Skin Care Products Research Articles

The Role Of Brand Image and Social Media Marketing On Wardah Skincare Product Purchasing Decisions

This study aims to determine the influence of social media marketing and brand image on consumer decisions to buy Wardah brand skin care products. The population of this research is people who live in Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Bontang cities. The number of respondents is 109 who meet this research sample's criteria. This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM), which is measured using partial least squares (PLS). SmartPLS 3.0, a data processing software application tool, was used to conduct the analysis. The findings of this study indicate that brand image has an insignificant influence on customers' decisions to buy Wardah brand skin care products. This is because currently, there are many companies that are similar & offer the same benefits & functions and also because people trust customer evaluations and testimonials more than claims made unilaterally by a skin care product. Meanwhile, social media marketing significantly affects consumers' decisions to buy Wardah brand skin care products.

Skin homeostasis: Mechanism and influencing factors.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body, not only resisting the invasion of harmful substances, but also preventing the loss of moisture and nutrients. Maintaining skin homeostasis is a prerequisite for the proper functioning of the body. Any damage to the skin can lead to a decrease in local homeostasis, such as ultraviolet radiation, seasonal changes, and air pollution, which can damage the skin tissue and affect the function of the skin barrier. This article reviews the maintenance mechanism and influencing factors of skin homeostasis and the symptoms of homeostasis imbalance. We searched for articles published between 1990 and 2022 in English and Chinese using PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and other databases in the subject area of dermatology, using the following search terms in various combinations: "skin homeostasis," "skin barrier," and "unstable skin." Based on our results, we further refined our search criteria to include a series of common skin problems caused by the destruction of skin homeostasis and its treatments. Limitations include the lack of research on dermatological and cosmetic problems triggered by the disruption of skin homeostasis. This study describes the neuroendocrine-immune system, skin barrier structure, and skin metabolic system that maintain skin homeostasis. In addition, we discuss several common symptoms that occur when skin homeostasis is out of balance, such as dryness, redness, acne, sensitivity, and aging, and explain the mechanism of these symptoms. This article provides an update and review for students and practitioners, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of skin care products for the maintenance and repair of skin homeostasis.

A comprehensive review on alpha-lipoic acid delivery by nanoparticles

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits across a wide spectrum of health conditions. Despite its remarkable antioxidant properties, ALA is hindered by challenges such as low bioavailability, short half-life, and unpleasant odor. To overcome these limitations and enhance ALA's therapeutic efficacy, various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have been explored. This comprehensive review evaluates the application of different nanoparticulate carriers, including lipid-based nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles, niosomes, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and micelles), nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles (nanocapsules, PEGylated nanoparticles, and polycaprolactone nanoparticles), films, nanofibers, and gold nanoparticles, for ALA delivery. Each nanoparticulate system offers unique advantages, such as improved stability, sustained release, enhanced bioavailability, and targeted delivery. For example, ALA-loaded SLNs demonstrated benefits for skin care products and skin rejuvenation. ALA encapsulated in niosomes showed potential for treating cerebral ischemia, a condition largely linked to stroke. ALA-loaded cationic nanoemulsions showed promise for ophthalmic applications, reducing vascular injuries, and corneal disorders. Coating liposomes with chitosan further enhanced stability and performance, promoting drug absorption through the skin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in nanoparticulate delivery systems for ALA, highlighting their potential to overcome the limitations of ALA administration and significantly enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. These innovative approaches hold promise for the development of improved ALA-based treatments across a broad spectrum of health conditions.

The Scarlett Brand Social Media Marketing Communications on Purchasing Decisions

Marketing communications is a form of communication that has the aim of strengthening marketing strategies and applying marketing communications to a company. Apart from that, marketing communications can also be used to introduce, establish and create interactions between companies or partners and consumers who are not part of the company, such as suppliers and consumers. The theories used in this research are communication processes, strategies, SOSTAC model marketing communication strategies by combining IMC, forms of marketing or promotional communications. The research method used is a case study research method with a qualitative approach. This research seeks to find empirical evidence from the research object, how to reveal marketing communication strategies in marketing activities for skin care products on the Scarlet brand and build meaning in the implementation of marketing communication activities. The research results show a correspondence between conceptual patterns predicted based on relevant theories and patterns of empirical findings from case studies. Based on the analysis carried out, the conclusion is that the marketing communication strategy for the Scarlett brand uses a promotional mix in the form of advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and event marketing. Many marketing communication activities are supported by brand holding companies or principals.

Enhancement of the biological activity of hydroxytyrosol through its oxidation by laccase from Trametes versicolor

The laccase-catalyzed oxidation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) towards the formation of its bioactive oligomer derivatives was investigated. The biocatalytic oligomerization was catalyzed by laccase from Trametes versicolor in aqueous or various water-miscible organic solvents and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based media. Mass Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance were used for the characterization of the products. The solvent system used significantly affects the degree of HT oligomerization. The use of 50 % v/v methanol favored the production of the HT dimer, while other organic solvents as well as DESs led to the formation of hydroxytyrosol trimer and other oligomers. In vitro studies showed that the HT dimer exhibits 3- to 4-fold enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the parent compound. Moreover, the ability of HT dimer to inhibit the activity of soybean lipoxygenase and Candida rugosa lipase was 1.5-fold higher than HT, while molecular docking supported these results. Furthermore, HT dimer showed reduced cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells and exhibited a strong ability to inhibit ROS formation. The enhanced bioactivity of HT dimer indicates that this compound could be considered for use in cosmetics, skin-care products, and nutraceuticals.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Geraniol and Selected Geraniol Transformation Products against Gram-Positive Bacteria.

Both geraniol and the products of its transformation, thanks to their beneficial properties, find a variety of applications in cosmetics. Due to their antioxidant and moisturizing properties, these compounds can be added to skin care products such as face creams, lotions, oils, and masks. In addition, these compounds show some antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them suitable for application in skin care products to help fight against bacteria or fungi. This study determined the antimicrobial activity of geraniol and the compounds which were formed during its transformation in relation to selected Gram-positive bacteria, and the preliminary assessment was made whether these compounds can act as ingredients of preparations with potential antimicrobial activity in the treatment of various human diseases (for example diseases of the skin, digestive system, or urinary tract). In addition, this work presents studies on the microbiological purity of cream samples obtained with different contents of geraniol and its transformation products (contents of the tested compounds: 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 4%, 8%, and 12%). Antibacterial activity tests were performed using the disc diffusion method against Gram-positive cocci, including the reference strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and against the clinical strains Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis VRE VanB, Enterococcus faecium VRE VanA, and Enterococcus faecium VRE VanB. The most active ingredient against bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus was citral, followed by linalool and then geraniol. During our tests, in the case of bacteria of the Enterococcus genus, citral also showed the highest activity, but linalool, ocimenes, and geraniol showed a slightly lower activity. Moreover, this study examined the microbiological purity of cream samples obtained with various contents of geraniol and its transformation products. In the tests of the microbiological purity of cream samples, no growth of aerobic bacteria and fungi was found, which proves the lack of microbiological contamination of the obtained cosmetic preparations. On this basis, it was assessed that these compounds have preservative properties in the prepared creams. The addition of the analyzed compounds also had influence on the durability of the creams and had no effect on the change in their consistency, did not negatively affect the separation of phases during storage, and even had a positive effect on organoleptic sensations by enriching the smell of the tested samples.

Cosmetic - Market Values and its Importance Among Human Race

Recent globalization has made each and every field to enter the globalization along with the cosmetic industry. Use of cosmetic product has evolved at a very higher rate and is continuing to show the rapid growth. The cosmetics are heading towards more of the vegan, cruelty-free etc. products as awareness of the ingredients and the way the products are made has evolved among the customers. Due to increasing environmental pollution and its effects on human beings, the disturbance is affecting our human skin also. The environmental disturbance is leading to different types of skin issues like dryness, rashes, white spots etc. Regarding this issue, research in many fields of the cosmetic is being conducted. The cosmetics produces are now vegan free, cruelty free contains organic ingredients and are helping people having healthy, anti-aging and smooth skin with the use of these organic products and is aiming towards the sustainable usage organic ingredients are being used and is leading towards many research opportunities many factors are keeping in mind to produce organic based skincare and makeup products All these factors are contributing towards the change in market size, trends and shares. This paper focus mainly on the cosmetic and its market value and it’s effect on trends and shares among the companies and market at a national and global level.

Efficacy and safety of a panthenol-enriched mask for individuals with distinct impaired skin barrier subtypes.

The protection for different skin types with impaired skin barrier in the market is insufficient. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a panthenol-enriched mask (La Roche-Posay Mask Pro) in addressing various skin barrier impairment subgroups, including dry sensitive, oily sensitive, and oily acne skin. A total of 177 participants were enrolled in the study and divided into three subgroups based on their skin type. Participants used the mask following the specified protocol, with measurements taken for skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum content, and skin redness-factors that are directly influenced by skin barrier function. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 1 day (tested 15 min post-application), 7 days, and 14 days of application using Sebumeter, Tewameter, Corneometer, Mexameter, and VISIA. Results showed significant improvements in skin parameters across all subgroups. In the dry sensitive skin subgroup, the mask increased skin hydration, sebum content, and reduced redness. For the oily sensitive skin subgroup, the mask regulated sebum production and improved skin hydration. In the oily acne skin subgroup, the mask reduced sebum content, redness, TEWL, and post-inflammatory erythema and hyperpigmentation. Tolerance was excellent for all skin types, with no adverse reactions observed. This study highlights the efficacy and safety of the panthenol-enriched LRP Mask Pro for individuals with distinct skin barrier impairment subgroups. The mask's versatile formulation and proven efficacy make it a valuable skincare product for addressing various skin concerns and achieving healthier, more balanced skin.

The Influence Of Product Quality, Celebrity Endorsers And Word Of Mouth On The Decision To Purchase Garnier Sakura White Day Cream In Pejaten Village, Selatan Jakarta

This research focuses on assessing the impact of product quality, celebrity endorser, and word of mouth on the purchase decision of Garnier Sakura White Day Cream in Pejaten Village, South Jakarta. The primary data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents who had used Garnier Sakura White Day Cream. The data were analyzed using the multiple linear regression method with SPSS version 22.0. The findings indicate that product quality, celebrity endorser, and word of mouth have a positive and significant influence on the purchase decision of Garnier Sakura White Day Cream in Pejaten Village, South Jakarta. This implies that consumers in this area consider these factors when making decisions about purchasing the mentioned skincare product. The study contributes valuable insights for businesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining product quality, utilizing effective celebrity endorsements, and fostering positive word of mouth to enhance consumer decision-making in the competitive skincare market.

Psychographic Profiling of Prospective Organic Skin Care Product Users

Global organic skin care market is expected to be valued at ₹159 billion by 2027. Asian countries are the most sought after by organic skin care brands due to increasing preference among women to buy products with safer and greener ingredients. Owing to the potential of organic skin care products in the near future, in the current study we have carried out a psychographic segmentation of women who intend to use organic skin care products. At prima facie, the current study is the first that segments young women who are prospects for the organic skin care industry. This is a pioneering approach to understand the lifestyle of women who use skin care products and are interested in using organic skin care brands. The deductive approach of questionnaire survey method has been adapted to collect the responses from purposive sampling of young Indian women using skin care brands. The data was analysed by applying exploratory factor analysis and K-means cluster analysis. The results revealed that three distinctive psychographic sets of young women namely ‘The Pococurante’, ‘The Trailblazers’ and ‘The Moderates’ are based on nine lifestyle factors. Further, the study also highlights the differences between the psychographic profiles from a marketing point of view. It promises to be beneficial to marketers to incorporate lifestyle as a key factor in the marketing mix of organic skin care brands. Depending on the dominant lifestyle factors in each cluster, unique marketing messages can be curated to attract each cluster towards organic skin care products.

Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Responden pada Penggunaan Sunscreen di Klinik Kecantikan Wilayah Bekasi

unlight contains ultraviolet rays that harm the skin, causing various kinds of skin disorders such as redness, premature aging, black spots, dryness, wrinkles, and skin cancer. Sunscreen is a skin care product that is useful for protecting the skin from the sun. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of female patients at the Beauty Clinic Region of Bekasi about the use of sunscreen. This study uses a descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample of 92 respondents at the Beauty Clinic Region of Bekasi was selected by purposive sampling by distributing questionnaires. The highest research results were obtained in the age group of 17-25 years as much as 38%, the Senior High School education group as much as 54,3%, the housewives occupation group as much as 35,9%, and private employees as much as 35,9%. The level of sufficient knowledge is 59,8%, sufficient attitude is 56,5% and sufficient behavior is 45,7%. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the respondents at the Beauty Clinic Region of Bekasi have sufficient knowledge and behavior regarding the use of sunscreen.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, dan Harga Mempengaruhi Minat Beli Produk Skincare Avoskin di Shopee

This study is to investigate price, product quality on buying interest in avoskin skincare products in the shopee marketplace. This study employs verification and descriptive research methodologies, utilizing quantitative approaches. Respondents taken in this study were 400 respondents, the research determined the respondents taken based on the criteria of avoskin shop official consumer followers in shopee. The study found that price, and product quality affect buying interest significantly. The study also found that the variables of product quality and price on purchase intention with gender as a moderating variable on avoskin products were unable to moderate the influence of product quality variables, and purchase intention on price.

The Influence of Brand Image and Celebrity Endorsers on Sales of Skincare Products The Originote

This research aims to analyze the influence of brand image and celebrity endorsers on sales of The Originote skincare products. The research uses quantitative methods with respondents who are consumers of The Originote. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed with SmartPLS. The research results show that there is a significant influence of celebrity endorsers on sales of The Originote skincare products. There is a significant influence of brand image on sales of The Originote skincare products. The celebrity endorser and brand image variables are able to explain variations in sales of The Originote skincare products. The conclusion of this research is that celebrity endorsers and a positive brand image have a big influence in attracting consumer buying interest which ultimately can increase sales of The Originote skincare products.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Harga, dan Online Customer Rating Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Produk UMKM Basreng Sultan Bandung

This technological advancement is very helpful and certainly increases knowledge and makes everything easier, including work. The shift in lifestyle from offline to online has been felt since the COVID-19 pandemic; since 2020, many businesses have utilized this marketplace and social media. The existence of the internet facilitates us in various activities, one of which is online shopping; people can use the marketplace to shop anytime and anywhere. After people recognized the online transaction system, the level of use of online buying and selling services increased. This makes the business segment through the marketplace, which includes Shopee is now increasing. Shopee E-Commerce is an e-commerce that sells various kinds of products. The products available in e-commerce include fashion products, skincare products, shoes, and food products. One of the snack products that many people like nowadays is food made from fried meatballs or basreng. Basreng is a dry-fried meatball snack or snack, a crunchy snack that generally has a spicy taste and is liked by many people from various groups. One of the products the author will examine is the Basreng Sultan Bandung product, founded in 2021. This study aims to determine the effect of product quality, price, and online customer rating on purchasing decisions on basreng sultan Bandung products. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. The sampling technique used non probability sampling with purposive sampling. The population in this study were all followers of the shopee basreng sultan bandung account with 100 respondents. The data collection technique used a questionnaire with a Likert scale. Data u sing validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, and multiple regression. Results of data analysis show that product quality has a positive partial effect on purchasing decisions, price shows that it has no significant effect on purchasing decisions, and online customer ratings have a partial effect on purchasing decisions. The results of this study will be different from previous research

Hesperidin from Orange Peel as a Promising Skincare Bioactive: An Overview.

The pursuit for better skin health, driven by collective and individual perceptions, has led to the demand for sustainable skincare products. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices can accelerate skin aging, causing issues like inflammation, wrinkles, elasticity loss, hyperpigmentation, and dryness. The skincare industry is innovating to meet consumers' requests for cleaner and natural options. Simultaneously, environmental issues concerning waste generation have been leading to sustainable strategies based on the circular economy. A noteworthy solution consists of citrus by-product valorization, as such by-products can be used as a source of bioactive molecules. Citrus processing, particularly, generates substantial waste amounts (around 50% of the whole fruit), causing unprecedented environmental burdens. Hesperidin, a flavonoid abundant in orange peels, is considered to hold immense potential for clean skin health product applications due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. This review explores hesperidin extraction and purification methodologies as well as key skincare application areas: (i) antiaging and skin barrier enhancement, (ii) UV radiation-induced damage, (iii) hyperpigmentation and depigmentation conditions, (iv) wound healing, and (v) skin cancer and other cutaneous diseases. This work's novelty lies in the comprehensive coverage of hesperidin's promising skincare applications while also demonstrating its potential as a sustainable ingredient from a circular economy approach.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Brand Trust dan Electronic Word of Mouth Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Produk Sunscreen Wardah Berkandungan 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor (4-MBC)

The beauty industry is currently growing rapidly, especially among young people and adults ; many well-known companies are trying to compete in the midst of business development; skin care products, especially for facial skin, have made companies increasingly strict in creating various products according to consumer tastes. In the last five years, BPOM noted cosmetics grew by 20.6 percent. Based on the competition in the cosmetics business that occurs in the current market, consumers have their own considerations regarding product offerings, product quality, different brands, and prices. The quality and content of skincare ingredients that are safe to use is one of the considerations for consumers to use as facial care equipment. One of the brands currently experiencing competition is the Wardah brand in the sunscreen category. this study aims to determine the effect of product quality, brand trust, and electronic word of mouth on purchasing decisions on wardah sunscreen products containing 4-methylbenzylidene Champor. This type of research is descriptive quantitative—sampling techniques using nonprobability sampling techniques with purposive sampling. The population in this study were all people in Bandung City who had used wardah sunscreen containing 4-MBC. the sample used was 100 respondents, and the data collection technique used a Likert scale, which was distributed using Google Forms. The results of data analysis show that partial product quality significantly affects purchasing decisions, and electronic word of mouth has no significant effect on purchasing decisions on wardah sunscreen products containing 4-MBC.

Effect of Social Media Influencers on Generation Y Purchase Intention: Evidence From Men’s Skincare Products In Malaysia

Although the demand for men’s skincare products is becoming increasingly popular in Malaysia, previous studies of social media marketing have shed little light on the effect of social media influencers on men’s skincare purchase intention. Therefore, this research investigates the effects of social media influencers’ attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise, likability, similarity, and familiarity on purchase intention in men’s skincare products among Generation Y in Malaysia. An online questionnaire was implemented, and 279 respondents were gathered using the snowball sampling technique. After obtaining the desired responses, multiple regression analysis was adopted to examine the research model and hypotheses. The findings showed that social media influencers’ attractiveness, similarity, and familiarity positively affect the purchase intention of men’s skincare products. However, this paper found that the effects of social media influencers’ trustworthiness, expertise, and likability on purchase intention of men’s skincare products among Generation Y in Malaysia are insignificant. The research findings contribute to the current research literature by determining the six characteristics of social media influencers and purchase intention with new empirical insights from Malaysia in the context of men’s skincare products.

Evaluation of Photosensitizing Ability of Antioxidants Used in Skincare Products

Abstract. Singlet oxygen generation is possible by photosensitizer molecules able to absorb energy from light and transfer it to molecular oxygen. Singlet oxygen is able to react with components of cellular membranes such as cholesterol leading to peroxidation products implicated in photoaging. In order to prevent oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species, skincare products enriched with antioxidants have been developed; in spite of some pro-oxidant effects associated with antioxidants has been reported. Based on this data, the photosensitizing ability of 14 antioxidants commonly used in skincare products was evaluated through the photo-oxidation of ergosterol, using ergosterol as oxidizable substrate to quench singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen indirectly detection was performed through 1H-NMR mixtures analysis by ergosterol peroxide detection. The results revealed that fisetin, retinol, cyanidin and hesperetin they acted as photosensitizer antioxidants in generation of singlet oxygen. Conversely, caffeic acid, luteolin, rutin, vanillic acid, ascorbic acid, apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, rosmarinic acid, myricetin and kaempferol were not able to generate singlet oxygen through a photosensitized mechanism. Our results allow us to suggest that the incorporation of antioxidants in skincare products as anti-aging treatments should be supported by their evaluation against photosensitizing ability in order to increase their safety.   Resumen. La generación del oxígeno singulete es posible a través de moléculas fotosensibilizadoras capaces de absorber energía proveniente de la luz y transferirla al oxígeno molecular. El oxígeno singulete es capaz de reaccionar con componentes de membranas celulares como el colesterol formando productos de peroxidación implicados en el foto-envejecimiento. Para prevenir el daño oxidativo causado por especies reactivas del oxígeno, se han desarrollado productos para el cuidado de la piel enriquecidos con antioxidantes, a pesar de que han sido reportados algunos efectos prooxidantes asociados a los antioxidantes. Con base en lo anterior, se evaluó la capacidad fotosensibilizadora de 14 antioxidantes comúnmente utilizados en productos para el cuidado de la piel mediante la foto-oxidación de ergosterol, utilizando ergosterol como sustrato oxidable para atrapar oxígeno singulete. La detección indirecta del oxígeno singulete se realizó mediante análisis de mezclas de RMN-1H a través de la detección de peróxido de ergosterol. Los resultados mostraron que fisetina, retinol, cianidina y hesperetina actuaron como antioxidantes fotosensibilizadores en la generación de oxígeno singulete. Por el contrario, ácido cafeico, luteolina, rutina, ácido vainillínico, ácido ascórbico, apigenina, galato de epigalocatequina, ácido rosmarínico, miricetina y kaempferol no fueron capaces de generar oxígeno singulete mediante mecanismos fotosensibilizados. Los resultados permiten sugerir que la incorporación de antioxidantes en productos para el cuidado de la piel como tratamiento anti-envejecimiento debe respaldarse con la evaluación de la capacidad fotosensibilizadora para incrementar su seguridad.

Информативность сенсоров активации сигнальных путей NF-κB и AP-1 при оценке дерматотоксических эффектов in vitro

Toxicity testing, including testing for skin toxicity, is essential for certification of novel pharmaceutical, chemical, and skincare products. The in vitro assessment models are considered to be the most promising; a number of such tests have been introduced into practice of approval testing. The new possibilities of detecting the early cellular response to damage can be provided by the cell-based sensors built upon visual quantification of the changes in activity of the signaling pathways involved in realization of such response. NF-κB and AP-1 represent two important protein transcription factors, the increase in activity of which in the cell is associated with damage, inflammation or redox balance alteration. The study was aimed to develop the cell-based sensors built upon the HaCaT immortalized human keratinocyte cell line that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) when the NF-κB (HaCaT/NF-κB) or AP-1 (HaCaT/AP-1) signaling pathway is activated, as well as to assess their information capacity when recording the dose-dependent response to the exposure to inducers of appropriate signaling pathways. The findings showed that the HaCaT/NF-κB cell fluorescence levels changed by 6.05 ± 0.51 and 5.53 ± 0.52 times upon exposure to TNFα or LPS (at a concentration of 0–80 ng/mL) in a dose dependent manner. The HaCaT/AP-1 biosensor also responded to the exposure to Cd (NO3)2 (at a concentration of 0–40 µМ) and ultraviolet A (UVA) (0–40 J/cm2), however, it enabled qualitative, but not quantitative detection. The censor cell fluorescence increased by 1.51 ± 0.24 and 1.66 ± 0.43 times, respectively. The cell-based sensors developed can be used to assess cytotoxic effects of the test substances on the human skin cells in vitro and study the cytotoxicity mechanisms.

Skin care types, frequencies and products: A cross-sectional study in German institutional long-term care

AimThe aim of the study was to describe types and frequencies of skin care interventions and products provided in institutional long-term care. Materials and methodsBaseline data from a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in nursing homes in Berlin, Germany was collected before randomization. Numbers, proportions and frequencies of washing, showering and bathing, and the application of leave-on products were calculated. Product labels were iteratively and inductively categorized into overarching terms and concepts. ResultsA total of n = 314 residents participated in the study. In the majority, washing of the whole body was done once daily, and showering was performed once per week or more rarely. The majority received leave-on products daily on the face and once per week on the whole body. Most of the skin care interventions were delivered by nurses. There was marked heterogeneity in terms of product names, whereas the product names reveal little about the ingredients or composition. ConclusionPersonal hygiene and cleansing interventions are major parts of clinical practice in long-term care. Daily washing is a standard practice at the moment. In contrast, leave-on products are used infrequently. To what extent the provided care promotes skin integrity is unclear. Due to the heterogeneity and partly misleading labels of skin care products, informed decision making is difficult to implement at present. Clinicaltrials.gov identifierNCT03824886.