/10) kinds of virtual flared skirts, which were applied with the measured property values (thickness, weight, bending, shear, friction, and stretch). Also, the study compared and analyzed the wearing images, silhouette overlapping images, and skirt length measurements of the actual and virtual skirts put on a dummy. As a result, the actual skirts showed clear distinction for each material. In contrast, virtual 1 and 2 expressed fabric 3 in the most similar way, but could not recreate the uniform, soft, and natural flare shape of the actual skirts in general. Virtual 3 formed natural flares as those of the actual skirts, and expressed fabric 1, 5, and 6 in a similar way. However, virtual 3 had too much volume and barely showed any distinction for each material. All of virtual 1, 2, and 3 expressed different flare shapes on the front and back sides of the skirt similarly to the actual skirts, and had a good visual expression for the color and texture of the materials. However, they could not effectively express the elasticity and fabric sagging in the bias direction.

The Effects of Hydrophobic Coatings on an Insulative Skirt Layer to Decouple Galvanic Corrosion Between Mechanically-Coupled Aluminum Alloy and Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites

Lightweight metals such as aluminum (Al) are being frequently coupled to polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) to reduce weight and improve performance in a multitude of applications in the defense, aerospace, automotive and civil-infrastructure industries. The intimate contact of carbon-fiber reinforced (CFR) PMCs with Al alloys can result in galvanic corrosion of the Al alloys. The electrically conductive carbon fibers in the CFR PMCs serve as cathodes and induce galvanic corrosion of the Al. The galvanic corrosion between 6061-T6 Al and CFR PMC can be effectively attenuated by decoupling Al from CFR PMC using an insulating skirt layer. The deposition of salts on the insulative skirt, however, can create a continuous ionically-conductive electrolyte film that can bridge the CFR PMC and Al, thus reducing the effectiveness of the skirt. The utilization of hydrophobic coatings on the skirt can help to attenuate galvanic corrosion by breaking up the continuous electrolyte film. In this study, the effect of hydrophobic coatings on insulative skirt materials was investigated to attenuate galvanic corrosion between mechanically coupled 6061-T6 Al and CFR PMC. Experiments were conducted in accelerated laboratory and outdoor conditions. The galvanic corrosion rates were monitored for coatings of different degrees of hydrophobicity, various skirt lengths, and exposure conditions and. Initially, the galvanic corrosion rates for couples with different insulating-skirt lengths coated with a silane-based ceramer (i.e., Siloxel) were monitored in a humidity chamber at 30o C and 90% RH over a period of up to 3 days using the zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) technique. The couples were sprayed with salt solutions of different concentrations. Results from this accelerated humidity ZRA experiment showed that a skirt length of only 0.5 inch was very effective in attenuating galvanic corrosion. To study the effectiveness of different coatings, specimens were fabricated with a 0.5-inch long skirt and coated with either Siloxel, epoxy, polyurethane or latex. The resulting galvanic corrosion rates were then compared. The two best coatings in attenuating galvanic corrosion (i.e., Siloxel and polyurethane) were selected for outdoor exposure. CFR PMC/Al galvanic couples with 0.5 inch insulating skirts (with either the Siloxel or polyurethane coatings, or no coatings) were exposed at rain forest (Manoa) and severe marine (MCBH) environments for 2 months. The CFR PMC/Al galvanic specimens at the severe marine site were exposed in two conditions: sheltered and unsheltered. The sheltered specimens were subjected to significant salt build up; whereas, the unsheltered specimens were subjected to cleansing effects of rain. The effect the salt deposition characteristics on galvanic corrosion between the sheltered and the unsheltered conditions was studied.

Performance analyses for a cyclone type filter

Flow characteristics inside a cyclone filter were investigated by the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For computations, SST model was adopted. Parametric study was carried out considering the filtering performance. Revolution speeds were changed from 100 to 550 with 50 increments. A skirt is the driving source for cyclone operation. The influence of several design factors, such as the skirt length, the skirt gap and the return length to filtering performance was investigated under the particle diameter 100μm of debris material (Al, s.g.=2.7). The filtering performance was also investigated with the skirt length 28mm changing the debris diameters from 1μm to 50μm. The flow rate of the working fluid was maintained at 0.55kg/s. It has been verified that the most influential factors to the filtering efficiencies was the skirt gap between the cyclone generator and the cyclone vessel.

디자인 요소에 따른 아동 드레스의 선호도 연구 - 학령 전 아동과 어머니를 중심으로 -

The necessity on children dresses for cultural events and emotional aspects in designs have become important according to the development of kids industry and revitalization of party culture, and so grasping emotional requirements of consumers is necessary actually. This study aims at purpose of this research, the study used 27 color pictures on the whole bodies of children who wore children dresses that mixed clothing design factors differently (sleeve, skirt length, waist line, materials, color, decoration type and location) through a survey. Regarding the survey objects, this study objected children of 5~6 years old in full and their mothers who lived in Gwangju Metropolitan City, and its results were same as follows. First, dress preferences between children group and mother group were similar generally, but differences were displayed from dress lengths. That is, children preferred long length in general, and whereas mothers were come out to prefer shot length comparatively. Second, the study could get results by mixing ranking 1 and ranking 2 according to clothing design factors that were preferred by children group and mothers group deduced through an empirical analysis. Merely, the location according to decoration type was limited to ranking 1. Based on the research, this study expects that various forthcoming researches have been made continuously, and it could become a guideline for the development of children dress industry afterwards.

Unbuttoned: The Interaction Between Provocativeness of Female Work Attire and Occupational Status

Gender-biased standards in United Kingdom (UK) workplaces continue to exist. Women experience gender discrimination in judgements of competence, even by other women. Clothing cues can subtly influence professional perceptions of women. The aim of this study was to investigate how minor manipulations to female office clothing affect the judgements of competence of them by other UK females and to examine whether such effects differ with occupational status. One group of female university students (n = 54) and one group of employed females (n = 90), all from London and the East of England, rated images of faceless female targets, on a global competence measure derived from six competence ratings (of intelligence, confidence, trustworthiness, responsibility, authority, and organisation). The dress style was conservative but varied slightly by skirt length and the number of buttons unfastened on a blouse. The female targets were ascribed different occupational roles, varying by status (high – senior manager, or low - receptionist). Participants viewed the images for a maximum of 5 s before rating them. Overall participants rated the senior manager less favourably when her clothing was more provocative, but more favourably when dressed more conservatively (longer skirt, buttoned up blouse). This interaction between clothing and status was not present for the receptionist. Employed participants also rated females lower than did student participants. We conclude that even subtle changes to clothing style can contribute towards negative impressions of the competence of women who hold higher status positions in a UK cultural context.

Effect of spudcan geometry on penetration and extraction resistance in clay

Spudcan foundations of various geometries are commonly used in the field for supporting offshore oil and gas drilling (jack-up) rigs. This paper investigates the effect of the spudcan and its base geometry on the penetration and extraction resistance in soft normally and lightly overconsolidated clay. A series of centrifuge tests was undertaken on model spudcans of three different geometries typically used in the field. The spudcans were extracted from penetrations of 2·64∼3 (area equivalent) diameters and after an operation period of ∼19 months. Additional large-deformation finite-element analyses allowed for exploring a range of spudcan base geometries. Corresponding field data were accumulated. The results from this study have confirmed the accuracy of the assumption of a circular conical-based footing and the use of area equivalent diameter for assessing spudcan penetration resistance, as suggested by ISO guidelines 19905-1. Simulation of a flat-based circular plate resulted in 19% higher resistance compared to that of conical-based footings. For spudcans with cutouts and with a peripheral skirt, maximum penetration resistances were, respectively, 14 and 12% lower, and maximum extraction resistances were 20 and 14% lower compared to those for a general spudcan. The corresponding required jack-up leg length was 9 and 7% higher. The effect of peripheral skirt length was shown to be minimal (at least for length relative to spudcan diameter ≤ 0·42).

Development of Guidelines to Attenuate Galvanic Corrosion between Mechanically-Coupled Aluminum and Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Insulation Layers

The use of an insulating skirt to attenuate galvanic action between mechanically-coupled 6061-T6 aluminum (Al) and electrically conductive carbon fiber reinforced (CFR) polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) was assessed, analyzed and modeled. The galvanic-corrosion current as a function of time between the 6061-T6 Al and CFR PMCs for a range of insulative skirt lengths, ls, and sodium chloride (NaCl) salt loadings, m′, in a humidity chamber at 30°C and 90% relative humidity (RH) were monitored. Polarization experiments were conducted on 6061-T6 Al and conductive CFR PMC electrodes to study the mechanisms governing galvanic corrosion in solutions ranging from 0 ppm chloride (Cl−) to 20,000 ppm Cl− concentrations. Based on the electrochemical characteristics of Al and the CFR PMC and the ohmic loss within the galvanic couple, a model was developed that related the galvanic corrosion rate (iGalv) to the value of ls/m′, which is the ratio of the insulating skirt length to salt loading. Experimental data from the polarization experiments as well as data from monitoring the galvanic couples in the humidity-chamber galvanic experiments were used to generate plots of log ls/m′ vs log iGalv, which can be used in design to determine proper skirt length for various environments (based on salt-loading levels) to limit the galvanic corrosion rate to a specified value.

A Study on Comparing Evaluation of External Appearance between Real and 3D Simulation of Flared Skirt Focused on Flare Volume and Length

This study compared the flared skirts on 3D simulation and in real to show diverse forms in women's clothing depending on the body's gait and motion. By finding the problems, we suggested the possible methods for utilizing the 3D simulation in the clothing industry. First, the 3D simulation of flared skirts showed similar forms of appearance according to the flare length and volume. However, virtually formed drape shape was even in size and spacing, whereas it was not even in real. Second, according to the results of appearance test on the length and flare volume at <TEX>$90^{\circ}$</TEX> and <TEX>$180^{\circ}$</TEX>, both real and 3D simulation skirts were evaluated to have outstanding appearances regardless of the skirt length. However, as the flares volume increased, the skirts with longer length were evaluated to have superior appearances compared to the skirts of shorter length. Third, it showed higher resemblance between the real and virtual simulation, when the skirt had less flare and as the skirt length shortened. However, it showed greater difference between the real and virtual simulation when flare volume and length increased. The length and volume of the skirt and the physical properties of the material are predicted to be different between the real and virtual simulation. However, they usually are similar in forms, so it is believed possible to use for predicting the design's silhouette or the feel when it is worn. This method can be applied on internet shopping malls, which can possibly reduce unnecessary time and expenses.

Occupancy patterns of western yellow bats (Lasiurus xanthinus) in palm oases in the lower Colorado Desert

Abstract Where their ranges overlap, western yellow bats (Lasiurus xanthinus) often select roost sites in the fronds of native desert fan palms (Washingtonia filifera) as well as in other palm species. Roost occupancy patterns and characteristics of palm trees or palm oases important for roost selection across the Colorado Desert are unknown. We surveyed 41 palm oasis sites throughout the Colorado Desert and found 33 of those locations to have western yellow bat activity, and we confirmed day roosts at 19 sites. Compared to unoccupied palm sites, bats were found roosting in palm oases that were at higher elevations, had evidence of new palm growth, and where palms had a full range of skirt lengths. Our findings have implications for managing palm oases for western yellow bats.

여성 스커트 길이 스타일 변화주기에 관한 연구 - 1950년부터 2013년까지 Vogue 자료를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study was to find whether hemline cycles exist and whether hemlines show greater within-year variability over time. Utilizing US Vogue data from 1950 to 2013 on hemline length of women`s daywear, total 2102 day-dresses or skirts on full fashion pictures were analyzed. The skirt length was divided by the total length of figure in the picture which was measured from shoulder to ankle. Aggregated yearly means smoothed by means of three-point moving averages were used to provide a better indication of the long-term direction of movement of the hemline. Within-year hemline variability was smoothed by the way of three-point moving average as well. The data showed five cycles on hemline change processes. The first cycle took 21 years from 1950 to 1971, which was the longest period and had the biggest hemline changes. The second cycle was the shortest from 1971 to 1977, in which hemline moved between below-knee length and midcalf. The hemline in the third cycle moved between midcalf and miniskirt. The third cycle took 16 years from 1977 to 1993. The forth was a short cycle from 1998 to 2001, and hemlines moved moderately between below-knee length and above-knee length. The fifth cycle has been on going since 2001, and the hemline has been getting longer after 2007. The within-year variability of hemlines was bigger in 1980s than previous years and was steadily increased.

스커트 길이와 주가 지수 상관 이론인 헴라인 지수(Hemline index) 이론을 중심으로 한 패션 이론 검증 연구 -1980~2013년을 중심으로-

스커트 길이와 주가 지수 상관 이론인 헴라인 지수(Hemline index) 이론을 중심으로 한 패션 이론 검증 연구 -1980~2013년을 중심으로-

한국과 중국 여대생의 의복 선호도에 따른 인지 체형 및 신체 만족도 비교 연구

The purpose of the study is to figure out the difference in preference of clothes between Korean and Chinese female college students, who share similar ethnic traits despite having different sociocultural backgrounds and environment, and see the differences in their body image and body satisfaction. The questionnaire-based survey for the study was conducted for about a month and a total of 449 copies of the questionnaire were collected for the final research. For the research method, we examined the differences in clothes preference and fit between Korean and Chinese students, and then the corresponding differences in body image and body satisfaction. The result showed significant differences in the categories of skirt length, pants length, upper garment fit, and lower garment fit. Korean students preferred slim fit clothes, while their counterparts preferred natural fits. A comparison of body image between Korean and Chinese female students showed that the Korean students had lower body satisfaction levels, and viewed themselves as fat even though they were slimmer than their counterparts. The conclusion of the analysis was that compared to Korean students the Chinese students pursued a more comfortable and casual style, preferring unique and diverse designs instead of simply following a fashion trend.