Skipping Behavior Research Articles

Assessing port cluster resilience: Integrating hypergraph-based modeling and agent-based simulation

With increasing global trade and frequent occurrence of disruptive events, the resilience of port clusters has emerged as a critical area of concern. However, studies that focus on the resilience of port clusters considering their complex network structure and operational dynamics remain limited. This study proposes a novel model to assess port cluster resilience by integrating hypergraph-based modeling and agent-based simulation. The model captures the complex relationships among ports and vessels, enabling the dynamic modeling of disruption impacts on port cluster resilience. A case study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) port cluster demonstrates the model’s applicability and effectiveness. Additionally, the significant impact of typhoon duration on resilience and the potential benefits of vessel port skipping behavior and port cargo handling capacity improvements are analyzed. These findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders in developing effective strategies to enhance the resilience of port clusters and the maritime transportation system.

Exploring the Effects of Item-Specific Factors in Sequential and IRTree Models.

Test items for which the item score reflects a sequential or IRTree modeling outcome are considered. For such items, we argue that item-specific factors, although not empirically measurable, will often be present across stages of the same item. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that incorporates such factors. We use the model to demonstrate how the varying conditional distributions of item-specific factors across stages become absorbed into the stage-specific item discrimination and difficulty parameters, creating ambiguity in the interpretations of item and person parameters beyond the first stage. We discuss implications in relation to various applications considered in the literature, including methodological studies of (1) repeated attempt items; (2) answer change/review, (3) on-demand item hints; (4) item skipping behavior; and (5) Likert scale items. Our own empirical applications, as well as several examples published in the literature, show patterns of violations of item parameter invariance across stages that are highly suggestive of item-specific factors. For applications using sequential or IRTree models as analytical models, or for which the resulting item score might be viewed as outcomes of such a process, we recommend (1) regular inspection of data or analytic results for empirical evidence (or theoretical expectations) of item-specific factors; and (2) sensitivity analyses to evaluate the implications of item-specific factors for the intended inferences or applications.

Handling Skipping Behavior through Individual Counseling using Self-Management Techniques in Class XI Students of SMAN 1 Kedamean

Education is a conscious and planned effort to create an atmosphere of learning and learning so that students actively develop their potential to have religious spiritual power, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and the skills needed for themselves, society, nation, and state (Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the national education system). The approach in this study uses mixed methods. This research is a research step by combining two pre-existing forms of research, namely qualitative research and quantitative research. From the results of tables and graphs, it is also known that the five average students have decreased which falls into the low category. This shows that in each student there has been a decrease in the problem of factors causing the emergence of skipping behavior. Based on the post-test results, it is known that in addition to a decrease in the overall level of skipping behavior, there is also a decrease in each aspect of the cause of skipping class.

Intercolony variation in reproductive skipping in the African penguin.

In long‐lived species, reproductive skipping is a common strategy whereby sexually mature animals skip a breeding season, potentially reducing population growth. This may be an adaptive decision to protect survival, or a non‐adaptive decision driven by individual‐specific constraints. Understanding the presence and drivers of reproductive skipping behavior can be important for effective population management, yet in many species such as the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), these factors remain unknown. This study uses multistate mark‐recapture methods to estimate African penguin survival and breeding probabilities at two colonies between 2013 and 2020. Overall, survival (mean ± SE) was higher at Stony Point (0.82 ± 0.01) than at Robben Island (0.77 ± 0.02). Inter‐colony differences were linked to food availability; under decreasing sardine (Sardinops sagax) abundance, survival decreased at Robben Island and increased at Stony Point. Additionally, reproductive skipping was evident across both colonies; at Robben Island the probability of a breeder becoming a nonbreeder was ~0.22, versus ~0.1 at Stony Point. Penguins skipping reproduction had a lower probability of future breeding than breeding individuals; this lack of adaptive benefit suggests reproductive skipping is driven by individual‐specific constraints. Lower survival and breeding propensity at Robben Island places this colony in greater need of conservation action. However, further research on the drivers of inter‐colony differences is needed.

Individual and Interpersonal Factors and Their Interaction Predicting the Intentional Physical Education Skipping Behavior among Lithuanian High School Students

The promotion of physical activity in physical education (PE) might be enabled only in the case that PE is attended. Intentional skipping of PE, while widespread, is understudied. The aim of the study is to identify individual and interpersonal correlates as well as their interaction effect on the intentional PE skipping behavior in Lithuanian high school students. This cross-sectional population-based study included 1285 students aged from 14 to 18 years old. Among them, 42.2 were male. PE skipping, sociodemographic, individual and interpersonal indicators were measured. Results revealed that 58.4% of high school students intentionally skip their PE class at least once per week. The main correlates of PE skipping are sedentary behavior and social participation. The main preventive factors are perception of PE usefulness, better self-rated health among direct predictors. Indirectly, social capital played a protective role for PE skipping classes through a more positive perception of PE usefulness. Raising awareness of physical education benefits, providing a rationale for physical education in the social contexts of family and school, in terms of family support and building trust with teachers, strengthening reciprocity at school indirectly prevents students’ PE skipping behaviors.

Word skipping in deaf and hearing bilinguals: Cognitive control over eye movements remains with increased perceptual span

AbstractDeaf readers may have larger perceptual spans than ability-matched hearing native English readers, allowing them to read more efficiently (Belanger & Rayner, 2015). To further test the hypothesis that deaf and hearing readers have different perceptual spans, the current study uses eye-movement data from two experiments in which deaf American Sign Language–English bilinguals, hearing native English speakers, and hearing Chinese–English bilinguals read semantically unrelated sentences and answered comprehension questions after a proportion of them. We analyzed skip rates, fixation times, and accuracy on comprehension questions. In addition, we analyzed how lexical properties of words affected skipping behavior and fixation durations. Deaf readers skipped words more often than native English speakers, who skipped words more often than Chinese–English bilinguals. Deaf readers had shorter first-pass fixation times than the other two groups. All groups’ skipping behaviors were affected by lexical frequency. Deaf readers’ comprehension did not differ from hearing Chinese–English bilinguals, despite greater skipping and shorter fixation times. Overall, the eye-tracking findings align with Belanger’s word processing efficiency hypothesis. Effects of lexical frequency on skipping behavior indicated further that eye movements during reading remain under cognitive control in deaf readers.

The skipping behavior of users of music streaming services and its relation to musical structure.

The behavior of users of music streaming services is investigated from the point of view of the temporal dimension of individual songs. Specifically, the main object of the analysis is the point in time within a song at which users stop listening and start streaming another song (“skip”). The main contribution of this study is the ascertainment of a correlation between the distribution in time of skipping events and the musical structure of songs. It is also shown that such distribution is not only specific to the individual songs, but also independent of the cohort of users and date of observation. Finally, user behavioral data is used to train a predictor of the musical structure of a song solely from its acoustic content; it is shown that the use of such data, available in large quantities to music streaming services, yields significant improvements in accuracy over the customary fashion of training this class of algorithms, in which only smaller amounts of hand-labeled data are available.

Reduksi Perilaku Bolos Sekolah (Studi Tentang Kerja Sama Guru PAI dan IPS di MTs PAI Medan)

This study aims to analyze (1) the background of the emergence of school skipping behavior, (2) the collaboration pattern of social studies teachers and PAI in overcoming school skipping behavior, (3) the obstacles faced in overcoming these behaviors. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that there are two underlying factors, namely internal factors, such as laziness in learning, dislike learning, feeling unimportant with learning, inability to participate in learning, mistakes in learning orientation. While external factors include the influence of friends, internet addiction, discomfort with teachers, loss of family control, neighborhood. The pattern of cooperation is to provide guidance, make a program of activities ' I'm ashamed to skip school', Working together in designing learning material formulations, applying cognitive moral strategies, engineering the environment and school relationships, limiting student relationships, establishing cooperation with parents, giving punishment. The obstacles faced are the lack of parental attention, lack of household harmony, the difficulty of providing awareness to the local community.

Effects of BMI and Food Habits on Menstrual Characteristics among Adolescent Girls

Background: Menstruation, a normal physiological process in a woman’s body is affected by dietary habit and it can arise different menstrual disorders. The aim of this study is to find out the menstrual health status of young female and its association with their food habit.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the nursing students of Maharajgunj Nursing Campus from March 2019 to September 2019.. Pretested and semistructured questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding menstrual history, dietary habit, fast food intake, and food skipping behavior. HEAT (Healthy Eating Assessment Tool) Score was used to assess the food habit and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the intensity of dysmenorrhea.
 Result: Data was collected among 140 students. The mean age was 24.56±2.65 years. The study showed that 87.9% had problems, and 80.7% have dysmenorrhea. The occurrence of the menstrual problems was more in the participants who were having a non-vegetarian diet than in a vegetarian diet which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Similarly, 68.6% of the participants eat fast food and 91.6 % of them have menstrual problems. Meal skipping habit was found to significantly associated with the menstrual problems (P=0.03). Similarly, 105 (75%) of the participants had good food eating habits, and 32 (22.9%) of the participants had a poor eating habit. The poor eating habit was significantly associated with menstrual problems. The intensity of dysmenorrhea was more in the participant having a nonvegetarian diet. Further, the pain was more severe among the participants who consume tea and coffee more frequently. 
 Conclusion: The menstrual problems were the alarming problems in the adolescent college going girls of Kathmandu Valley. BMI and excessive intake of junk/fast food, alcohol and tea/coffee had a significant association with menstrual problems.

Predicting Premature Video Skipping and Viewer Interest from EEG Recordings

Brain–computer interfacing has enjoyed growing attention, not only due to the stunning demonstrations with severely disabled patients, but also the advent of economically viable solutions in areas such as neuromarketing, mental state monitoring, and future human–machine interaction. An interesting case, at least for neuromarketers, is to monitor the customer’s mental state in response to watching a commercial. In this paper, as a novelty, we propose a method to predict from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings whether individuals decide to skip watching a video trailer. Based on multiscale sample entropy and signal power, indices were computed that gauge the viewer’s engagement and emotional affect. We then trained a support vector machine (SVM), a k-nearest neighbor (kNN), and a random forest (RF) classifier to predict whether the viewer declares interest in watching the video and whether he/she decides to skip it prematurely. Our model achieved an average single-subject classification accuracy of 75.803% for skipping and 73.3% for viewer interest for the SVM, 82.223% for skipping and 78.333% for viewer interest for the kNN, and 80.003% for skipping and 75.555% for interest for the RF. We conclude that EEG can provide indications of viewer interest and skipping behavior and provide directions for future research.

Temporal Certainty and Skippable In-Stream Commercials: Effects of Ad Length, Timer, and Skip-ad Button on Irritation and Skipping Behavior

Does a timer—displayed during an in-stream commercial to show viewers how long they need to wait—help relieve the ad irritation that viewers experience when they have to wait for a video to play? Likewise, does the skip-ad button that allows viewers to skip an ad after several seconds help lessen their irritation with the commercial? This research theoretically and empirically examined whether reducing temporal uncertainty (i.e., using a timer to let viewers know the ad length) in skippable advertising actually helped relieve viewers' ad irritation and reduce their likelihood of ad-skipping. Across two experimental studies, temporal certainty (e.g., the presence of the timer) during short commercials generally decreased ad irritation. In contrast, when a skip-ad button is displayed, temporal certainty during both short and long commercials increased ad irritation, which subsequently decreased advertising effectiveness. Also, the higher the ad irritation, the higher the ad-skipping rate. Theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed, and alternative solutions for reducing ad irritation are provided.

The albatross of assessing and managing risk for long-lived pelagic seabirds

Pelagic predators such as albatross have long been of conservation concern, but assessing their status poses numerous challenges. A standard monitoring method for albatross is colony-based nest counts to track numbers of breeders. However, a variable proportion of the population skips breeding in any given year and cannot be quantified by nest counts, creating several complications to efforts in understanding population dynamics. We used stochastic demographic matrix models for black-footed (Phoebastria nigripes) and Laysan (P. immutabilis) albatross to investigate: i) the potential for the skipping behavior of breeders to create apparent density dependence in nest counts, ii) the limitations to assessing population trends from nest counts and implications for evaluating impacts from fisheries bycatch, including calculating Potential Biological Removal values, and iii) the relative importance of at-sea versus on-island threats to population viability. We found the increased likelihood of these albatrosses skipping breeding following a successful season – a feature common to many seabirds and other taxa – results in substantial negative temporal auto-correlation in the observable population that can be misinterpreted as negative density dependence, with important implications for inferences about population viability. Black-footed albatross appear limited by fisheries bycatch, while Laysan albatross, which have low estimated bycatch mortality, are currently at greater risk from island-based threats. Our results suggest a cautionary approach to managing black-footed and Laysan albatross should be adopted because detecting population declines from nest counts could take decades. Ultimately, we highlight the inherent difficulties in assessing population status and trends in long-lived species such as albatross.

Critical Speed Control for a Fixed Blade Variable Speed Wind Turbine

A critical speed controller for avoiding a certain rotational speed is presented. The controller is useful for variable speed wind turbines with a natural frequency in the operating range. The controller has been simulated, implemented and tested on an open site 12 kW vertical axis wind turbine prototype. The controller is based on an adaptation of the optimum torque control. Two lookup tables and a simple state machine provide the control logic of the controller. The controller requires low computational resources, and no wind speed measurement is needed. The results suggest that the controller is a feasible method for critical speed control. The skipping behavior can be adjusted using only two parameters. While tested on a vertical axis wind turbine, it may be used on any variable speed turbine with the control of generator power.

Understanding Why Consumers Don't Skip Pre-Roll Video Ads

Pre-roll advertising is a novel form of online video advertising that provides consumers with an option to skip after viewing a brief forced segment. Pre-roll ads are unique from other forms of online advertising because pre-roll ads play in exactly the space in which consumers are expecting to view their intended content. Such interruption and obstruction not only heightens consumer irritation but also causes attention-getting tactics, which are redundant in a highly attentive state, to backfire. For these reasons, existing ad avoidance literature may not adequately address this unique format. Employing a large industry data set of pre-roll ads representing multiple countries and product categories, we empirically examine skipping behavior using a broader range of ad characteristics than previous research. We propose that less complex affective ad characteristics increase skipping by failing to engage cognitive resources and therefore leaving cognitive resources available to experience irritation. We further posit that, in a pre-roll context, attention-getting ad characteristics are not only superfluous but actually increase the likelihood consumers recognize pre-roll content as advertising and skip. Our empirical findings support these assertions, identifying new factors driving ad avoidance, and calling into question the applicability of attention-getting advertising approaches in the novel pre-roll environment.

Demographic responses to weather fluctuations are context dependent in a long‐lived amphibian

Weather fluctuations have been demonstrated to affect demographic traits in many species. In long-lived organisms, their impact on adult survival might be buffered by the evolution of traits that reduce variation in interannual adult survival. For example, skipping breeding is an effective behavioral mechanism that may limit yearly variation in adult survival when harsh weather conditions occur; however, this in turn would likely lead to strong variation in recruitment. Yet, only a few studies to date have examined the impact of weather variation on survival, recruitment and breeding probability simultaneously in different populations of the same species. To fill this gap, we studied the impact of spring temperatures and spring rainfall on survival, on reproductive skipping behavior and on recruitment in five populations of a long-lived amphibian, the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata). Based on capture-recapture data, our findings demonstrate that survival depends on interactions between age, population and weather variation. Varying weather conditions in the spring result in strong variation in the survival of immature toads, whereas they have little effect on adult toads. Breeding probability depends on both the individual's previous reproductive status and on the weather conditions during the current breeding season, leading to high interannual variation in recruitment. Crucially, we found that the impact of weather variation on demographic traits is largely context dependent and may thus differ sharply between populations. Our results suggest that studies predicting the impact of climate change on population dynamics should be taken with caution when the relationship between climate and demographic traits is established using only one population or few populations. We therefore highly recommend further research that includes surveys replicated in a substantial number of populations to account for context-dependent variation in demographic processes.

The effects of cognitive impairment on the self-management ability and self-management behavior in patients of end stage renal disease with maintenance hemodialysis

Objective To explore the effects of cognitive impairment on the self-management ability and self-management behavior among the patients of end stage renal disease(ESRD) with maintenance hemodialysis(MHD). Methods 134 MHD patients were divided into the non cognitive impairment group(62 subjects) and cognitive impairment group(72 subjects) according to Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)scores, to asses and analyze the level of hemodialysis knowledge, hemodialysis adherence, self-management ability and self-management behavior between the two groups. Results The rates of hemodialysis skipping behavior and the rates of hemodialysis shorting behavior in cognitive impairment group(respectively, 18.06%, 22.22%) were higher than that in non cognitive impairment group(respectively, 6.45%, 8.06%)with significant difference(χ2=4.0495, 5.0526, all P<0.05). The cognitive impairment group had significantly less total score(respectively, 16.62±1.99, 51.32±9.92, 56.99±8.3) in the level of hemodialysis knowledge, the self-management ability and the self-management behavior compared with the non cognitive impairment group(respectively, 18.48±2.03, 63.69±10.16, 78.54±10.28)(t=5.3448, 7.1172, 13.4140, all P<0.05). Conclusion Cognitive impairment can produce an effect on the level of hemodialysis knowledge and hemodialysis adherence.Cognitive impairment can also reduce the function of self-management ability and self-management behavior and make badly further effect on curative effect of hemodialysis. Key words: End stage renal disease; Hemodialysis; Cognitive impairment; Self-management

Using E-Z Reader to examine word skipping during reading.

The question of why readers sometimes skip words has important theoretical implications for our understanding of perception, cognition, and oculomotor control during reading (Drieghe, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2005). In this article, the E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading (Reichle, 2011) was used to examine the behavioral consequences of word skipping on fixation durations. The simulations suggest that skipping "cost," or inflated fixation durations immediately prior to skips, is modulated by the lexical properties of the upcoming word (i.e., longer fixations before skipping infrequent and/or long words; Kliegl & Engbert, 2005) but that contrary to previous claims (e.g., Reichle & Laurent, 2006), "accidental" skips due to motor error also produce skipping cost. In contrast, the cost associated with having skipped a word was not modulated by that word's properties. These simulations suggest that skipping behavior is even more complicated than previously has been assumed and that further empirical research is needed to understand the causal link between skipping and its associated cost.

Genome‐wide association analysis of eating disorder‐related symptoms, behaviors, and personality traits

Eating disorders (EDs) are common, complex psychiatric disorders thought to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. They share many symptoms, behaviors, and personality traits, which may have overlapping heritability. The aim of the present study is to perform a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) of six ED phenotypes comprising three symptom traits from the Eating Disorders Inventory 2 [Drive for Thinness (DT), Body Dissatisfaction (BD), and Bulimia], Weight Fluctuation symptom, Breakfast Skipping behavior and Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder trait (CHIRP). Investigated traits were derived from standardized self-report questionnaires completed by the TwinsUK population-based cohort. We tested 283,744 directly typed SNPs across six phenotypes of interest in the TwinsUK discovery dataset and followed-up signals from various strata using a two-stage replication strategy in two independent cohorts of European ancestry. We meta-analyzed a total of 2,698 individuals for DT, 2,680 for BD, 2,789 (821 cases/1,968 controls) for Bulimia, 1,360 (633 cases/727 controls) for Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder trait, 2,773 (761 cases/2,012 controls) for Breakfast Skipping, and 2,967 (798 cases/2,169 controls) for Weight Fluctuation symptom. In this GWAS analysis of six ED-related phenotypes, we detected association of eight genetic variants with P < 10−5. Genetic variants that showed suggestive evidence of association were previously associated with several psychiatric disorders and ED-related phenotypes. Our study indicates that larger-scale collaborative studies will be needed to achieve the necessary power to detect loci underlying ED-related traits. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Studying the reproductive skipping behavior in long-lived birds by adding nest inspection to individual-based data

The frequency at which individuals breed is an important parameter in population, as well as in evolutionary, studies. However, when nonbreeding individuals are absent from the study area, the reproductive skipping is usually confounded with a recapture failure and cannot be estimated directly. Yet, there are situations in which external information may help to estimate reproductive skipping. Such a situation is found with nest-tenacious birds: the fact that an individual is not encountered in its previous nest is a good indication that it must be skipping reproduction. We illustrate here a general probabilistic framework in which we merged the classical individual capture-recapture information with nest-based information to obtain the simultaneous estimate of recapture, survival, reproductive skipping, and within-colony breeding dispersal probabilities using multi-event models. We applied this approach to Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea), a long-lived burrow-nesting seabird. By comparing results with those obtained from the analysis of the capture-recapture information alone, we showed that the model separates successfully the probabilities of recapture from those of temporal emigration. We found that the probabilities of future reproduction and breeding-site fidelity were lower for individuals temporarily absent from the colony, suggesting a lower intrinsic quality of intermittent breeders. The new probabilistic framework presented here allowed us to refine the estimates of demographic parameters by simply adding nest-based data, a type of information usually collected in the field but never included in the analysis of individual-based data. Our approach also provides a new and flexible way to test hypotheses on temporal emigration and breeding dispersal in longitudinal data.

The Relationship between Late Dinner and Breakfast Skipping Behavior

This paper attempts to find out causes of breakfast skipping behavior among Japanesewomen college students by examining their lifestyes including eating styles through aquestionnaire survey. The findings are as follows:1) About 35 percent of the respondents have dinner after 8:00 p.m., and 45 percent ofthem do so because of their part-time jobs. 40 percent of the women students eat dinnerat irregular times, and the later they eat, the more irregular their dinner time becomes.2) The students'lifetyles tend to be night-oriented: 86 percent of tnem go to bed aftermidnight, and the average students sleep for 6 hours and 29 minutes.3) Many of the students eat and/or drink after dinner, eat 70% and drink 92%;Tea andsnacks are most favored.4) 32 percent of the students wake up before 7:00 a. m., 43 percent between 7:00 a. m. and8:00 a. m., and 25 percent after 8:00 a. m. Those who eat breakfast erery day make up66 percent, 5 or 6 days per week 14 percent, and one through 4 days 15 percent respec-tively: 5% of the students do not eat breakfast at all. Those who eat breakfatst do so ap-proximately 20 minutes after waking up.5) Multiple comparisons among dinner time, regularity of eating dinner, sleeping hours, and frequency of cating breakfast show that late dinner time, irregularity of eating din-ner, and short sleeping hours all contribute to breakfast skipping behavior.6) 70 percent of their dinner contents consists only of main dishes and drinks, but fewstudents care much about nuturition.