Skipping Breakfast Research Articles

Association between breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms among Canadian adolescents.

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the mediating roles of gender and substance use in the influence of breakfast skipping on psychosomatic symptoms. The study used data among a nationally-representative sample of 2855 Canadian adolescents who participated in the 2018 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Sequential logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations between breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms. Path analysis using a non-parametric bootstrapping technique tested the hypothesized mediating roles. Results showed that adolescents who skipped breakfast were 2.55 times more likely to report higher psychosomatic symptoms compared to non-breakfast skippers (AOR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.75-3.82). The bootstrapping mediation models showed that breakfast skipping indirectly influenced psychosomatic symptoms through substance use and gender, accounting for 18.47% ( = 0.0052, Boots 95% CI = 0.0025, 0.00730) and 10.70% ( = 0.0091, Boots 95% CI = 0.0052, 0.0125), respectively, of the total effect. Our findings have important implications for targeted public and mental health interventions to address both breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents. Conclusion: The study compellingly underscores the significance of incorporating gender-specific factors and substance use in understanding the correlationbetween breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms. These insights hold importance for tailoring public health interventions to alleviate theprevalence of psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents by actively addressing breakfast skipping. What is Known: • Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day due to its role in providing the brain with the energy necessary to enhance cognitive functions. • Adolescents commonly exhibit a prevalent lifestyle behaviour of skipping breakfast. What is New: • This study provides robust evidence supporting the association between breakfast skipping and elevated psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents. • Gender and substance use mediate this association, offering novel insights into the complex interplay that contributes to psychosomatic symptoms among this demographic group. • Longitudinal research is needed to unravel causal relationships and illuminate the underlying mechanisms of this intricate connection.

Guardians’ food literacy and breakfast skipping among Japanese school children

Children and adolescents who regularly skip breakfast are at a greater risk of obesity than those who regularly eat breakfast. Guardian's food literacy, defined in this study as a collection of a guardian's knowledge, skill, and attitude towards healthy food practices, may directly influence their child's dietary habits. Thus, this study utilized a food literacy scale to assess the relationship between guardians' food literacy and breakfast skipping among school-attending Japanese children and adolescents and the most commonly reported reasons for skipping breakfast. This was a cross-sectional study using survey data collected from a nationally representative sample of households in Japan (n = 1520). Our results show that 13.0% of children self-reported skipping breakfast at least once a week. Children in households where guardians reported higher knowledge and attitude scores had significantly lower odds of skipping breakfast (odds ratios = 0.90 [95% confidence interval: 0.83–0.98] and 0.81 [0.74–0.90], respectively). These findings suggest that a guardian's attitude and knowledge towards healthy food practices influence the frequency at which their child eats breakfast. Moreover, lower parental attitude scores were associated with children skipping due to not having enough time for breakfast in the morning. Improving guardians' food literacy may provide an avenue by which to decrease the rate of breakfast skipping among children and adolescents, thereby decreasing the risk of obesity and other adverse health outcomes.

Prevalence of the Patterns of Unhealthy Diet in the School and University Students of Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The present study was conducted to investigate the pooled prevalence rate of the different patterns of unhealthy diet among the school and university students of Iran. In this systematic review, the type of the main question was regarding prevalence and the effect measure was prevalence rate reported along with 95% confidence interval (CI). Data bases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science as well as Google Scholar and Persian resources were used. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) checklist was used for quality assessment of studies. The extracted types of unhealthy diet in the present systematic review were "breakfast skipper," "fast food," "hydrogenated oils consumption," "salty snacks," "sweetened beverages," "breakfast skipper," "dinner skipper," "launch skipper," and "sweets." The range of pooled prevalence for different types was 0.06-0.75. The data of 16,321 subjects included in six studies were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of unhealthy diet was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.23-0.33, I 2 > 99%) overall, 0.25 (95% CI: 0.20-0.31, I 2 > 99%) in school students and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.12-0.62, I 2 > 99%) in university students. The most prevalent pattern was breakfast skipping 0.39 (95% CI: 0.28-0.50) followed by consumption of sweetened beverages 0.31 (95% CI: 0.20-0.43). The pooled prevalence range among the patterns was 0.06-0.75 (random effects for all). The pooled prevalence was 28% for unhealthy diet among the Iranian students (6% to 75% in different patterns). Although there was uncertainty regarding the pooled evidence, the whole of the mentioned range was clinically important for health policymakers. Decisions should be made on the basis of the patterns.

Skipping breakfast is associated to inadequate nutrient intakes among Tunisian children: a cross-sectional study.

Breakfast is widely acknowledged as a crucial meal of the day, particularly for children, owing to its role in supplying essential nutrients and energy necessary for optimal growth and cognitive function. This study aims to examine differences in nutrient intake between breakfast skippers and non-skippers among children. A representative sample of 1,200 Tunisian preschool and schoolchildren, aged 3-9 years, was randomly selected from kindergartens and primary schools in the Greater Tunis region which includes four governorates (Tunis, Ariana, Manouba and Ben Arous) using a two-stage cross-sectional design. Stratification was carried out depending on each of the selected governorates and urban/rural areas. Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24-hour recall method and a diet history covering the week preceding the survey. Nutritional food composition was derived from a specific Tunisian food composition database. Nutrient intake below age- and sex-specific reference values was considered inadequate. The findings indicate that the daily intake of energy and nutrients was lower among breakfast skippers compared to regular breakfast eaters. After adjusting for energy, gender, age, BMI and household economic proxy, the daily consumption of total sugar, riboflavin, vitamin B-5, phosphorus and calcium was higher among breakfast consumers while saturated fatty acid intake was higher among skippers. A comparative analysis of daily mean food category intake between the two groups revealed a higher consumption of milk and dairy products among breakfast consumers. Regular breakfast consumption is an important part of maintaining a balanced diet and healthy weight.

Emerging Social Waqf Model for the Welfare of Pandemic Orphans

The increasing number of COVID-19 orphans in Malaysia poses an alarming threat to the socio-economic fabric of the nation. Hence, policymakers are confronted with this escalating dilemma, as the surging population of COVID-19 orphans could lead to a rise in problems, such as child sexual abuse, children dropping out of school and suicide. The pandemic of orphans as one of the hidden tragedies of COVID-19 has triggered the need for a sustainable social intervention that can guarantee the socio-economic protection and psycho-emotional care of orphans, especially in Muslim societies. Moreover, the reported number of orphans in the world is over 140 million children, with almost six million pandemic orphans arising from COVID-19 deaths across the globe. Recent studies also suggest that some of the children in orphanages in Malaysia are malnourished from skipping breakfast, lack dental care and even basic needs because of limited funding. Nevertheless, social waqf has been receiving significant attention as an Islamic social intervention to cater to vulnerable members of society. Studies have shown that Islamic religious institutions and organisations have been sustained through the waqf system. The enormity of the challenge posed by the COVID-19 orphans is such that some activists have been calling on the government to adopt the children into its social scheme. Overwhelmed by the socio-economic challenges arising from the pandemic, the government has also been appealing to private stakeholders to extend their social mission to the care of pandemic orphans. It also requires funding for individual families willing to provide care and protection for orphans. Hence, this highlights the need for an appropriate intervention to take care of the pandemic orphans. This study conducts a qualitative analysis of the potential of social waqf interventions for orphans’ care. Extensive desk research on the classical evidence of the socio-economic protection of orphans in Islam was detailed. The study explores the Islamic guidelines for fostering orphans through kafala (custody), for fostering orphans and children without biological parents. From the findings, the study proposed a Waqf model useful for providing social welfare intervention and adequate financial support for the sustainable care of orphans' needs through social workers, orphanages, foster care families, and further empowerment of orphans with needy single parents.

A pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding breakfast skipping and its impact on academics among students of selected department of Rayat Bahra University Mohali

A pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding breakfast skipping and its impact on academics among students of selected department of Rayat Bahra University Mohali

Gender Differences in Body Mass Index and Breakfast Skipping among School Children. Meta-analysis

Gender Differences in Body Mass Index and Breakfast Skipping among School Children. Meta-analysis

EXPLORING THE AWARENESS GAP:A STUDY TO ASSESS THE PREVELENCE OF BREAKFAST SKIPPING PATTERN AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTOR AMONG NURSING STUDENTS AT SMT NAGARATHNAMMA SCHOOL OF NURSING BANGALURU

Background: Skipping breakfast is the omission or lack of consumption of one of the most traditional main meals (lunch or dinner) throughout the day. Thenumberofbreakfastteenagersmissandeatawayfromhomeincreasesfromearlyadolescence to late adolescence, reflecting the growing need for independence and time away from home. The evening meal appears to be the most regularly eaten made of the day. Girls are found to skip the breakfast, lunch and evening meal more often than boys. In some homewith limited resources, the adolescent may not even receive adequate number of breakfast or amounts leading to nutrient deficiency. Breakfast is frequently neglected and is omitted more often by teenagersandyoungadultsunder25yearsofagethanbyanyotheragegroupsinthepopulation. 1st year nursing student who are staying away from home or experiencing difficulties in adjusting in new environment, experiencing study pressure or any mal-practice that affects normal diet pattern has high chance of suffering from skipping breakfast. 1. To assess the level of knowledge on breakfast skipping regarding among nursing students of Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing,Bengaluru. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding Skipping breakfast among nursing students in Smt. NagarathnammaSchool of Nursing. 3. Tofindtheassociationbetweenpre-testandpost-testknowledgescoreregarding Skipping breakfast with selected socio demographicvariable Method: ThisisaDiscriptivestudywhereclosedendeddemographicquestionnaireweregiven to 60 first year student to assess their current situation and self-administered knowledge questionnaire were used as a tool to access sleep hygiene and sleep quality respectivelyamong those 60 first year nursing student by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by direct distribution of tools to each nursing student and data was analysed and results were interpreted by using quasi experimentalstatistics. Results: The overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test and post-test were 22.5 % and 59.00%, respectively. Enhancements in mean percentage score were found to be 36.50%.Thestatisticalpairedttestindicatesthatenhancementinthemeanpercentage knowledgescorewasfoundtobesignificantat 0.05level foralltheaspectunderstudy.The association found to be partly significant between pre-test knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variables at 0.05 level(p<0.05). Conclusion: The study findings suggested that ppt assisted structured teaching programmeis an effective instructional method in improving the knowledge regarding Skipping breakfast among nursing students.

Disturbance in Chrononutrition and Its Influence on Body Weight and Academic Performance: A Review

This study is a review of articles from 1999 to 2023 that present how circadian rhythm and factors have created an impact on individuals. Chrononutrition is the latest concept of sleeping patterns and eating behaviors along with it. It includes meal frequency, regularity, and timing. Alteration in these can be a reason for healthy eating or risk of diseases. The pros and cons of chronotypes (morning and evening) and their relation with modernization are being studied. Meal skipping and its influence on body weight are deleterious for health and breakfast skipping and late dinners have a higher association with weight gain. Disruption in sleep and high-calorie consumption before bedtime causes disturbed and insufficient sleep. Nutrient intake is low in individuals who have poor sleep-wake cycles. Also, irregularity in the sleep-wake cycles and meal timings have an association with poor academic performance of students of school, college, and university levels. In conclusion, eating with a biological clock can help individuals reverse or recover from a disease and create a positive impact on academic performance.

Breakfast Skipping and Traits of Cardiometabolic Health: A Mendelian Randomization Study

BackgroundBreakfast skipping has been linked to poor cardiometabolic health in observational studies, but the causality remains unknown. Herein, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to elucidate the potential causal effects of breakfast skipping on cardiometabolic traits. MethodsGenetic association estimates for breakfast skipping, cardiometabolic diseases, and cardiometabolic risk factors were extracted from the UK Biobank and several large genome-wide association studies. Two-sample MR analyses were performed primarily using the inverse variance weighted method, followed by sensitivity analysis to test the reliability of results. ResultsMR results indicated no causal relationship between breakfast shipping with coronary heart disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.079, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.817–1.426; p = 0.591), stroke (OR: 0.877, 95% CI: 0.680–1.131; p = 0.311), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.114, 95% CI: 0.631–1.970; p = 0.709). However, genetically predicted breakfast skipping was significantly associated with increased body mass index (β: 0.250, standard error [SE]: 0.079; p = 0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (β: 0.177, SE: 0.076; p = 0.019), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β: 0.260, SE: 0.115; p = 0.024). We found no evidence of association of genetic liability to breakfast skipping with blood pressure, glycemic traits, and other blood lipids. Sensitivity analysis supported the above results. ConclusionOur study suggested that breakfast skipping is causally linked to weight gain and higher serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which may mediate the increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases reported in epidemiological studies.

HUBUNGAN KEBIASAAN SARAPAN PAGI DAN ASUPAN ZAT GIZI MAKRO DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK DI SD NEGERI 1 PANGKAJENE KABUPATEN SIDRAP

In supporting the physical and development of children, various kinds of nutrients are needed in sufficient quantities to meet good development and growth, because the role of nutrition determines the state of children's health, including nutritional status. Skipping breakfast causes a nutritional deficit and cannot be replaced by nutrient intake through other meals. Intake of nutrients will affect the concentration and intelligence of children in receiving knowledge at school. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between breakfast habits and intake of macronutrients with the nutritional status of children at SD Negeri 1 Pangkajene, Sidrap Regency. This type of research uses a cross-sectional design. Population of elementary school students grades IV, V, IV. The sample in the study was 65 children. Breakfast habits were collected through a questionnaire. Intake of macronutrients is known through food recall interviews. Nutritional status is known through the value of BMI. Statistical test with Chi-Square. The results showed good breakfast habits (70.8%), adequate energy intake (95.4%), sufficient protein intake (90.8%), sufficient fat intake (92.3%), sufficient carbohydrate intake (96. 9%), normal nutritional status (61.5%). Statistical analysis found that there was a relationship between breakfast habits and intake of macronutrients with the nutritional status of children with a P value <0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between breakfast habits and intake of macronutrients with the nutritional status of children at SD Negeri 1 Pangkajene, Sidrap Regency. It is recommended for students to improve breakfast habits and pay more attention to the food they will consume

Obesity Among Adult Patients Aged 18 Years Old And Above Attending Main Primary Health Care Centers In Babil Governorate, Iraq 2015: Prevalence And Some Possible Risk Factors

Background: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the period from 1st of January to 31st of March 2015 in Babil governorate-Iraq. A systematic random sampling technique was used to collect 420 patients from 8 main primary health care centers chosen randomly. They consented to interview directly by the researcher using questionnaire Of the 420 patients, 168 (40%) were obese. The body mass index classes had a statistical significant association with ; age, occupation, residence (P=0.000). Eating: sweet, chocolate (P=0.000); fruit (P= 0.001); skipping breakfast (P=0.027); TV watching time (P=0.004); moderate activity frequency and time consumed (P=0.000), sleep duration, family history of obesity (P=0.000). Logistic regression analysis predicted some factors that increased the odds of obesity; age (OR=1.159), no job or retired(OR=10), business (OR=12.6), skipping breakfast (OR=1.46), eating sweet and chocolate (OR=2.709), time of TV watching (OR=3.319), and family history (OR=3.746), whereas some factors decreased the odds like; farmer (OR=0.013), laborer (OR=0.042), rural residence (OR=0.136), eating fruit (OR=0.502), moderate physical activity (OR=0.26) . Conclusions and recommendations: Obesity prevalence was 40%, and associated with socio-demographic features, eating habits, physical activity , sleep duration, and family history. The study recommended adoption of health education programs about obesity by Ministry of Health regarding healthy diet, decrease sedentary lifestyle, encouraging of physical activity at all ages for proper prevention of obesity.

Dietary circadian rhythms and cardiovascular disease risk in the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort

Daily eating/fasting cycles synchronise circadian peripheral clocks, involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. However, the associations of daily meal and fasting timing with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence remain unclear. We used data from 103,389 adults in the NutriNet-Santé study. Meal timing and number of eating occasions were estimated from repeated 24 h dietary records. We built multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models to examine their association with the risk of CVD, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. In this study, having a later first meal (later than 9AM compared to earlier than 8AM) and last meal of the day (later than 9PM compared to earlier than 8PM) was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes, especially among women. Our results suggest a potential benefit of adopting earlier eating timing patterns, and coupling a longer nighttime fasting period with an early last meal, rather than breakfast skipping, in CVD prevention.

Lifestyle factors associated with a rapid decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate over two years in older adults with type 2 diabetes–Evidence from a large national database in Japan

Background The present study investigated lifestyle risk factors from metabolic syndrome-related lifestyles for a rapid decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among adults aged 40–74 years with treated and untreated type 2 diabetes. Methods and results This study analyzed data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, encompassing the period from fiscal year (FY) 2017 to FY2020. We established FY2018 as our baseline year. The subjects of this study were adults aged 40–74 in FY2018(baseline) who had type 2 diabetes and underwent specific health checkups in FY2020. We excluded adults with a medical record of kidney dialysis between FY2017 and FY2018, records of suspected type 1 diabetes between FY2017 and FY2020, or a baseline eGFR >85 mL/min/1.73 m2 or missing eGFR data as of FY2020. Eventually we analyzed 573,860 individuals. The outcome variable was a rapid decline in eGFR (≥30%) during the follow-up. Exposure lifestyle factors included skipping breakfast, late-night dinners, regular smoking, a high alcohol intake, non-refreshing sleep, and a lack of habitual exercise. Logistic regression models were stratified by age (40–59 and 60–74 years) and baseline eGFR levels (60–85, 30–59, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Covariates included sex, a history of heart disease, a history of stroke, a history of renal failure, anemia, low-density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, body mass index, antidiabetic medications, antihypertension drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, the oral adsorbent Kremezin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs for the treatment of renal anemia. A rapid decline in eGFR was detected in approximately 1.3% of participants (7,683 cases). In the baseline eGFR >30 subgroups (60–85 or 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2), skipping breakfast and regular smoking were associated with a rapid decline in eGFR in both age groups, while a lack of habitual exercise and late-night dinners in the 60–74 age group and non-refreshing sleep in the 40–59 age group were identified as risk factors. Additionally, skipping breakfast was a risk factor for a rapid decline in eGFR in the 60–74 age group regardless of baseline eGFR levels. In the baseline eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 subgroup, skipping breakfast and non-refreshed sleep were risk factors for a rapid decline in eGFR. Conclusions We found specific lifestyle risk factors were associated with a rapid eGFR decline among people with type 2 diabetes from a nationwide database in Japan. The associations varied by baseline eGFR level, age, and sex. Lifestyle modifications may effectively prevent the aggravation of diabetic kidney disease.

Skipping Breakfast Among Young Adults Affects the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity

Introduction: It has been established that dietary habits are associated with nutritional status. However, few studies have evaluated dietary habits among young adults in college. College students represent a period of nutritional vulnerability due to dietary transition from home to college. This cross-sectional study evaluated the dietary habits, including breakfast habit, frequency of snacking, and frequency of meals, with the incidence of overweight and obesity among young adults. Method: Weight and height were measured using digital scale and microtoise, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated and classified based on the Indonesian cut-off points. Dietary habits were collected through a questionnaire. Subjects were selected using simple random sampling. Chi-square test was performed using SPSS. Results: From the total 99 subjects aged 18-22 years old, 15.2% subjects were identified as overweight (BMI >25.0-27.0) and 17.2% as obese (BMI >27.0). Irregular breakfast habit <6x/week was associated with overweight and obesity among young adults (p=0.002), while frequency of snacking and meals were not associated with overweight and obesity (p>0.05). Conclusion: Overweight and obesity among young adults were associated with irregular breakfast habit, but not with frequency of snacking and meals. Our results suggested that young adults in college should regularly consume breakfast to avert the incidence of overweight and obesity.

The mediating role of dietary inflammatory index on the association between eating breakfast and depression: Based on NHANES 2007–2018

BackgroundDepression is a significant, pervasive, global public health problem, associated with many factors, such as diet, social factors, and lifestyle habits. We aimed to evaluate the association between eating breakfast, dietary inflammatory index (DII) and depression, and to verify the mediating role of DII on the effect of eating breakfast on depression. Methods21,865 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018 were included in this study. Binary logistic regression and mediated effect analysis were conducted to analyze the associations between eating breakfast, DII and depression. Dietary inflammation was divided into pro-inflammatory diet and anti-inflammatory diet according to the DII. ResultsBoth pro-inflammatory diet and skipping breakfast were risk factors for depression. After adjusting for covariables, compared with participants reporting breakfast in both recalls, reporting breakfast in one recall had a higher OR 95%CI (1.54(1.20, 1.98)) of depression. These associations in stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis without cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes were robust. DII mediated the association between eating breakfast and depression, the proportion of participants who reported breakfast in one recall and no recall was 26.15 % and 26.67 %, respectively. LimitationsThis was a cross-sectional study that couldn't argue for the cause-effect relationship. Moreover, the confounding factor regarding medication use was not accounted for due to limited data. ConclusionsSkipping breakfast may increase the risk of depression by raising DII. And our study supported the essential role of regular breakfast and the anti-inflammatory diet in reducing the risk of depression.

Effect of skipping breakfast on cardiovascular risk factors: a grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies.

Skipping breakfast is one of the most prevalent irregular eating habits. Several pieces of evidence have reported the association between breakfast omission and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous publications have focused on the impact of skipping breakfast on various cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess this impact, especially with regard to anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glycemic control indicators. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to 1 April 2023. A total of 11 eligible trials were identified to evaluate the combined effects of skipping breakfast. Final integrated results demonstrated that breakfast omission significantly decreased the body weight (mean difference = -0.66, 95% CI: -1.09 to -0.24, p = 0.002, I2 = 0.0) and increased the level of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (mean difference = 9.89, 95% CI: 5.14 to 14.63, p = 0.000, I2 = 17.3). Subgroup analysis also revealed potential factors that may affect the outcomes, for example, the physiological condition of participants, duration, gender, and type of breakfast. In conclusion, skipping breakfast may reduce body weight while increasing the level of serum LDL-C at the same time. In view of the limited trials, further studies are needed to expound the role of breakfast omission in cardiovascular diseases.

Breakfast Eating Habits and Its Influence on Nutritional Status

Abstract Background Breakfast intake is considered as one of the most important factors in nutrition for adolescents, but the intake of breakfast has declined in past 25 years especially among adolescents. Breakfast not only fuels your body but also aids in carrying out whole day activities by providing the required energy. Objectives The objectives of the study were to identify the breakfast eating and skipping patterns, identify the nutritional status, and find association between breakfast skipping and nutritional status among nursing students. Methods To achieve this aim, a cross-sectional survey was performed among nursing students. The data related to patterns of breakfast skipping and eating was collected followed by assessment of nutritional status by checking weight and height of each student and was interpreted as per the World Health Organization criteria. Results Out of 437 samples, a majority of 305 (69.8%) students belonged to (17–21) years of age and most of the students 409 (93.6%) were females. It was found that approximately 214 (48.97%) students were skipping breakfast three times in a week. A significant association was found between nutritional status and breakfast skipping (χ2 = 6.61, p = 0.03). Conclusion Breakfast being first meal of the day not only provides us energy but also maintains our nutrition on everyday basis. Thereby, the study concludes that breakfast skipping affects nutritional status if skipped for more than twice in a week on a longer run. Thus, the students should be motivated to have breakfast before beginning their everyday's activity.

No food for thought-How important is breakfast to the health, educational attainment and wellbeing of school-aged children and young people?

There have been reports from teachers of pupils in the United Kingdom arriving at school hungry. Poor nutritional intake during childhood can increase the risk of developing both short- and long-term health problems. Breakfast consumption has been associated with several outcomes including better diet quality and healthier weight status. Nevertheless, skipping breakfast is a frequent behaviour in young people, particularly adolescents, and those from lower socio-economic groups, who are less likely to meet dietary recommendations and nutritional targets. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the contribution of breakfast consumption at home or at school and the impact of breakfast skipping on nutrient intakes in school-aged children (aged 4-18 years), and their effect on weight and cardiometabolic health. We will also summarise evidence for a link with cognitive function and educational attainment. A broadly positive effect of breakfast intake on diet quality, weight status and school-related outcomes was found in the literature, although inconsistencies in findings and methodological limitations within the evidence base are notable. Further research is warranted to better understand impact of breakfast intake and school breakfast provision on longer-term learning, educational attainment and health outcomes. This also needs to consider the cost benefit, type of breakfast and any unintended consequences such as encouraging multiple breakfasts. Breakfast consumption could improve the nutritional intakes of the most vulnerable young people and may help to address inequalities in educational outcomes at least in the short term.

Effect of habitual breakfast skipping on information processing capacity, cortical response, and cognitive flexibility among medical collegiate- a cross-sectional study.

Breakfast replenishes glucose homeostasis and provides other micro-nutrients for the normal functioning of the body after a long night at night. Habitually skipping breakfast leads not only to metabolic disturbances but also to neurocognitive impairment. Hence, the current study wascarried out to study the effect of skipping breakfast on neurocognitive functions. A 9-item breakfast questionnaire was distributed online to students for identifying habitual breakfast skippers from non-skippers based on inclusion criteria. Random blood glucose was noted and visual and auditory reaction time, critical flicker fusion frequency, and Stroop test were assessed in both groups to assess cognition. Forty one habitual breakfast skippers who met the inclusion criteria showed increased visual reaction time, and auditory reaction time indicating cognitive impairment. A significant reduction in the Stroop test was observed among the non-skipper group when compared to the skipper group. This study suggests that skipping breakfast diminishes neurocognitive functions like problem-solving, planning, judgment, information retention, and reasoning.